Campus Sexual Assault And Rape

Campus Sexual Assault And Rape
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to send my appreciation and gratitude to David La Rooy, who has supported my
journey in making this dissertation possible to do. I would like to give thanks to all the students who
have participated in this dissertation.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this dissertation is to observe whether female or male students have a similar or different
perspective of the meaning of consent in a sexual context; specifically, on the subject of campus
sexual assault.
INTRODUCTION
In the United States (U.S.), sexual assault on campuses remains to make national headlines, and now
this problem is increasing and occurring in the United Kingdom (U.K.). The term 'sexual assault'
varies in definition from state to state in the U.S. and other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Those who are closest to the victims should help the victim on their path of recovery. Although, the
supports from those closest to the victims may play a positive role in the recovery process; however,
some people may feel to withdraw or partly blame the victim for getting raped or sexually assaulted
(Vito, Maahs and Holmes, 2006: p. 281).
EXPLAINING SEXUAL ASSAULT AND RAPE
As reported by, feminist criminologists, their perspective of rape and sexual assault differ from
liberal and radical feminists. Liberal feminists' viewpoint in regards of rape as a gender–neutral
assault on a persons' autonomy and mainly focusing on the harm that rape can do to an individual. In
contrast, radical feminists describe rape as a subject to be recognised and understood as a major
pillar of patriarchy; a social system in which men claim the positions of dominance and control of
the central norms and values that are linked with masculinity (Johnson, 2005: p.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Gender Performativity In Language : The Philosophy Of...
INTRODUCTION
Since language can be described from the perspective of its structure or function, it provides us two
different pathways to learn what people say. In short, we can focus on the form of the utterance,
which shows speaker's meaning literally, without the influence of the context. Also, we may put
people's utterance in the social or cultural circumstance and pay more attention to pragmatic
analysis. J. L. Austin (1999), who proposes the concept of "performative", shows us the underlying
ability of language that the utterance can actually do things. Based on the work of Austin, Judith
Butler (1999) develops the language philosophy from "performative" to "performativity" in relation
to gender. I will argue that language used to utter a sentence in a proper environment is not merely a
description, but a real action. And in terms of gender, language "performative" is an access to gender
identification. I will firstly examine Austin's idea of performative utterance and illocutionary acts. I
will then look at Butler's gender performativity and how language works on identifying social
gender. In conclusion, I will reiterate my argument and conclude the theory suggested by Austin and
Butler.
REVIEW OF AUSTIN
According to Austin (1999), the philosophy of language is more about the contextualised utterance
instead of the de–contextualised sentences. Thus, he suggests a concept called "performative",
which characterises the utterances as not simply describing or saying

Two Approaches Of Pragmatics
According to Schmitt (2010), there are two approaches of pragmatics, a cognitive or psychological
approach which is exploring the relation between linguistic meaning of utterances, the
decontextualized, what speakers mean by their utterances on a particular situation and how hearer
interpret those utterances on those particular situations. Cognitive approach was developed by
philosophers Austin, Searle, and Grice. On the other hand, social pragmatics approach which
focuses on the communicative exchanges between individuals in social, cultural and other
contextual factors. Brown and Levinson (1978 – 1987) introduced face model of politeness to this
approach.
The main objective of pragmatics is to study on how non–native speakers comprehend and produce
speech acts in a target language. Speech act is not the whole of pragmatics, but is perhaps currently
the most important part of the subject. Many of the topics addressed in both narrow and broad views
derive from three major pragmatic theories: Speech Acts, Conversational Implicatures, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In other words, indirectness is a widely used conversational strategy, hence people reduce the
unpleasant message contained in requests and other statement. In indirect speech acts the speaker
communicates to the hearer more than he actually says by way of depending on their mutually
shared background information either both linguistic and nonlinguistic together with the powers of
rationality and inference on the part of the hearer. To be more specific, to explain the indirect speech
acts can be say it is "a theory of speech acts certain general principles of cooperative conversation"
(Searle, 1979, p. 31–32). As Thomas (1995) people use indirect strategies whenever they want to
reach aims from their hearers, when speakers want to increase the force of the message
communicated, or when want to make their speech more

Examples Of Objection In The Form Of A Question
2.3.1.5 Objection in the Form of a Question The combination of a question with disagreement is
effective especially with respect to action–restriction because both them called an answer (Locher,
2004). Furthermore, disagreement in the form of question is considered as less directly. Locher
quoted Leech's (1983) opinion that indirectness is more polite than the direct utterances. The
function of this strategy is to ask for a referential clarification of the previous statement, which
contains disagreement. For example given in Conversation Example 4 bellow. Conversation
Example: George : I believe this company will get many profit in around 5 months. Steven : It can
be? In this short conversation we could understand that Steven is showing his disagreement by
giving question to George. 2.3.1.6 The Use of "but" The position of but in a statement influences the
function of its use (Locher, 2004). When but occurred at the beginning of a speaker's new turn and
was used to attempt to get the floor as well as to oppose a previous speaker's contribution. However,
when " but " occurred within the turn of the same speaker, it was used to indicate disagreement with
a previous speaker's utterance. The example is in Conversation Example 5 bellow. Conversation
Example 5 Tom : ^fine [^thank you very much] Steven ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Here the researcher found the research by Choyimah.. (2014). In her research she investigated
disagreeing Strategies in University Classroom Discussion among Indonesian EFL Learners. The
participants of this study are students who join seminar on linguistic course in the school of Cultural
Studies UB, in the odd semester of 2010–2011. The writer found two strategies used by students in
disagreeing, they are direct and indirect. Students having higher levels of English proficiency tended
to use indirect strategies, but those at lower levels used direct ways in

How Does A Child Acquire Language?
So how does a child acquire language? If it were just a question of listening and imitating people
around them they wouldn 't come out with words like 'runned' and 'knowed'.
Studies of language acquisition have shown that children take an active part in the process,
constructing and refining grammatical rules for themselves as they mature. No one teaches them
these rules; in fact, the majority of parents/carers are not aware of the rules themselves and would be
hard pressed to explain them. Yet as the child grows they learn to use pronouns, verbs, adjectives
and to form complex sentences in order to communicate with others and manipulate the world
around them.
Reinforcement has been suggested as playing a part in the process, although studies have shown this
plays little part in the actual development of the child's knowledge of the grammatical structure of
their language. Parents/carers generally react positively to any attempts at spoken communication by
their child, encouraging them to persist, but not correcting them for 'bad grammar'. In fact, 'mistakes'
are sometimes viewed as 'cute' by parents/carers and the child actively encouraged to repeat them
for others!
Another theory that has been proposed is learning by analogy – hearing a sentence, internalising the
structural rules and using this as a basis to form new sentences. But languages don 't work like that.
What works for one sentence doesn 't necessarily work for another, and the kinds of mistakes this
could

William Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream
Early in A Midsummer Night's Dream by William Shakespeare, the fascistic use of charm, Oberon's
ability to use incantations to unsettle Theseus' early wish for perfect harmony (1.1.11–15) and
control wild forces such as nature, other fairies and mankind, foregrounds the play's action. Modeled
after the power of speech–acts (utterances considered as actions, particularly in terms of its
intention, purpose or effect), the theatrical use of charm I propose here predominantly resides in the
vocal chords of a dictator (Oberon); that is, it can control, decisively affect and determine.
Incantations are not physical–nor do they move. This essay, therefore, is interested in the
illocutionary forces of Oberon's fascistic incantations as opposed to his tangible or finite action. If
we are to dislodge charm from the event of its ephemeral potential and meditate, alternatively, on
the spoken dimensionality of fascism, what can charm come to mean? I argue that Shakespeare–a
talented poet and expert in literary and dramatic composition–invokes Oberon, a manipulative and
magic fascist, to augment the power of charm by providing him with the utmost control. Oberon's
recurring charms and their deep affinity to the music of Shakespeare's poetry thus intensify a
fairyland in which supernatural chaos along with mankind mingle in a given–to–be–seen and highly
contested dictatorial regime, so as to conceivably emphasize the theoretical indoctrination process
we call fascism, thus warranting

The Things They Carried By Jonathan Culler
Throughout history, it has been said that two or more sides exist to every story. In Literary Theory:
A Brief Introduction by Jonathan Culler, this concept is further examined, with Culler stratifying
literature into two distinct types of language, performative and constative. While constative
language draws upon factual or literal interpretations, performative language deals more so with
embellishment or the expression of details as they seem. In a similar manner, author Tim O'Brien
coins the term "story truth", a derivative of "real truth", within his novel The Things They Carried,
to discuss how retellings of wartime events are often altered to convey the emotional significance
they possess. It is through these two works, Culler's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though The Things They Carried is largely a retelling of personal experiences during the Vietnam
War, there exists another key element of the work, a self–referential sector in which O'Brien
establishes a, not–always, clear dichotomy between what is true and what is true for the context of a
story. This story truth is a revelation, a telling aspect that modifies the supposed truth into an
amalgam of mental and emotional based reactions, a lens through which the factual is warped into
the fictional. Therefore, these instances when O'Brien leans upon story truth become incredibly
important as readers are able to gain insight into the psyche of the storyteller, how they view the
world and how they cope with the events of the war.
In this sense, Culler's performative language and O'Brien's story truth are inseparable, serving as
two means to the same end goal; through performative language, O'Brien embraces the fictitious and
reforms what is true into story truth as a means to express their magnitude.
"On The Rainy River" is one of the first instances in which O'Brien's referential, or reflective, nature
is revealed as he begins the chapter explaining that the events he will describe he has never told
another individual. With this in mind, the emotional significance is already apparent, as the
character Tim is being vulnerable, unraveling his heart for all to

Three Approaches Of Pragmatics
According to Schmitt (2010), there are two approaches of pragmatics, a cognitive or psychological
approach which is exploring the relation between linguistic meaning of utterances, the
decontextualized, what speakers mean by their utterances on a particular situation and how hearer
interpret those utterances on those particular situations. Cognitive approach was developed by
philosophers Austin, Searle, and Grice. On the other hand, social pragmatics approach which
focuses on the communicative exchanges between individuals in social, cultural and other
contextual factors. Brown and Levinson (1978 – 1987) introduced face model of politeness to this
approach.
The main objective of pragmatics is to study on how non–native speakers comprehend and produce
speech acts in a target language. Speech act is not the whole of pragmatics, but is perhaps currently
the most important part of the subject. Many of the topics addressed in both narrow and broad views
derive from three major pragmatic theories: Speech Acts, Conversational Implicatures, ... Show
In other words, indirectness is a widely used conversational strategy, hence people reduce the
unpleasant message contained in requests and other statement. In indirect speech acts the speaker
communicates to the hearer more than he actually says by way of depending on their mutually
shared background information either both linguistic and nonlinguistic together with the powers of
rationality and inference on the part of the hearer. To be more specific, to explain the indirect speech
acts can be say it is "a theory of speech acts certain general principles of cooperative conversation"
(Searle, 1979, p. 31–32). As Thomas (1995) people use indirect strategies whenever they want to
reach aims from their hearers, when speakers want to increase the force of the message
communicated, or when want to make their speech more

Gender And Gender Identity
In light of performativity, political transformation via hegemonic cultural practices continues to
advocate for gender parody. Overall, the recent exploration of alterity ethics complements
performativity politics by exploiting the subversive potential of gender identity as well as female
identity. For the oppressed individuals, power should be subverted via political strategy guided by
the consequences and punishment with the objective of maximizing the good in the society. In other
words, performativity politics described by the recent works of Butler takes the form of action
consequentialism. Still, Butler's politics is reversed by the ethics without coming to a satisfactory
position.
Gender Identity
Following the binary roles, the male ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People are under constant duress from the society to conform to the gendered performance
stipulated by the traditional norms and culture. According to Severiens, the philosophical account of
gender identity evolves in the context of interpersonal bonds and enculturalization, and social
realities that shape a person's identity (3). Even so, cultural discourses analysis plays a significant
role in acknowledging the difference that exists between texts; therefore, different modes of
communication influence the interconnection between the text and the cultural meaning the
discourse. Besides, the discourse analysis of culture provides more information on the
communication pattern as well as the generic behavior from the cultural situation and the context of
the social situation. In this case, the intricate weave of cultural psychoanalysis contests the
conception of the previous theme that exists before cultural identities. More radically, the
proponents view of the feminist distinction between gender and sex. Still, the political stakes at the
institutions emerge from the cultural constructs of sex to contribute to the aspect of political identity.
Cultural Discourse of Gendered Performativity
The Michel Foucault theory in the Gender Trouble asserts that gender is a predominantly cultural
agent that operates on the body to constitute the concepts of femininity and masculinity and at the
same time identify homosexuality or

Pragmatic Equivalence In Translation
Translation is considered as more deeper than exchanging lexical and grammatical terms . A
translator 's main goal is to convey the message of the source text with the same meaning and
intention . He can achieve this goal when he applies pragmatic equivalence. Pragmatic equivalence
can be defined as : the ability of the translator to convey the source language to target language with
the same intention of the text producer and equivalent words and same affection to the reader .
Mainly , pragmatics has to do with the intention of speakers . It studies why sentences are used and
studies also the context of utterance and environment surrounding each sentence used in the
situation . Translator should give attention to different types of beyond meanings that arise from
what's literally said , this can go under term of " implicit meaning " which has relation with
pragmatics . Moreover , Speaker's intentions has to go with elements of structure and texture . In
addition . equivalence has an important role in translation process . And the translator will achieve
his goal of exchange using equivalence . Since, translation is considered as more deeper than
exchanging lexical and grammatical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This research paper will examine the linguistic theories of speech act and Gricean maxims and their
relations to pragmatic equivalence . It will provide linguist's opinions about types of speech act and
felicity conditions and the maxims and the implicature from different sources . This paper assists the
translator to understand the theories and will make him able to convey the implied meaning intended
by the speaker not the literal meaning of the words only

Exploring Sexual Assault And Rape
EXPLAINING SEXUAL ASSAULT AND RAPE
As reported by, feminist criminologists, their perspective of rape and sexual assault differ between
liberal and radical feminists. Liberal feminists' viewpoint in regards of rape as a gender–neutral
assault on a persons' autonomy and mainly focusing on the harm that rape can do to an individual. In
contrast, radical feminists describe rape as a subject to be recognised and understood as a major
pillar of patriarchy; a social system in which men claim the positions of dominance and control of
the central norms and values that are linked with masculinity (Johnson, 2005: p. 4–15). The radical
feminists believe that rape is a patriarchal structure within male power, thus displaying the harms
that rape can do to an individual and as a group of women. Furthermore, the radical feminists
approach view rape as male have the control and authority over the use of women's bodies, which
involves the sexual and reproductive. Hence, this is the core element of patriarchy, Radical feminist
believe that rape is one of many forms that connects men's sexual exploitation and violence, as well
as, reinforcing women's oppression (Whisnant, 2013).
The main debate amongst the explanation is the key motivation that drives the offender to commit
rape. Previously, majority of social scientists' perspective of rape is seen as a sexually motivated
crime; for instance, males are given the opportunity to fulfil their sexual desires that cannot be met
legally, thus

Tender Napalm by Philip Ridley
Tender Napalm is a play by the celebrated, contemporary British playwright Philip Ridley.1 The
play was published in 2011 and premiered in the Southwark Playhouse in London. Ridley's oeuvre
consists of work in eclectic styles and written for various different audiences (he is a prolific creator
of material for children, as well as plays for adults with difficult and often violent themes). Many
attempts have been made to classify Ridley within the so–called "in–yer–face" movement within
British theatre, however most critics acknowledge that his plays are unique and often defy
classification.2 Tender Napalm features many of the hallmarks of Ridley's writing (violent imagery,
obsession with the power of language, and distorted memories), but the play is perhaps most
interesting for its rather unique structure. This paper will give an overview of the plot of the play
and attempt to outline its main structural elements, before moving towards an analysis of how the
structure operates. Comparisons will be drawn with Aristotle's theories of theatrical structure, in
order to examine how the play's structure sits within traditional models of Western playmaking, but
also pushes against them in innovative ways. Ultimately, this paper will argue that the structure of
the play is, in and of itself, performative. The plot of the play deals in fractured memories and an
attempt to re–experience the past, that which is always–already absent. The structure of the play
functions to disrupt the

J. L. Austin's Arguments On Gender And Transformative...
J. L Austin claims that all the statements we make are performative. He thinks that language is not
simply there to describe things we see or we want to say, but the language is itself a performative
utterance. For instance, when we say "I apologize", we perform an act or when we get married and
say "I do ", we perform an act. This means that some words in language do not exist outside of the
language world. So, when we actually say those words that have no meaning outside of the language
world, we already do (perform) something and for that, we do not specifically need gestures or
movement. Therefore, what Butler claims and Austin claims are combined, it is possible to say that
gender is itself a performative act when a woman says "I am a

Theater As An Actor And Makes You Better?
Theater has taught me many skills and many new inventive ways to use them in the world I live in.
Many may not know that theater is just one of those fields you can use not only on the stage but also
in your personal life. There is so much philosophy and principles to think about when it comes to
theater and you think to yourself, how I am supposed to use this in the world I live in today, and
even in my career as an actor. Theater has taught me to take life by the hand and practice, going over
the same thing over and over again may seem restless but in the world of theater it seems to keep
developing you as an actor and makes you better and better. Theater has always been a source to
relieve my stress and just a place for me to throw all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Primary Tenets of Aristotle were simple but yet very serious, they stood on the ground of many
principles. The Good Character, Good Character is developed through practice of everyday living
and becomes better over time as it is practiced. "The sequence of human behavior raises the question
of which is preeminent––acts or dispositions. Their interaction is broken by Aristotle 's distinction
between acts which create good dispositions and acts which flow from the good disposition once it
has been created." The rule of Good character is that every action has a reaction, the results are
highly relative to the individual and the circumstances. The next one is pleasure, which is the natural
accompaniment of unimpeded activity. Pleasure, as such, is neither good nor bad. Even so, pleasure
is something positive and its effect is to perfect the exercise of activity. Everything from playing
chess to making love is improved with skill. Friendship a person 's relationship to a friend is the
same as the relation to oneself. The friend can be thought of as a second self. The Contemplative
Faculty––the exercise of perfect happiness in intellectual or philosophic activity. Reason is the
highest faculty of human beings. We can engage in it longer than other activities. Aristotle had very

Example Of Speech Act
Speech act is the action performed by a speaker with the utterance. An The speaker's intention is
obvious to a hearer and it can be often complemented or replaced by a physical act like a gesture.
Speech acts are used to describe actions like asking, ordering, questioning, threatening, accusing,
insulting or promising. For exampleexample, by saying 'I'll kill you', one is not only speaking but
also threatening the hearer.
The first one, who mentioned phenomena of speech acts, was the British philosopher J.L. Austin. In
his work 'How To Do Things With Words' [1962] he argued with logical positivism theory, which
says that only statements that are logically or empirically verifiable have cognitive meaning. He
claimed that people not only describe their surroundings by words, but they may also create the
reality using them. He coined the terms constative utterance (that is the one which describes the
world) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Austin– brak odwołania do literatiru, there are 3 levels of a speech act: locutionary,
illocutionary and perlocutionary. Locutionary act is an act of producing a meaningful expression, in
simple words– it is saying something. Illocutionary act shows the force hidden behind the words
(illocutionary force), the true meaning e.g. 'I'll give you a gift' is not only a declarative sentence, but
also a promise made towards the hearer. Perlocutionary act is the reaction of the hearer to speaker's
words, it is an effect of the utterance e.g. the hearer is waiting for a gift when he has heard from the
speaker 'I'll give you a gift'.
Speech acts can be divided in two categories direct and indirect, depending on words used by the
speaker. The aim of this work is to briefly describe their phenomena in the first, theoretical part and
to show their practical use in the second

One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest Speech Act Theory Essay
Ken Kesey forms the intricate relationships among the characters in the novel One Flew Over the
Cuckoo's Nest by the unique use of perspective and speech. Throughout the novel, Kesey depicts
this connection between the public world and the seemingly closed off society inside the mental
institution. This creates two separate spheres separated by a few walls and doors. Kesey goes on to
form a unique perspective in the novel, told by a paranoid schizophrenic, with the narrator's
caricature–like description of characters in the novel. This makes the audience ponder if the narrator
is always depicting images as they truly are. This evolves into the Speech–Act Theory, which
illustrates reality versus false utterance. Through the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Burke, a critical analyzer of the novel, characterized this by the act of "drama". "Specifically,
dramatism focuses on how we use language and create both real–life and fictional narratives 'to
present a particular view of a situation, just as a play creates and presents a certain world or situation
inhabited by characters in the play" (Rutten, 2012). Through the act of dramatism, the interactions in
the novel are shaped. This act of dramatizing insanity separates the social spheres of the "normal"
and the "insane" creating a social distinction between the two parties. They are perceived differently
and immediately receive a warning label when they are viewed as "insane". Humans form this
stereotype through our adjusted, fixed attitudes towards people who are "disabled". Rutten states "A
rhetorical perspective (on the word "disabled") essentially enables an understanding of the
complexity of 'impairment' and 'disability' as a cultural/discursive as well as a social and structural
phenomenon" (Rutten, 2012). This shows how society tends to suppress those who have mental
illnesses and ignore them. They are locked away in a mental institution, shielded from the public
eye. The Speech–Act Theory comes into play when viewing the certain utterances said by patients
in the mental institution. The theory focuses on "the distinction between performative and constative
utterances" (Bernaerts, 2010). Performative utterances are

Ethics, Unnatural Laws, By Arthur A. Leff
Part One: Summary In the article Unspeakable Ethics, Unnatural Laws, Arthur A. Leff took an
agnostic approach when determining what morality should be comprised of. He suggested that
humans struggle with desiring to follow a predetermined and unchallengeable set of moral rules,
while at the same time wanting the autonomy to create those rules.
If ethical rules are preordained, they would need to come from a supernatural being that was
unruled, unjudged, and beyond question: God. If God exists, we are created to fit into His system
and should therefore abide by His rules. God dictates the laws of the world through what Leff refers
to as "performative utterances". These utterances are essentially His will made into reality via His
command. Performative utterances are the act of God creating the rules that govern the world. He is
the only being who has the capacity to do this without facing the inevitable "says who" mentality.
This sort of attitude ensues when beings of equal rank differ in their opinions of what is right and
what is wrong, with no overarching authority. It is this problem in particular that leads philosophers
to despair; if there is no God, there is no steady ethical or legal system that can be put into place.
There is nothing more correct or more flawed than anything else. There will never be progress, as
you cannot progress from something you cannot deem to be less suitable. If there is no such higher
being, we are all that is left to decide for

Essay On Pragmatics
1.1. Pragmatics
In order to provide the wider information on speech acts and political discourse, the short definition
of pragmatics needs to be presented, as the speech acts are deeply rooted in this particular field of
linguistics. The presented paper provides the explanation of the term based mostly on the Yule's
(1996) definition of it. Pragmatics is field of study which very often is connected with semantics and
syntax. Pragmatics is a study that focuses on the meaning behind the words that are produced by the
speaker and received by the listener, whereas semantics focuses mostly on the words and structures
as such, and syntax focuses on relation between different linguistic forms and its sequences (Yule
1996: 4). The term "pragmatics" was firstly presented as a field of linguistics "in the 1930s by
Morris, Carnap, and Peirce, for whom (...) pragmatics addressed the relation of signs to their users
and interpreters" (Horn and Ward 2006: xi). Yule, in his book Pragmatics (1996), provides a broad ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Thus, a declarative used to make a statement is a direct speech act, but a declarative used to make a
request is an indirect speech act" (Yule 1996: 54–55). For example, sentence "It's cold in the room"
may directly mean that the air in the room is cold, or the speaker that provided the utterance asks the
hearer to close the window. According to Yule, indirect speech acts that are most common to occur
are in the interrogative form. "Could you pass the salt?" (Yule 1996: 56) is one of such a sentence
forms. Moreover, indirect speech are in general connected with politeness. Thus, indirect speech
acts are more common to appear in political discourse, where the political correctness and speaking
about delicate subjects in a polite way is

The Basis Of Institutional Talk : Drew And Heritage
I will begin my analysis by explaining the basis of institutional talk – Drew and Heritage (1992b)
identify two types of institutional conversation – formal and informal. In formal interaction,
participation is focused on particular tasks with a goal to be achieved, and tends to have a fairly
rigid, stricter structure. Institutional conversations are more constrained in what will be taken as
allowable contributions to the conversation, and inferences will be based on the business or task at
hand. Wooffitt (2001: 69) mentions what's called the 'fingerprint' of institutional interaction in that
they are instantly recognisable with just a small sample. These types of conversation also tend to
have turn–taking expectations, with the speaker being selected rather than self–selecting throughout
the interaction. Although Drew and Heritage use these features to talk about news interviews, they
can still be applied to regular phone conversations between members of the public and employees in
a business, so it is with this in mind that I will analyse my own conversation.
Turn–taking in conversation is an extraordinary achievement, considering neither party in the
interaction can guess how many turns they will take or long how each turn will be or even which
topic will be discussed. Turns are built out of turn construction units (TCUs), which are the
grammatical 'building blocks' that help make turns in conversation (Wooffitt, 2005: 26). At the end
of each TCU is a transition

Importance Of Subjective Modality
1. What is the problem?
The main problem of the topic is that subjective modality can be expressed not only through
commonly known and most frequently used modals and auxiliaries such as modal verbs, but through
other means, such as adjectives, nouns, adverbs etc.
According to Solganik, subjective modality is present in all levels of language. In the lexicology, it's
a variety of evaluative means; in morphology – modal linking words, particles, pronouns, etc. Even
in semantics of case, modality occurs. The most important role that modality plays is in syntax. Not
only does subjective modality contributes to semantics, but also to the functioning of syntactical
units and speech production.
2. A broad study of the question.
Modality is a linguistic manifold phenomenon. It is a broad expression of the speaker's opinions
toward the situation or event, it expresses the relations between the utterance and reality. Semantics
of subjective modality does not only include intellectual ability and ability to reason, but it also
includes different types of emotional reaction.
There are several classifications of modality where subjective mood occurs: deontic and epistemic.
Epistemic modality. The word "epistemic" came from Greek, meaning `knowledge'. According to
Palmer (2001), speakers use epistemic modality in order to express their judgments about the facts,
they use it in when they utter or write their attitude. Epistemic modality concerns what is necessary
or possible based on

Austin's Theory Of Speech Act Theory
Austin's Speech Act Theory
In 1994 the philosopher John L. Austin had investigated the various aspects of speech acts. Speech
acts theory is a subfield of pragmatics concerned with the ways in which words can be used not only
to present information but also to carry out actions (http://grammar.about.com/). In other words,
Speech act is function based on the goal of communication. According to Austin, there are three
kinds of speech acts, namely locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. Three of them
have correlation to each other. In order to explain what can go wrong with statements we cannot just
concentrate on the proposition involved as has been done traditionally. We must consider the total
situation in which the utterance is issued––the total speech–act––if we are to see the parallel
between statements and performative utterances, and how each can go wrong. Therefore, the total
speech act in the total speech situation is emerging from logic piecemeal as important in special
cases: and thus we are assimilating the supposed constative utterance to the performative. ... Show
It can be in the form of the production of words with meanings. The act of 'saying something' in the
full normal sense, the performance of a locutionary act, and the study of utterances thus far and in
these respects the study of locutions, or of the full units of speech. In performing a locutionary act
we shall also be performing such an act as: asking or answering a question, giving some information
or an assurance or a warning, announcing a verdict or an intention, pronouncing sentence, making
an appointment or an appeal or a criticism, making the identification or giving a

What Does The Assembly Of Such A Group Entail? Essay
Within the context of the United States, the purpose of juror selection is quite clear–– assemble a
collection of six or twelve individuals who have, to some extent, proven themselves capable of
arriving at a fair and unbiased verdict based upon the evidence presented. It is the expectation of the
courts, and indeed of the general public, that this standard will be met most of the time, for there is a
belief that without this cornerstone of the American justice system, the whole structure could
collapse. That established, what does the assembly of such a group entail? Further, if this assembly
process is recognized as a ritual rather than as a "technological routine" by whom and what should
the ritual's success be determined? It has become clear to me that although there may be strong
consensus on the purpose of jury selection, it's execution, and the judgment of its outcomes looks
vastly different depending on the perspective from which it is viewed. This can be observed in the
different ways actors speak and perform in relation to one another, both within the ritual space and
in retrospection. The way in which these differences present themselves in the language and
performances of different actors within the courtroom space has considerable implications for the
outsider's evaluation of the process' efficacy as ritual. Within the juror selection process there is not
only a prescribed genre of speech, but also prescribed participant roles. Noting the ways in which
this

Michael Lambek's Toward An Ethics Of The Act
In Michael Lambek's Toward an Ethics of the Act, Lambek discusses the ethics of performance and
practice rituals through perlocution and illocution. Anthony Gidden's talks about the duality of
agency (action) and structure and argues that that's two cannot exist without each other. These two
compare and contrast in analyzing social actions. In Toward an Ethics of the Act, Lambek uses the
speeches that are also know as performatives that "utter a performance is to do something" .
Illocution and perlocution are two of the performatives of speech that Lambek discusses in his work
that are derived from J.L. Austin's philosophy. According to Lambek, Illocution is "doing something
in saying something" . Perlocution on the other hand, is "doing something by saying something" .
Lambek uses the terms felicitous and infelicitous from Austin's philosophy to define the illocution
and perlocution of an act. In other words, felicitous is good or fortunate and infelicitous is bad or ...
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Gidden's argues that agency and structure cannot exist without each other. Agency is the individual's
ability to make free choices in society. These choices that they make are not guided by anything but
their own desires, needs and wishes to fulfill. The concept of the agency is free will and the ability
of an individual to make decisions in their world that they want to make as an individual choice.
Another way Giddens sees agency is that it is "not a combination of separate acts, but a continuous
flow of conduct" . Structure on the other hand, is social forces that exist outside of the individual
thoughts that influence the decisions that people make. The structure has a bigger influence on the
individual than the individual can on the structure of society. The structure has a big role in the
choices individuals make in their

Amelioration And Inclusion: Gender Identity And The...
Misgendering
The ability of "he" and "she" presents the major issue in the nature of pronoun use. When a trans
person says "I use x pronouns", they are not the ones who are actually using those pronouns. They
are the pronouns others must use in reference to them for an accurate reflection of their identity. If a
trans person is going to reference themselves they would be "I". While one can insist and reiterate
their pronouns endlessly– the act of accurate pronoun use falls to the to the person speaking about
the trans individual. So this means the ethical responsibility of using the correct pronoun and the
pronoun specific effects on a social identity falls on the person speaking about the trans individual.
That the use of "she" assumes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is the idea of referring to someone by their chosen pronouns respecting that they are the
authority on their gender identity. To misgender a member of the trans community is an act of
picking and choosing qualifying factors for who is and who isn't a part of a certain gender, all of
which, are not the person's word or own judgement. So, to respect this person as a member of a
gender group, one must use their chosen pronouns as that is what they asked. This issue of respect
bares a resemblance to Parson's and Asch's expressivist argument in "The Disability Rights Critique
of Prenatal Genetic Testing" that expresses prenatal testing identifies disability as a negative that
means a baby isn't worth being born, much like misgendering expresses that a trans person isn't
worthy of being identified that way. In the case of Parson's and Asch's argument, the existence of
prenatal testing suggests that disabled person is flawed. Similarly, misgendering a trans individual
suggests that that trans person is flawed and therefore implies they lack the traits necessary to
qualify as a gender. To respect someone's gender one accepts that it is simply that someone asked
you to use those pronouns that one should do

Autobiography As Performative Utterance
Having read a number of slave narratives this semester (including excerpts from autobiographies by
figures such as Frederick Douglass and Olaudah Equiano), I found it somewhat disconcerting that
Michael Bérubé conflated slave narratives and disability–centered texts in his article,
"Autobiography as Performative Utterance." While I understand the point he was trying to make
about a subject's capability to represent themselves through literature, I found the false equivalencies
he was using to make his point were somewhat discomforting. Considering Count Us In revolves
around a white, American, upper–class family, it didn't seem particularly appropriate for Bérubé to
be making the comparisons that he did. I think that his points about autobiography

Humorous Wedding Speech
An intriguing speech event that I take part of in my daily life is at the place of my work; a restaurant
in Old Town. Under the employ in the service industry, it's a common knowledge among co–
workers that speech patterns change when interacting with a customer. It becomes a running joke
between co–workers, mimicking the heightened, sociable pitches and over friendly choices of
words. As a waitress in a typical restaurant setting, the content of this unofficial speech event are the
repeated cycles of satisfactory waiting; tone of voice, particular utterances, bodily positions we take
in front of the tables we offer service to. Here, it is more relative to focus on the higher pitches that
take over our voices and the recurring outgoing utterances

Look at Some Data for a Child at the One-Word Stage of...
Question 7 – Look at some data for a child at the one–word stage of development (this could be
video data for the CHILDES database, or observational/diary data you have collected from a child to
whom you have access; the contextual function of one–word utterances can be hard to perceive in
transcript–only data).
Apply Greenfield and Smith's analysis, based on the uses of holophrases, to this data. Remember
that this analysis is focused on what a child is using their one–word utterances for, i.e. what the
holophrases are used to accomplish. Does your data show (some of?) the same functions for
holophrases that Greenfield and Smith observed in their study of two children?
1. Introduction
This report will be focusing on child language ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After this, he believed that nouns are used significantly more than any other word class/type. In
contrast to this, Greenfield and Smith found that before the age of 1.6 years, children were more
likely to use indicative and volitional expressions. From this research, I can look at if there are any
of these expression examples within my data.
Children's initial declarative utterances can be about shared, specific referents and aimed at focusing
the listeners attention on something new, that has not been previously mentioned. This is from the
egocentric child point of view, (Greenfield and Smith 1976.) The communicative function of the
utterance can give a strong idea of the child's aspect of reality, for example, imperative and
interrogative functions. They may not be well differentiated from a referential–type utterance.
(Ninio 1992). Early one

The Fact Of Blackness By Frantz Fanon
Frantz Fanon's "The Fact of Blackness," a chapter from Black Skin, White Masks describes the
anxiety felt while held in the gaze of the colonizer. A reading of Judith Butler's Gender Trouble in
conjunction with Fanon's work raises questions and possible strategies on how to reject
neocolonialism and contemporary white supremacy. Fanon's idea of blackness is performative but
not for the gain of the black man, rather for the white man. Butler suggests that regaining control of
the black man's fate comes from interpellation, the act, of interrupting the white man's claims or
ideas, or rather their misconceptions of the black man. A way of disregarding the white man's claims
is a form of rejecting that normativity, similar to Butler's analysis of drag where one rejects
normativity altogether. The black man's lack of interpellation enhances the white man's
performativity furthering white supremacy; a way of rejecting neocolonialism that disregards
societal norms.
"Performative utterances do not describe but perform the action they designate" (Culler 96), and the
repetitive assertions from the white man placed upon the black man results in him being inferior.
The white man's performativity about Butler's idea of gender trouble, that gender, sexuality and
biological makeup are not correlated. It also refers to oppressions of genders that do not fit the norm
of society. For Butler gender acts "as a strategy for survival within compulsory systems, gender is
performative with

Examples Of Historical Allegory In Tv Chandran Films
Historical allegory in TV Chandran Films
According to Ismail Xavier, the most interesting instances of allegory are those in which the surface
of the text either gives unsatisfactory answers to readers' interrogations or remains overly enigmatic,
thus including a sense of recognition of the opacity of language and mandating the search for the
concealed meaning. Apart from mythical narratives, we are all familiar with fragmentary utterances,
apparently interrupted messages, suggestive juxtapositions of images that would seem enigmatic or
"completely illogical" If our reading was restricted to what is literally there on the surface. The
prestige of allegorical exegesis derives from its claim of solving a textual problem, of an
illuminating the crucial aspects of the text that are at the root of enigmas (Miller & Stam, 2008).
Keeping this in mind, the researcher has gone through the usage of 'historical allegories' in the films
selected for the study, and analyzed whether these 'allegories' had any influence ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This shot appears completely illogical in plain reading of the film, but when taken out, it signifies
the personality of Susanna, as her life can be compared to the life of 'Tereza', who like her was
forced to become a prostitute as a victim of sexual exploitation, and later transforming into an
untiring advocate of women's liberation, and helping the mentally challenged people (Amado,
1988). In the movie, Kathavisheshan, in a scene in Kolkata, and an old insane woman scream "stop
all sorts of governance, for long years they were ruling on us, father, husband, son and then overall
the government is ruling womanhood" (screen time – 01: 40:12 to 01:41:58). Her comment has no
logical connection in the storyline, but taken out the filmic plane, it connotes the plight of women in
India for the last seven

The Issue Of International Relations
The issue of (in)security is increasingly present in academic debates and in national and
international political agendas. In the light of this scenario, many different theories in the field of
International Relations aim to explain (in)security in the modern world. One of the most influential
approaches is the theory of 'securitization ', developed by the 'Copenhagen School', in which the
work of Ole Wæver, Barry Buzan, and others stand out. Moving away from traditionalist views on
security, this theory proposes that an issue will be considered an existential threat to be countered
not because it possess an objective danger in itself but because it was shaped/constructed, through a
process called securitization, to be perceived in that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After that, an investigation about the development of the construction of the drug dealer as a threat
within the Brazilian context will be held. Finally, the analysis will focus on the security policies
adopted by the government of Rio de Janeiro in relation to the drug issue. Here, it will be given
more attention to the phenomenon of the militarization of civil public space, and particularly of
security apparatus, as everyday forms of state coercion. In this sense, the model of 'community
policing' called UPP (Pacifying Police Units) implemented in slums will be explored, and so the
military invasions that preceded the establishment of these units.
Like many states in Latin America, Brazil suffers from high rates of urban violence and an ongoing
militarized conflict against illegal drug dealing. Influenced by the North American conservative
politics in the '70s, the 'war on drugs' has recycled the internal enemy from the image of the
'subversive' – that is a result of the cycle of military dictatorships – to the 'drug dealer', and has
created conditions for the intensification of a real bellicose security agenda to contain the problem
(Batista and Lopes, 2004, p. 8).
Regarding the security policies, since 2008, the Security Bureau in Rio de Janeiro initiated the
establishment of a Police Pacification Units program (UPP) in the slums. Based on the Colombian
experience of Medellín, the public security

What Is Pragmatic Equivalence?
Pragmatics is "the study of the purposes for which sentences is used, of the real world conditions
under which a sentence may be appropriately used as an utterance" (Hatim, Basil (1992), p.59).
Pragmatic Equivalence as a theory demonstrates the close relation between the meaning of a text in
the source language and the target language. Speech Act Theory and Grice's Cooperative Principle
set the basics of linguistics related with translation studies in terms of the meaning and its effect
between two different languages, the meaning and intentionality are primary elements to any
translator seeks to transfer the exact message of the text in the source language . Speech Act Theory
by Austin (1962) demonstrates how words in an utterance carry out ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The performance of the act is the main object in that utterance. The circumstances; in which the
utterances are uttered are important, they have to be appropriate. The speakers have to perform in a
certain way; that correspond to the action " whether 'physical' or 'mental' action ". (Austin,1962,p.8).
Austin (1962) elaborates that; the action can be performed by other ways, not only by a
performative utterance. The circumstances in different actions have to correspond to the action, they
describe.When the speakers objecting, they can make something different, from the one in their
mind. For instance, "awe inspiring performatives, such as ' I promise' ", so the action and the
utterance must be serious when uttering it. This is basically related to the significance of an
utterance.Promising is one of the performatives. In uttering a promise, the speaker must have
intention, in order to make this utterance; gives the right idea or impression. A performative promise
does not involve the statement, that one is promising. Such explicit performative utterance, does not
describe what the speaker is doing or, it does not mean that the speaker starts doing that action.
(Austin, 1962,

Examples Of Sarcasm
Introduction:
Sarcasm is an example of non–literal language use. It is one of the challenges that language
expression face in everyday situations. Humor and Sarcasm are one of the universal concepts. It is
difficult to study people mood and thought expressed in language through laughter. It is a social
phenomenon where the social behavior , manner and sense are reflected. It is one of the human
intellectual process.
Sarcasm usually express an implied meaning which is opposite to the literal meaning that uttered by
the speaker. Speech act theory can be applied through Sarcasm when both the speaker and the hearer
have the same knowledge about the context of the utterance.
Speech act theory is concerned with languages usages. It is originated by Austin and developed by
Searle. One of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While Yule (1996:46) has said that sarcasm is " an attempt to express themselves, people do not only
produce utterances containing grammatical structure and words ; they preform actions via those
utterances".
Amarte (1981:77) has added that " ironical speech acts are not performatives; they are necessarily
indirect speech act and must be insincere".Kanfer(1997:394) has highlighted the relationship
between irony and speech acts.
Ajtory (2010:247) has divided irony to verbal and situational. He has stated and defined verbal irony
by an expressive linguistic phenomena . " verbal irony is a linguistic phenomenon exploiting the
incongruity between reality and expectation, un veiling an attitude towards such an incongruity". On
the other hand , Gibbs(1994:363) has described situational irony as something that just happened to
be noticed as

Saussure And The Grammatical Structure Of The Language
Saussure makes a distinction between the system of language, which he calls langue, and the
manifestation of that system, which he calls parole. Langue is the grammatical structure of the
language, as well as the definition of the relationships of the various elements of that language with
each other, whereas parole is essentially the way people express themselves.
Malinowski, Jakobson and others hold a contrasting view to that of Saussure. They contend that
context is an important factor in the definition of the meaning of language. "A statement, spoken in
real life, is never detached from the situation in which it has been uttered...a word without linguistic
context is a mere figment and stands for nothing by itself, so in the reality of a spoken living tongue,
the utterance has no meaning except in the context of situation" (Malinowski, p. 307). Therefore,
sentences do not have an independent meaning outside of context, as Saussure claims, but are
simply symbols that represent an idea. This theory is known as Pragmatic Linguistics. Its purpose is
to study the effect of context on the meaning of language. Those who adhere to this view maintain
that meaning depends on the status of both the speaker and the listener, on the context in which they
are placed, on any implied intent on the part of the speaker and not on the linguistic structure, such
as grammar. For example, a statement such as "Go ahead" could mean: "You may proceed," "You
may start the race," "You may continue

Language Ideology And Power Rhetorical Analysis
Language, Ideology and Power Essay Institutions have the power to foster particular kinds of
identities to suit their own purposes. With reference to one or more institutional contexts, explain
how power materialises in discourses. Introduction Language is the fundamental persuasive device.
When we speak, we do not simply speak words but we discursively produce social identities,
ideologies and power relations. This idea that language harnesses the performative power to
construct ideological meanings and power structures in social contexts introduces the concept of
discourse. Discourses are particularly slippery to define; according to Structuralist theories discourse
is "language above the line" (Stubbs, 1983:1), that being, discourses ... Show more content on
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According to Halliday's Systemic Functional Theory (Halliday, 1976), language is a resource
speakers use to achieve communicative goals. Halliday suggests the context of situation comprises
of three components: the field (the purpose of the interaction), the mode (the form the discourse
takes) and tenor (the participants in the discourse and their relationships). Context has a myriad of
implications for the production and comprehension of discourse. It refers to structures of text and
talk in a communicative situation, including setting, genre, participant(s) roles, social and
institutional, as well as speaker attitudes and ideologies. These elements are pertinent in interview
interaction. The interviewer and the interviewee orientate their language strategically to confer their
individual communicative goals. In a political context, an interviewer's goal may be to covertly
force an interviewee to admit deficiencies in their political stance/political ideologies. Conversely,
the interviewee's goal may be win the persuasion of the viewing public – disallowing for the kind of
interaction that would be detrimental to his/her career. The news interview is a decidedly
asymmetrical interaction. Characteristic of the news interview is the discursive roles that interviewer
and interviewee obey and comply to. Generally speaking, we expect

Searle's Ideas
When Searle talks about institutional facts I believe that he has great insight into the way people
take items and place values on them. These values are universally accepted and become a social
reality in our social world. These social realities have functions that man has assigned to them to
dictate what they are intended to do. I will walk through Searle's features needed in a social reality
and it will become clear that all social realities have these features. But where Searle ideas are
flawed is when he says that there are no functions found in nature, and it is also my aim to expose
this flaw in his foundation of his ideas of social reality. I believe that for social reality to have
Searle's posited features makes sense, but it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the function of the university would be to educate students and the function of
government would be to govern people. But Searle tries and makes everything that has functionality
"relative to a system of values" (Searle, 15.) He also says that "functions...are always observer
relative" (Searle, 14.) With these statements, he is saying that all things that have functions are
imposed by the person that is observing the function and that no function is ever intrinsic or found in
nature. To further his point he gives an example that by our observation we can say that "the heart
pumps blood, [but we cannot say that]...the function of the heart is to pump blood" (Searle, 14.) This
is because we would be imposing our subjective value on what we see the heart doing because we
value life over death. My problem with this thinking is that the heart must be alive to pump blood,
which is its normal state, and if I did value death over life, then the heart would die and decompose
into a matter that is not a heart. Therefore the heart in its natural state is alive and pumping blood,
which means that "the function of the heart is to pump blood" (Searle, 14.) This is the same when
we say that the function of the eyes is to see,

Double Use Of Performative Essay
This paper will compare the use of the performative two poems: The Lake Isle of Innisfree by W. B.
Yeats and Digging by Seamus Heaney. Both these poems will be analyzed individually and in
comparison with one another on several themes, being performativity and desire. The main subject
is how desire is expressed through the performative in both poems. First, a brief explanation of the
performative as defined by Bennett and Royle. A performative is a statement which constitutes an
action, thus it does not only describes an action but also preforms the action. An utterance as 'I now
pronounce you husband and wife', spoken in the right conditions, is not only a statement, it also
connects two people in marriage. Hence, literary texts can be considered ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
'Even (or especially) with its title, a literary text has begun to promise.' (Bennett & Royle 2016.
313). This quote of Bennett & Royle can be applied to the title of Heaney's poem. The poem starts
off with a performative, namely its title, and hereby promises that the poem will dig. And digging is
exactly what the poem is doing the whole time. The performative act of the poem is that the speaker
is digging throughout it, but rather than digging with a spade, he is using his pen to do it. The poem
expresses the speaker's desire to keep digging, like his father and grandfather did, but he wants to do
it in a different way. That he is not going to dig with a spade, becomes apparent in the last two lines
of the poem 'The squat pen rests. I'll dig with it.'(Heaney 1966, 2953) . Furthermore, the last line is
actually a performative: he is not merely stating it, but he will actually do it. On the second line,
Heaney refers to his pen as a gun: 'The squat pen rests; snug as a gun.' (Heaney 1966, 2953). It
demonstrates that he does not see his pen as 'just a pen', but as his instrument, his weapon. By
choosing his pen, Heaney is not digging in the sense of unearthing or burying. The act of digging
also means the act of remembering, this will be further explained later in this

Why Fairy Tales Matter The Informative And The Transformative
There are numerous genre's in literature, but their level of importance and influence on an individual
will differ. Exposure to books and stories is especially important for children because it is their
opportunity to acclimate themselves to written language, and in turn create their own visuals for the
toneless words. Maria Tatar writes, "Why Fairy Tales Matter: The Performative and the
Transformative" to demonstrate how fairy tale's written language can spark a child's imagination as
well as empower them. Through personal insight from distinguished writers– Richard Wright– Tatar
builds her argument for the benefits of fairy tales– particularly the violent stories. The writer
organizes her essay in a concrete fashion by using each paragraph to build on a proposed idea or to
present a belief, but does not use contemporary writers personal anecdotes or heed to her own
advice of avoiding childish fairy tales. Tatar opens the essay by proclaiming that fairy tales are more
than pure entertainment. In fact, they create a new world for children to explore, expose them to the
strength of native language conventions, and subsequently allow them to apply their newfound
power of language to mature. However, the benefits of fairy tales have recently been disregarded by
parents and children due to society's shift towards cynicism. Nevertheless, fairy tales are essential to
developing children because they "inspire the desire to wander into new imaginate domains"(56).

Theories Of Pragmatics
Why are there so many theories in pragmatics concerning meaning in language? Why is the study of
language use crucial to understanding meaning in language? How does the development over time
of the main theories in pragmatics show a greater understanding of language use? Introduction First
of all, what do we understand with meaning? What is it? Meaning seems like a very straightforward
concept but it is very obscure indeed. As human beings we are designed to acquire meaning from the
world, it allows us make a conceptualization of the world. It is the most important feature of
language, as the main purpose of language is to communicate with each other, in other words, to
know what we "mean". This looks quite straightforward and obvious as I have mentioned before,
but what makes meaning so hard to understand is the little consciousness that we have of the
knowledge and principles that govern our communicative ability that make us humans. As Aristotle
said in Politics, "Man is by nature a social animal; an individual who is unsocial naturally ... Show
The term "context" is vast, but it can be defined as the elements that surround an utterance and
determine its meaning. The meaning of the utterances is inferred, that means that the meaning is
implicit and is interpreted subjectively which also affects to the number of interpretations that can
derive from one context. One same sentence can have two different meaning in a different context.
For instance, consider two people, Jane and Ron, who have just started dating. If Ron says to Jane at
the end of the night, "I like you a lot." Jane will most likely feel great about the situation. But
imagine that Jane and Ron have been dating for some weeks now, and Jane asks, "Do you love me?"
Now if Ron says, "I like you a lot," her reaction will most definitely be very different, as Ron's
statement would be taken as a negative

Emmission Essay Purpose
If selected for the Fulbright, I would use the funds to pursue a research based masters in philosophy
at the University of Sheffield. The program is a self–structured masters involving a dissertation and
student designed track as is traditional to philosophy. It is my intent to structure my education
around the topics of language and social philosophy such as feminism, global justice, implicit bias,
etc. A focus not only supported through modules and reading groups, but a large faculty of shared
interests and a socially conscious greater campus community. My undergraduate research largely
centered around these topics as did my community work through social justice based organizations
on my campus giving me a strong foundation on which to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Jennifer Saul who is focused on the intersection of politics and language. Her current focuses on
trigger warnings and hate speech are not only topics covered in Bachelor's thesis, but topics I would
like to carry into my master's project. Her past work in intention also holds an interest for me.
Fricker has a slight diversion in focus from what I am familiar with, but for that reason is all the
better a challenge. Fricker has also work in responsibility and questions of who is to blame in
actions which supplemented by her perspective as an epistemologist, or one who looks at theories of
knowledge, can offer equal insight on what I wish to pursue academically. Beyond their research
each of these women demonstrates a varied and accomplished career with projects reaching topics
outside of what is strictly philosophical that I would be blessed to have in a mentor. While the
department itself hosts annual lectures series in woman in philosophy and minorities in philosophy
to give a voice to these groups that often lack attention in philosophical discourse in addition to
housing the Center for Engaged Philosophy. In addition to lectures on how to bring philosophy into
the community, the center has a program called philosophy in the city, which allows students to gain
teaching experience through giving philosophy lessons in homeless shelters, primary schools, and
centers for the elderly. This is a project I would greatly like to be involved with that's unique
approach to

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