This document discusses childhood injuries and accidents in children. Some key points:
- Injuries are unintentional or intentional damage to the body from things like thermal, mechanical, electrical or chemical energy.
- 95% of childhood injuries occur in low and middle income countries. Drowning is a major killer, especially in these countries.
- Injuries account for 14% of all childhood deaths globally. Road traffic accidents, drowning, falls and burns are among the leading causes.
- Childhood injuries place a significant burden on families and healthcare systems. Many result in lifelong disabilities or even death. Prevention programs can save over 1,000 child lives per day.
7. InjuryInjury
is the intentional/un- damage to body fromis the intentional/un- damage to body from
ac. exposure to thermal, mechanical,ac. exposure to thermal, mechanical,
electrical, or chemical energy or from theelectrical, or chemical energy or from the
absence of such essentials as heat/O2absence of such essentials as heat/O2
8. I amI am HandleHandle
me withme with
care!care!
11. At the end of this you will learn …At the end of this you will learn …
Impact of injury isImpact of injury is devastatingdevastating
95%95% child injuries (CI) occur inchild injuries (CI) occur in L&MICsL&MICs
DrowningDrowning is a great killer in L&MICsis a great killer in L&MICs
Control ofControl of CICI waswas essential to achieve MDG4essential to achieve MDG4
ID & malnutrition are controlled, butID & malnutrition are controlled, but CICI is clearly a bigis clearly a big
problemproblem
Px program is a must in all child health initiativesPx program is a must in all child health initiatives
CI: child injuries.CI: child injuries. ID: inf. Diseases. Mn.: malnutrition.ID: inf. Diseases. Mn.: malnutrition. Px: preventionPx: prevention
12. 90% of CI are unintentional90% of CI are unintentional
>2,000>2,000 U-18y dieU-18y die/d/d ofof CICI:: (=(= to death from DPT, measles, polioto death from DPT, measles, polio.).)
>50%:>50%: RTA ,RTA , drowningdrowning
– 720/d die from RTA720/d die from RTA
– 480 … from drowning.480 … from drowning. >>98% in L&MICs98% in L&MICs
– 260 … from burns260 … from burns
– 130 … from falls130 … from falls
– 125 … from poisoning125 … from poisoning
– homicidehomicide
World Figure of CI: >12% of disease burden
13. CICI isis a significant MM since 1y agea significant MM since 1y age
Tens of millions are admitted/y for non-fatalTens of millions are admitted/y for non-fatal CIs.CIs. A greatA great
number develop life-long disabilitiesnumber develop life-long disabilities
It isIt is the leading c/of death for >9yoa childrenthe leading c/of death for >9yoa children
Many HICsMany HICs have reducedhave reduced CIsCIs by 50%by 50%
Effective Px measures can saveEffective Px measures can save >1,000/d child lives>1,000/d child lives
CICI has not received enough attention & the issue ishas not received enough attention & the issue is
often absent from child survival initiativesoften absent from child survival initiatives
MM: morbidity & mortality. Px: preventiveMM: morbidity & mortality. Px: preventive
World Figure …World Figure …
14. Poor childrenPoor children face the greatest risk of CI:face the greatest risk of CI:
– reside in homes with open fires, unprotected windows,reside in homes with open fires, unprotected windows,
unsafe roofs & stairs, near dense fast-moving trafficunsafe roofs & stairs, near dense fast-moving traffic
– they have less access to protectionthey have less access to protection
– often lack spaces & facilities for safe playoften lack spaces & facilities for safe play
Hazards are everywhere:Hazards are everywhere: cleaning chemicals, outlets,cleaning chemicals, outlets,
ovens, sharp corners, kerosene lamps & bodies ofovens, sharp corners, kerosene lamps & bodies of
water, to name a fewwater, to name a few
World Figure …World Figure …
15. Children are at Greater Risk of CIChildren are at Greater Risk of CI
Children live in a worldChildren live in a world built for adults:built for adults: strongstrong
association betweenassociation between CICI &&
– his age, developmental stagehis age, developmental stage
– his interactions & activitieshis interactions & activities
– lack of supervision, access to protective materialslack of supervision, access to protective materials
World is dangerous for them: cleaning chemicals, outlets,World is dangerous for them: cleaning chemicals, outlets,
ovens, sharps, bodies of water, traffic, etc.ovens, sharps, bodies of water, traffic, etc.
Px. strategies for adults may not work for childrenPx. strategies for adults may not work for children
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21. CIs are strongly related to social determinantsCIs are strongly related to social determinants
22.
23. Impact of CI is devastating!Impact of CI is devastating!
• Losing a child has a huge impact on familiesLosing a child has a huge impact on families
• Disabled children may have poor social dev.,Disabled children may have poor social dev.,
education, work, etc.education, work, etc.
• CIsCIs place significant strain on overstretchedplace significant strain on overstretched
health care systems in L&MICshealth care systems in L&MICs
Injury prevention is very cost-effective!Injury prevention is very cost-effective!
24. RTA:RTA: leading c/of death in 10-19yleading c/of death in 10-19y
• 720 children die/d720 children die/d
• 10 million non-fatally injured/y10 million non-fatally injured/y
• The biggest killer in 15-19yThe biggest killer in 15-19y
• RTA & falls are main c/of disabilitiesRTA & falls are main c/of disabilities
• HICs:HICs: most victims are occupants of vehiclesmost victims are occupants of vehicles
• L&MICs:L&MICs: most are pedestrians or cyclistsmost are pedestrians or cyclists
RTI: road traffic injury. RTA: - - accidentsRTI: road traffic injury. RTA: - - accidents
29. Falls:Falls: the leading c/of ED visitthe leading c/of ED visit
• For every fatal fall 690For every fatal fall 690
children miss schoolchildren miss school
• Falls are the leading c/ofFalls are the leading c/of
long term disabilitylong term disability
c/of: cause of. ED: emergency deptc/of: cause of. ED: emergency dept
30. Falls:Falls: World FactsWorld Facts
130 die/d:130 die/d: 60% from a height60% from a height
Non-fatal falls:Non-fatal falls: significant DALY lostsignificant DALY lost
50% children ED visits may be for fall50% children ED visits may be for fall
Bangladesh:Bangladesh: fallsfalls are leadingare leading CICI
& 1 of the major c/of permanent disabilities& 1 of the major c/of permanent disabilities
770 children are injured/d &770 children are injured/d & 5 die5 die
Infants have the highest fatal fallsInfants have the highest fatal falls
DALY:DALY: Disability-adjusted life year: number of yrs. lost due to ill-health, disability orDisability-adjusted life year: number of yrs. lost due to ill-health, disability or
early death. It compares overall health & life expectancy of a countryearly death. It compares overall health & life expectancy of a country
31. Children playing on roofs is a common sight inChildren playing on roofs is a common sight in
many Asian countriesmany Asian countries
32.
33.
34. Commonest falls:Commonest falls:
– prams, baby walkers, changing tablesprams, baby walkers, changing tables
– cots, beds, lap,cots, beds, lap, bunk bedsbunk beds
– trees; sports, roofs, windowstrees; sports, roofs, windows
– stairs, playground equipmentsstairs, playground equipments
– cliffs, buildings, furniturecliffs, buildings, furniture
– jumping/diving into waterjumping/diving into water
The rural roads & concrete slabs around tube-wellsThe rural roads & concrete slabs around tube-wells
become slippery when wetbecome slippery when wet
Young children also fall when they learn how to walkYoung children also fall when they learn how to walk
35.
36. Falls: What works?Falls: What works?
All should be careful about childrenAll should be careful about children
Redesigning nursery furnitureRedesigning nursery furniture
Safe playground: appropriate surface, material, height ofSafe playground: appropriate surface, material, height of
equipment & maintenanceequipment & maintenance
Legislating for stair, window, roof guardsLegislating for stair, window, roof guards
Multifaceted community programs:Multifaceted community programs: ‘Children can fly’/‘Children can fly’/ nornor
they are protected by angels!they are protected by angels!
Prevent them from climbing & slippery surfacesPrevent them from climbing & slippery surfaces
Hold children on rickshawsHold children on rickshaws
Ensure children’s shoes are not slipperyEnsure children’s shoes are not slippery
38. Burns: World FactsBurns: World Facts
260260 die from burn/ddie from burn/d
– x11 in L&MICsx11 in L&MICs
Infants are at highest riskInfants are at highest risk
Smoke inhalation alone can be fatalSmoke inhalation alone can be fatal
25%25% from fire,from fire, 75%75% from hot liquids, steam, electricity, etcfrom hot liquids, steam, electricity, etc
Many children are disfiguredMany children are disfigured
40. Risk Factors for Burn in BangladeshRisk Factors for Burn in Bangladesh
Young children are the most vulnerableYoung children are the most vulnerable
Rural children: >4 times at riskRural children: >4 times at risk
Homes are the most common placeHomes are the most common place
The kitchen is the most hazardousThe kitchen is the most hazardous
KupiBatiKupiBati (kerosene lamp): 10% of the total flame burns(kerosene lamp): 10% of the total flame burns
41. Burns: What works?Burns: What works?
Laws for smoke alarmsLaws for smoke alarms
Child-resistant lightersChild-resistant lighters
Laws for tap water temperatureLaws for tap water temperature
Educating publicEducating public
Caution in transporting hot water, drinksCaution in transporting hot water, drinks
Rx at a dedicated burns centreRx at a dedicated burns centre
42. Poisoning:Poisoning: World FactsWorld Facts
Death:Death: 125/d.125/d. Highest for U-1y, but peaks again at 15y &Highest for U-1y, but peaks again at 15y &
older (experiment with substances)older (experiment with substances)
Fatal poisoning is x4 in L&MICs: commonest are paraffin,Fatal poisoning is x4 in L&MICs: commonest are paraffin,
household products & drugshousehold products & drugs
In HICs: OTC drugs, householdIn HICs: OTC drugs, household
products, prescription drugsproducts, prescription drugs
43. Substances found in & around home are mostSubstances found in & around home are most
commonly involved in childhood poisoningcommonly involved in childhood poisoning
• Many millions of calls are made to poison control centres,Many millions of calls are made to poison control centres,
most resolved over the phonemost resolved over the phone
44. Poisoning: What works?Poisoning: What works?
Child-resistant packagingChild-resistant packaging of drugs & poisonsof drugs & poisons
Packaging drugs in non-lethal quantityPackaging drugs in non-lethal quantity
Toxin free home.Toxin free home. Removing the toxic agentRemoving the toxic agent
Store out of reach of childrenStore out of reach of children
Air pollution, smoking, arsenic mitigationAir pollution, smoking, arsenic mitigation
Poison control centresPoison control centres
45.
46. U-5 MR from ID is now low:U-5 MR from ID is now low: CICI is ais a major killermajor killer
CI:CI: 14% of all death: 5/10,000 (53% among 5-17y)14% of all death: 5/10,000 (53% among 5-17y)
CI: U-18y MortalityCI: U-18y Mortality:: 30,000/y30,000/y
– Drowning:Drowning: 17,000 (46 /d)17,000 (46 /d)
– RTA 3,400RTA 3,400
– Animal bite 2,600Animal bite 2,600
– SuicideSuicide 2,200 (15-17y; 6/d)2,200 (15-17y; 6/d)
– OthersOthers 4,8004,800
U-18y CI morbidity:U-18y CI morbidity: 9,55,500/y9,55,500/y (30% of all morbidity}:(30% of all morbidity}:
CI:CI: Bangladesh ScenarioBangladesh Scenario
48. CI: oneCI: one/2min!/2min!
Lack of care/supervision are main reasonsLack of care/supervision are main reasons
Caregivers are often preoccupied (poor, both parentsCaregivers are often preoccupied (poor, both parents
working, living in cities, lack of knowledge)working, living in cities, lack of knowledge)
Low awareness of or indifference to risksLow awareness of or indifference to risks
Harmful practices often make situations worse withHarmful practices often make situations worse with
absence of first-aid knowledgeabsence of first-aid knowledge
Bangladesh …Bangladesh …
49. Impact of CI (BD)Impact of CI (BD)
38,000 are orphaned/y38,000 are orphaned/y
36/d are disabled36/d are disabled (bleak future, trapped in poverty, denied(bleak future, trapped in poverty, denied
for Rx, education, protection; can’t cope with environ.)for Rx, education, protection; can’t cope with environ.)
It brings devastation for the poorIt brings devastation for the poor
Many families are pushed to poverty or even familyMany families are pushed to poverty or even family
dissolution due to Rx & rehab. costdissolution due to Rx & rehab. cost
RTA loses 2% GDPRTA loses 2% GDP
50.
51.
52. Why must we act now?Why must we act now?
Burden ofBurden of CICI is on riseis on rise
We have better/more resources,We have better/more resources, health knowledgehealth knowledge
We can make our roads safe for children; plan cities,We can make our roads safe for children; plan cities,
caution against flood or mud flows, desertification,caution against flood or mud flows, desertification,
droughts, or rises in sea leveldroughts, or rises in sea level
53.
54.
55. RecommendationsRecommendations
Child InjuryChild Injury prevention policyprevention policy
IntegrateIntegrate CICI to all child health programsto all child health programs
EnhanceEnhance datadata forfor CICI preventionprevention
Priorities forPriorities for researchresearch
InvestInvest forfor CICI preventionprevention
56. CI Prevention is Cost-effectiveCI Prevention is Cost-effective
Total 143 $Total 143 $
57. Child injuries are preventableChild injuries are preventable
12 Proven interventions can save >1000 children/d12 Proven interventions can save >1000 children/d
Many HICs have been able to reduceMany HICs have been able to reduce CICI deaths by 50%deaths by 50%
58. Proven interventions inProven interventions in CICI preventionprevention
Road safetyRoad safety
Enforce minimum drinking-age lawsEnforce minimum drinking-age laws
Lower blood alcohol conc. for novice driversLower blood alcohol conc. for novice drivers
HelmetsHelmets
Seat-belt, child-restraintSeat-belt, child-restraint
Low speed around schools, residence, play areasLow speed around schools, residence, play areas
Separate different types of road userSeparate different types of road user
Daytime running lights for automobilesDaytime running lights for automobiles
Graduated driver licensing systemsGraduated driver licensing systems
59. DrowningDrowning
Remove/cover water hazardsRemove/cover water hazards
Fence around swimming poolsFence around swimming pools
Personal flotation devicePersonal flotation device
Ensure immediate resuscitationEnsure immediate resuscitation
BurnsBurns
Enforce laws on smoke alarmsEnforce laws on smoke alarms
Child-resistant lightersChild-resistant lighters
Enforce hot tap water temp., & educate publicEnforce hot tap water temp., & educate public
Dedicated burns centreDedicated burns centre
60. FallsFalls
Redesign nursery furniture & other productsRedesign nursery furniture & other products
Playground standards: depth of appropriate surfacePlayground standards: depth of appropriate surface
material, ht. of equipment & maintenancematerial, ht. of equipment & maintenance
Window guardsWindow guards
Multifaceted community programs like ‘Children can’t fly’Multifaceted community programs like ‘Children can’t fly’
PoisoningPoisoning
Remove the toxic agentRemove the toxic agent
Child-resistant packaging of medicines & poisonsChild-resistant packaging of medicines & poisons
Package drugs in non-lethal quantitiesPackage drugs in non-lethal quantities
Poison control centersPoison control centers
61. Challenges in CI Px. in BangladeshChallenges in CI Px. in Bangladesh
Perception that CI is a chance/luck!Perception that CI is a chance/luck!
Lack ofLack of datadata
Lack ofLack of political willpolitical will
Poor collaboration & cooperation betweenPoor collaboration & cooperation between agenciesagencies
LackLack ofof fundfund, human, human resources,resources, appropriateappropriate technologytechnology
62. WHO
“The cost of doing nothing for CI is
unacceptable”
It would be tragic to achieve significant gains
in child survival only to lose to CI
Make CI top PH policy & practice
PH: public health
63. World Child Health ProjectsWorld Child Health Projects
Convention on Rights of a Child:Convention on Rights of a Child: 19891989
Protect childrenProtect children. They have the right to the best health. They have the right to the best health
care & a safe environment, free from injury &care & a safe environment, free from injury &
violenceviolence
WHA resolutionsWHA resolutions
Children are frequently mentioned in allChildren are frequently mentioned in all resolutionsresolutions
8 MDGs: 48 MDGs: 4thth
To cut 2/3To cut 2/3rdsrds
U-5MR; not attainable ifU-5MR; not attainable if CICI is not controlledis not controlled
64. UNGA:UNGA: A world fit for childrenA world fit for children (including(including CI)CI)
Child SurvivalChild Survival is an important issue globally. It is “theis an important issue globally. It is “the
most pressing moral dilemma”most pressing moral dilemma”
The Bellagio PapersThe Bellagio Papers
CICI Px should be integrated into all child health initiativesPx should be integrated into all child health initiatives
2/32/3rdsrds
of 11million U-5MR can be reduced by adding 23of 11million U-5MR can be reduced by adding 23
proven cost-effective interventions forproven cost-effective interventions for CICI
68. Drowning: death within 24 hrs of
submersion
Near drowning: survival after 24h
of submersion (may die later)
69. Drowning: World FactsDrowning: World Facts
480 children die/d.480 children die/d. >98% in L&MICs, usually in open>98% in L&MICs, usually in open
water bodies; most in & around the homewater bodies; most in & around the home
3 million/y get into trouble in water3 million/y get into trouble in water
11stst
mortality in 1-4yoa,mortality in 1-4yoa, 44thth
among 4-14y, 11among 4-14y, 11thth
in U-5in U-5
U-5 children are at greatest risk – infants can drown in aU-5 children are at greatest risk – infants can drown in a
few centimeters of waterfew centimeters of water
In HICs: most drowning happen in swimming poolsIn HICs: most drowning happen in swimming pools
70.
71.
72. Bangladesh ScenarioBangladesh Scenario
Drowning is number 1 killer in 1-4y age. 40/dDrowning is number 1 killer in 1-4y age. 40/d
2007 flood:2007 flood: 87% of U-5MR was from drowning87% of U-5MR was from drowning
In pre-vax. era, it was equal to measles as killerIn pre-vax. era, it was equal to measles as killer
Most Drowning OccurMost Drowning Occur in pools:in pools:
>75% within 20 meters of house, in the monsoon>75% within 20 meters of house, in the monsoon,, duringduring
flood; between 9am to noon:flood; between 9am to noon: mother is busy!mother is busy!
46% were <4y:46% were <4y: cant swimcant swim
73. Male Female RatioMale Female Ratio
overalloverall 3:13:1
TeenagersTeenagers 10:110:1
Age of drowningAge of drowning
<1 y<1 y 5%5%
1-4y1-4y 37%37%
5-9y5-9y 15% Total 100%15% Total 100%
10-14y10-14y 15%15%
15-19y15-19y 28%28%
Age 1-4 y: most drowning occur in residential poolsAge 1-4 y: most drowning occur in residential pools
74. PlacesPlaces
PondsPonds
Bath tubsBath tubs
BucketsBuckets
Swimming poolsSwimming pools
LakesLakes
StreamsStreams
FloodFlood
RiverRiver
Ocean beachesOcean beaches
Infants mostly drown in bathtubs, buckets, or toiletsInfants mostly drown in bathtubs, buckets, or toilets
Bucket drowning is 24% of all toddler drowningBucket drowning is 24% of all toddler drowning
75. Risks Factors of DrowningRisks Factors of Drowning
Lack of supervision:Lack of supervision:
most victimsmost victims were last seen in home in care ofwere last seen in home in care of
parents withinparents within <5min!<5min!
Water recreation, alcohol, illicit drugsWater recreation, alcohol, illicit drugs
EpilepsyEpilepsy (x13 rise)(x13 rise)
Child abuseChild abuse
Most pediatric drowning victims drown silentlyMost pediatric drowning victims drown silently
76. Recreation waters:Recreation waters: majority in >15y. Boating:majority in >15y. Boating:
hypothermia, trauma, CO poisoning, etchypothermia, trauma, CO poisoning, etc..
Alcohol:Alcohol: inin 25-50% of teenager & adult drowning (not in25-50% of teenager & adult drowning (not in
Bangladesh)Bangladesh)
affects balance, coordination, judgmentaffects balance, coordination, judgment
effect iseffect is ⇑⇑ by sun & heatby sun & heat
Epilepsy:Epilepsy: drowning is the greatest c/of death (bathtubdrowning is the greatest c/of death (bathtub
highest risk)highest risk)
77. PathophysiologyPathophysiology
Immediate hypoxiaImmediate hypoxia
– cardiac arrest (? catechol. induced fatal arrhythmia):cardiac arrest (? catechol. induced fatal arrhythmia):
ischemia to all tissuesischemia to all tissues
LaryngospasmLaryngospasm
Pulmonary aspirationPulmonary aspiration (absent in 15%)(absent in 15%)
HypothermiaHypothermia
ComaComa
Terminal apneaTerminal apnea (medullary depression)(medullary depression)
78. HeartHeart
– Cardiac arrestCardiac arrest
– Initial tachycardia, severe hypertensionInitial tachycardia, severe hypertension⇒⇒
bradycardia &bradycardia & arrhythmiasarrhythmias
CNSCNS:: fails in 3min of hypoxiafails in 3min of hypoxia
– Cerebral edemaCerebral edema
– Increased ICPIncreased ICP
LiverLiver:: raised transaminasesraised transaminases
85. Prognosis: depends onepends on
– Circumstances of the incidentCircumstances of the incident
– Duration of submersionDuration of submersion
– Speed of rescueSpeed of rescue
– Effectiveness of resuscitationEffectiveness of resuscitation
Cardiac arrest requires aggressive prolongedCardiac arrest requires aggressive prolonged
resuscitationresuscitation
86. AAdult supervisiondult supervision
Must watch children with a distance of an arm’s lengthMust watch children with a distance of an arm’s length
Look in the pool first if a child is missingLook in the pool first if a child is missing
Get aGet a lifeguardlifeguard for social gatheringsfor social gatherings
Prevention: ABCDPrevention: ABCD
87.
88. Adult supervision is critical!Adult supervision is critical!
A lapse of <5min is seen in most drowningA lapse of <5min is seen in most drowning
May drown in 1-2 in. of waterMay drown in 1-2 in. of water
Frequently occurs in bath tubs, buckets, toilets, diaper pailsFrequently occurs in bath tubs, buckets, toilets, diaper pails
& wading pools& wading pools
Taking an eye off aTaking an eye off a
child in water forchild in water for
2 sec puts a child at risk!2 sec puts a child at risk!
90. BBarriersarriers
A non-climbable (4Ft) fence for pool/spa. No itemsA non-climbable (4Ft) fence for pool/spa. No items
usable for climbing near fenceusable for climbing near fence
Self-closing gates to pool/spaSelf-closing gates to pool/spa
Secure locks for all openings to pool/spa when not in useSecure locks for all openings to pool/spa when not in use
Doors & windows could be alarmed when openedDoors & windows could be alarmed when opened
Power operated pool safety covers:Power operated pool safety covers:
94. CClasseslasses (swimming, CPR)(swimming, CPR)
SwimmingSwimming by an instructor. Teach children toby an instructor. Teach children to
– leave the water when adult leavesleave the water when adult leaves
– enter the water only with a swim suitenter the water only with a swim suit
– first enter the water in the shallow endfirst enter the water in the shallow end
Teach adultsTeach adults CPR,CPR, rescue techniques,rescue techniques, risks ofrisks of
– Bath tubs, buckets, commodes, washing machineBath tubs, buckets, commodes, washing machine
– Close toilet & bath doorsClose toilet & bath doors
– Cover commodeCover commode
95.
96. DDevicesevices
Poolside emergencyPoolside emergency phonephone
Install aInstall a life saving ring,life saving ring,
shepherd's hook & CPR postershepherd's hook & CPR poster
by the poolby the pool
Children must wear Personal Flotation Device (PFD)Children must wear Personal Flotation Device (PFD)
when at water siteswhen at water sites
Wear PFD while inWear PFD while in
a boata boat
97.
98.
99. Also, never…Also, never…
…… leave full bucket/tubs, norleave full bucket/tubs, nor leave a child alone nearleave a child alone near
water/let swim alone, nor use "floaties“/inflatablewater/let swim alone, nor use "floaties“/inflatable
toys as life jackets. No substitutes fortoys as life jackets. No substitutes for supervisionsupervision
…… leave toys in or around the pool/spaleave toys in or around the pool/spa
…… consider a child asconsider a child as ''drown-proofdrown-proof'' despitedespite
swimming skills, or experienceswimming skills, or experience
…… use alcohol or drugsuse alcohol or drugs
…… swim in thunder or lightningswim in thunder or lightning
…… dive into unfamiliar or shallow bodies of waterdive into unfamiliar or shallow bodies of water
100. MessagesMessages
Children have the right to a safe environmentChildren have the right to a safe environment
Child-friendly ED can reduce consequences ofChild-friendly ED can reduce consequences of CICI
Enforce safety laws: child-resistant packagingEnforce safety laws: child-resistant packaging
Modify stairway railings, so children will not try toModify stairway railings, so children will not try to
squeeze through or get stuck in the gapssqueeze through or get stuck in the gaps
Fence around poolsFence around pools
Public awareness campaigns aboutPublic awareness campaigns about CICI preventionprevention
101. MCQMCQ
Drowning is the greatest injury-death among childrenDrowning is the greatest injury-death among children
Near drowning means there is no aspiration in the lungsNear drowning means there is no aspiration in the lungs
Drowning in sea water causes water intoxicationDrowning in sea water causes water intoxication
The brain can tolerate hypoxia up to 9 minThe brain can tolerate hypoxia up to 9 min
Most children in this country drown in out door poolsMost children in this country drown in out door pools
Preventing drowning can achieve MDG4Preventing drowning can achieve MDG4
Facts about child injuries
830,000 children U-18y die/y due to unintentional injury.
These are the leading c/of death for U-9y.
RTA & drowning account for nearly half.
Tens of millions of children require hospital care/y for non-fatal injuries.
RTA & falls are the main c/of injury-related child disabilities.
95% of child injuries occur in L&MICs.
CI remain a problem in HICs, accounting for 40% of all child deaths.
Many HICs have been able to reduce their CI deaths by up to 50% over the past 3D by implementing multisectoral, multipronged approaches to CI prevention
A daytime running lamp/light (DRL) is an automotive lighting & bicycle lighting device on the front of a road going motor vehicle or bicycle, automatically switched on when moving forward, emitting white, yellow, or amber light to increase the conspicuity of the vehicle during daylight conditions
Successful interventions: life jackets, fencing around swimming pools, covering water hazards & prompt first aid in an emergency
Lifeguard. An expert swimmer employed to rescue people who get into difficulty in a swimming pool or at the beach
Wading pool. a shallow pool for children
Pail. A watertight cylindrical vessel, open at the top & fitted with a handle; a bucket.
One of the portable pools at the Model Drowning Prevention Centre in Bangladesh
Pool Safety Ring helps protect swimmers in case of an accident is a must-have accessory at pool side. Designed for residential use only, the blow molded Ring has a multi-colored trim on White, & measures 10” in diameter.
Features: Blow molded construction, Helps prevent drowning, Residential use ONLY