The Nineteen Five Theses On The Power And Efficacy Of...

The Nineteen Five Theses On The Power And Efficacy Of...
When Martin Luther wrote the "Ninety–Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences" in 1517, he was making a bold and unprecedented
move: challenging the Catholic Church. As a German Catholic priest himself, Luther was not afraid to condemn the Catholic Church, even publicly,
which is how he displayed the original copy of the theses. Luther's issue with the church wasn't personal but was instead based on what he saw as
violation of the religious morals and teachings of God. For example, he highly disapproved the church's several claims of salvation and forgiveness on
earth. The ninety–five theses acted as Luther's tool of protest against the church and also acted as enlightenment to the masses. Publication of the theses
is also often noted as the spark that initiated the Protestant Reformation after centuries of religious tension buildup. Luther's overall disapproval was
"against the corruption" and dishonesty of the church (Bishop, p.1). In the theses, Luther outlined what and how he believed the Catholic Church was
doing wrong and how it should be corrected. He argues against the church's abuse of power and the way it took advantage of its members. What the
ninety–five theses did was outline two major points: the selling and buying of indulgences as well as the issue of purgatory regarding to God, the
Catholic Church and the Pope.
The forefront issue in the ninety–five theses deals with indulgences. Luther delves deeply into how and why indulgences were sold by the
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Purple Hibiscus: Religious Attitudes
Religion is a very prominent theme in the "Purple Hibiscus". The author, Adichie, uses a variety of characters to explore different ways of expressing
one's faith. She explores the ways in which three very different characters express their religion of the Catholic faith, as well as looking into the
traditional Nigerian beliefs of Papa Nnukwu. By illustrating some very contrasting religious beliefs and methods of religious expression in her
characters, she encourages readers to consider their own views on religion and helps them understand some valuable lessons on the subject.
Adichie uses Papa Nnukwu to teach readers that different people find spiritual pleasure in different religions, and helps the reader understand that beliefs
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He has invitations to eat in everybody's houses" (p. 134). Unlike Father Benedict, Father Amadi is not a colonial product. He has the ability to combine
the Western traditions of the church with Igbo praise songs, much to the distaste of Papa Eugene. He has managed to create a healthy balance between
accepting his Nigerian culture while following a European religion – a very contemporary expression of his faith. Father Amadi becomes socially and
spiritually attached to others, such as the young boys he plays football with. He tells Kambili, "I see Christ in their faces, in the boys faces" (p. 178).
Kambili struggles to imagine a Godly figure in the faces of ordinary people – this just shows how Father Amadi chooses to see the good of God in
others, and wants to use his religion to help others in need. It is clear in the novel that Father Amadi follows God's word through love, compassion
and care for others. His devotion to helping the troubled Kambili acts as an example of his caring nature. He speaks of an all–accepting and forgiving
God, offering a huge contrast to Papa Eugene's constant talk of a revengeful, punishing God, and he echoes the love of God in his everyday life.
Adichie uses Father Amadi to show the reader a different kind of priest from the common stereotype; a kind of priest contrasting hugely to the very
distant and formal Father Benedict. This could be a great eye–opener for many readers who may realise they themselves had had

Pauline Greig 's Life And Life
Pauline Greig was born in 1934 to a Protestant family. She grew up with 5 siblings in Cygnet, Tasmania and married Robert Greig in 1960 when
she was 26. I was first introduced to Pauline by my mum. In 2011, working as a nurse, she treated her husband Robert in hospital as he was
recovering from surgery. Pauline was staying with Robert in his recovery room when she noticed the necklace my mum was wearing around her
neck. It had the little infant Jesus on one side and Mary on the other. They then discovered and connected with each other through our shared faith,
Catholicism. When we moved to our new house in Macgregor we began attending Mass at St Johns in Kippax and we would say hello to them after
mass whenever we saw them. We became close... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Advertisements for job vacancies made by Protestant employers often stated "Catholics need not apply." revealing the degree of mistrust they felt
towards Catholics. (Nguyen, 2013) Eventually tensions eased following the events of World War II, "especially after the Japanese threat to the nation
[...] united Australians who were previously divided by denominational and ethnic boundaries." (Reid, n.d) Further endeavours sparked by Vatican II
enhanced ecumenical cooperation between the two denominations which would ultimately lead to the harmonious attitudes that all Catholics and
Protestants promote today. Method For the interview, I came up with a mix of open as well as closed questions, making sure that there was still a
chance to expand on the responses for closed questions if need be. I decided to ask generic questions as I was still unfamiliar of Pauline's history
when I was creating the questions. I made sure to structure the questions chronologically, beginning with ones regarding her childhood and then
leading up to questions about life and spirituality in today's society. I did this in order to ensure the interview flowed well and so that we weren't
jumping back and forth from one period of time to another. Results / Discussion As a young Protestant, Pauline went with her family to go to Mass
every Sunday, where "all the Sacraments –

Key Events in the Reformation
Thesis Statement: These key events reforming religion are what shaped the world for good and for bad in the 14th to the 19th century. The
Reformation was full of war and inventions that many had never seen before, affecting the religious and social political systems in positive and
negative ways. The first event in the Reformation was the Printing Press. The Printing Press enabled the circulation of the bible, starting the spread of
Christianity and the Catholics. The Printing Press was created by Johannes Gutenberg in 1450. Before the Printing Press the bible had to be printed
by hand, which meant that the copies had to be written word for word. Because they had to be written word for word only the important people had
them such as Popes... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were wars during this Reformation in the 16th and 17th century that took place in many parts of Europe. The first wars took place in central and
southern Europe, between the Christians and the Muslims. The Christians and the Muslims had been fighting each other ever since the Crusades from
the 11th to the 13th century; also in the Spanish Reconquista from the 8th to the 15th century; and the Ottoman Wars in Europe from the 15th to 19th
century. The wars that were the longest lasting were the wars between the Protestant and the Catholics. These wars were some of the bloodiest wars in
the European wars of religion. The war between the Protestants and Catholics is called the 30 Year's War which was the longest in the war of religions.
The Counter–Reformation came better late than never as they were much needed. The Council of Trent had a major role in the counter. The Council
of Trent fought for the Reformers in every way possible. "The Council of Trent believed in the areas of tradition, original sin, justification,
sacraments, the holy masses, and the veneration (honoring) of saints." The Council of Trent and the Catholics fought to become more spiritual,
educated, and literate. The reformation was a long and bloody time. There are many ways to look at this time period. Some say it is from the church
perspective and say these religions were fighting for what is right. I for sure will be

Leonardo Da Vinci And The Renaissance
Roughly between the times of the 14th and 17th centuries a cultural movement called the Renaissance existed. The Renaissance housed some of the
greatest intellects, such as Leonardo da Vinci, and a radically different way of thinking emerged. Humanism developed largely and rapidly among this
time, and was greatly influenced by a man named Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536). Erasmus, a Dutchman, originally lived among monasteries where
he developed many opposing views during his years of service. In the midst of the Renaissance, around the 16th century, the Reformation movement
began to splinter the faiths of Europe. Some say that Erasmus bridged the ideals of the Renaissance and Reformation movements. Among his many
contributions to the humanist drive, he wrote many colloquies originally intended for teaching Latin to school children, which doubled as underlying
preaching of Erasmus's ideals. A collection of a variety of these stories entitled the "Ten Colloquies" written by Erasmus shows specific examples of the
tethering of Renaissance to the Reformation largely on the theme of ad fontes.
One of Erasmus known standards was the importance of going back to the sources. During the Renaissance, born in Florence, this was very common
thought, as it was a period of admiration of early Greek and Roman culture, intellect, and art. This began to pave some of the ways of many reformers
mainly as they begin to question the practices of the Catholic Church. Many began to question where

Analysis Of St. Michael Chaldean Catholic Church
"More than forty percent of Americans attend church every week" (Huffington Post). Every week I attend mass at St.Michael Chaldean Catholic
Church in El Cajon, California. Every time I go to church I do not sit with the parishioners instead I serve.What this means is that I help read passages
and help with what is needed.
Since I serve, I have to be focused, but this time I decided to sit with parishioners. Because there are three different sections, I went three different
weeks and noticed a big difference from each section. The first week I sat where the majority of the people sat at. When first walking in I saw a
family of five, two males and three females. One of their kids was continuously screaming and kept asking his mother for her ... Show more content on
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I thought everyone paid attention to mass. I began to ask him,"How do you not remember this happening?" He replied in an embarrassed tone, "I
know it is wrong, but I was asleep for the most part of mass." When I asked him why he decided to sleep during mass, he said, "I have two kids and
a job to take care of. I barely have time to sleep." After hearing this I asked him, "Then why do you come to this mass and not another one?" In which
he replied with " this is the only time that I can come to mass." Anyone could tell that this man was not paying attention so I decided to go ask a
female who was sitting next to me.
During mass she was not fiddling with anything or sleeping, but instead it looked like she was paying attention. She was around fifteen and her name
was Emma. I asked her the same question I asked Peter about the deacon. She said, "The truth is I was day dreaming." I was in complete shock. I
thought she was paying attention to mass. I began to stutter when asking her "Why were you daydreaming?" She began to look at her feet when she
said in a very quiet voice "Church is boring. The only reason I come is that my family forces me to." This amazed me. Similar to Peter she did not pay
attention during the mass.
The second week I decided to sit in the baby room. This room is if you have an infant and is made so that no one can hear your child cry other than
the people in that room. When first walking into the room

The Church during the Middle Ages
The Middle Ages were a time that revolved around Christianity and converting or killing off all those who were not Christian. As a result, strict laws
were put in place that prohibited the practices that weren't Christian. This also meant anything that was pagan was prohibited and punishable by death.
There were many practices that would be considered pagan, but the main ones of concern were the things the Church did not approve. Of the things the
Church did not approve magic, like witchcraft, and heresy were two of the main things that were forbidden by both state and Church law. The main
reason the Church wanted to block off magic practices was to stay in power (or keep its power). This is supported by the following: the influence of
the Church on the kings resulted in the passing of civil laws against magic; the Inquisition making sure people did not engage in magical practices; the
Church leaders downplaying witchcraft; and the persecution of the Knights Templar and followers of John Wycliffe (who led the movement against
papal authority and the clergy).
Magic originated from pagan roots in the Ancient period when Christianity did not exist. It did not involve devils or demons, as the Church branded it
later on and is often portrayed currently. Witchcraft originally was just a form of folk magic that would be practiced as a normal routine, like a
prayer, or used for good luck. People made charms and potions to help them do something in their lives. Whether it is for

Hidalgo, The Existential Struggle Of Faith And Reason
Miguel Hidalgo (Hidalgo) was a foremost a man, and secondly a priest. He did not like to be controlled by outside forces, but forcibly conceded to
working under the watchful eye of the Catholic Church. Through this predicament, Hidalgo was presented with many conflicting ideas regarding the
importance of faith of which the standards were set by the Catholic Church, and reason, which was influenced, by the ideas of the Enlightenment.
Hidalgo, the historical character is presented as being someone who saw the great conflict in these ideas, and saw that the only way to crown a
victor was through warfare. However, the character of Hidalgo in Hidalgo: La Historia Jamas Contada actively sought peaceful ways to have both
ideas of faith and reason coexisting in the same society, in different ways, for different people. In the film Hidalgo: La Historia Jamas Contada, the
character of Hidalgo is faced with the existential struggle of faith versus reason depicted in his journey from priesthood to revolutionary, during which
the flame of Hidalgo's tendency, throughout the film, to accept and emulate the abnormal for society in that day was lit, ultimately leading to the start
of his revolution.
The time in which Hidalgo was beginning to wage his internal war marked a period of great power for the Catholic Church and the Spanish monarchy
due to their extreme influence on each other. These governing bodies expected their subjects to act in a certain manner, and confined them to the

Pope John Paul II: His Influence on the World Essay
Pope John Paul II: Influence on the World
Pope John Paul was one of the most influential persons of the 21st century. He changed the way the Catholic Church looked at the world and vice
versa. Unlike most other predecessors, he stressed on dialogue and understanding among the people of the world. He sought to bring the people of
the world together through the message of both love and peace. The role he played in destroying communism and bringing dictatorship around the
world to an end gained wide media coverage. His dialogue between different faiths was admirable. During his papacy that stretched from 1978 to his
death in 2005, he had a positive impact on the Catholic scene in particular and the world in general.
The Pope helped in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As reported in the Washington Post by Applebaum, when the Pope visited Poland in 1979, he told them not to be afraid. Unlike what the regime
thought, there was a sea of humanity waiting to greet the Pope. Hence this model could be demonstrated in other communist countries like East
Germany and East Germany ('How the Pope 'Defeated Communism'). Pope John Paul reached out to other faiths to foster a spirit of unity among
religions. For instance, he went to a mosque, spoke to Muslims and advocated full rights for all groups in Islamic countries. The high point of his
papacy was when he called Judaism the elder brother of Christianity. It was the Pope's belief in prayer that led to the 1986 World Day of Prayer for
Peace in Assisi, Italy. Leaders from various religions like Buddhism, Shintoism, Zoroastrianism, Native American groups, to name a few, gathered to
pray along with Christians from all denominations of Christianity like the Catholics, the Protestants, and the Orthodox for world peace.
Islamic extremists attacked the US in 2011 in the name of Islam. The Pope called for another meeting where he declared 'Terrorism never again'. All the
leaders jointly condemned religious violence at this meeting. The Pope showed the common strand running in the three Semitic religions viz. Judaism,
Christianity and Islam. In

Controversy Over Religion 's Impact On Society
Devin Arrants
Ms. Sidle
English III AP/DC per. 3
3 November 2015
Word Count: 1328
The Controversy of Religion in A Connecticut Yankee at King Arthur's Court Religion provides answers, evokes a sense of comfort in the unknown,
and designs a moral code; however controversy now surrounds this subject regarding whether religion's impact is more detrimental or beneficial to a
society as a whole. Mark Twain's narrator, Hank Morgan, travels back in time and attempts to accelerate the advancement of these people through the
creation of technology and more importantly the destruction of the Church. Religion is a driving force in Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee inKing
Arthur's Court, as both the benefits and consequences are analyzed in order to address religion 's impact on society. Throughout history religion
offers protection and the alleviation from the bewildering unknown as well as a strong moral code. After a long, tiresome journey to rescue the
princesses, Hank and Sandy are alarmed to find the alleged royalty as pigs. As unsettling as this appears, Sandy states "God shields us" as she turns to
her faith to offer an explanation (Twain 198). Despite such a perplexing situation, Sandy finds comfort in knowing that God protects them. The
unexpected result of their protracted travels befuddles Sandy; however, as religion has taught its followers, God always has a explanation for
everything, leading Sandy to set aside her worries and find comfort in knowing that this is

History Theology Ritual Liturgy Pastoral Issues on...
Bogachan Demirci
STM 322C–170 Sacraments & Symbols
Research Paper
September 9, 2012
The History, Theology, Ritual/Liturgy, Pastoral Issues of
Confirmation as a Sacrament
"Sacraments are actions, and they function as rituals: they repeat gestures and words that are meaningful to those who perceive them. Sacraments
affect more than the thoughts and feelings of participants because they have to be understood psychologically and theologically.
There are seven sacraments in Catholicism: Baptism, Confirmation, Marriage, The Eucharist, Penance, Anointing the Sick and Holy Orders. People
learn and remember and they remember from practice of prayer and of the involvement and preparation of the sacraments. (Martos 2009). These ...
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Baptism is very important, in the East, it would be very difficult for a bishop to give every baptism; the priest performs the confirmation using the
chrism consecrated by the Bishop.
In the West, there is a separation of time between Baptism and Confirmation. Bishops give confirmation after Baptism and only when a child reaches
the age of reason. In the West, The desire to reserve the completion of Baptism to the Bishop caused a separation between the two sacraments. He can
do so only with the approval of the Bishop.
From 1291 – 1292, the Roman Church conducted Confirmation by a double anointing with sacred oil after Baptism. The first anointing new person on
coming out of the baptismal bath performed by priest, then completed by second appointing on the forehead by newly baptized by the Bishop. In
addition, Easter in Church gave greater emphasis on the unity of Confirmation as a Christian initiation. Latin Church clearly expresses the communion
of the new Christian with Bishop as guarantor and servant of the unity, catholicity and apostolicity of the Church and establishes connection with the
apostolic origins of Christ's Church.
By 1293, Confirmation as a spiritual seal (receiving the mark of the Holy Spirit) with the use chrism aromatic oil consecrated by the Bishop.
Confirmation is a sign of, cleansing and strengthening, abundance of joy, a sign of healing, a sign of

Martin Luther : Cuts All Ties With Catholic Church
Kristopher Hall
Mr. Mauldin
Honors World Literature 10
10 December 2015
Martin Luther: Cuts All Ties with Catholic Church
I. Introduction Whether you believe in a higher power or not, religion has impacted our lives in some way. Vice versa, people can make an impact on
religions and transform them to what we know today. Take for example Martin Luther. He was a man looking to simply reform the RomanCatholic
Church and its preaching's because he disagreed with it. With his many ideas, strong will, and criticisms, he forever changed the world. Martin
challenged and rebelled against The Catholic Church's beliefs and with time, the church's authority and power declined. Most of Luther's success
however comes from 3 main things; the writing of his 95 Thesis, translating the bible into vernacular German, and all leading up to the start of the
Protestant Reformation.
II. Biography
Born in Eislenben in Saxony (now known as Germany) on November 10, 1483, Martin Luther was the first born son to Hans and Margaret Luther.
Living in his home town for only a few months, his father moved the family to Mansfield to pursue a career in mining (Forster). As you can imagine,
changing career fields was harsh for the Luther family. Constantly worried about their financial state Martin Luther remembers his childhood to be full
of poverty (Manns 12). Hans wanting a better life for Martin, instead of sending him to work in the mines, set him to the Mansfield town school when
he was just 6

The Malabar ( East Syrian ) Tradition
The Syro–Malabar church is a Catholic Church in full communion with the Pope. It is part of the Chaldean (East Syrian) tradition. It was founded by
St. Thomas the Apostle around 52 A.D. and the members were first known as the St. Thomas Christians, but when they spread to India, primarily
Kerala, they became known as the Syro–Malabar Catholics. The Syro–Malabar Church uses a slightly different cross than the Roman Catholic Church,
and has slight variations in the liturgical calendar. There are currently five Syro–Malabar archdioceses and twenty–nine dioceses worldwide.
The Syro–Malabar Church has been around since the earliest days of Christianity. They trace their roots all the way to St. Thomas the Apostle, who
traveled to the region of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It serves as a short act of courtesy between the Messiah, the celebrant, and the worshippers (Palackal). Next is the Nativity Hymn, used as a
replacement for the trinity. Unlike in the Latin Rite, the Holy Qurbana does not start off with the trinity, but instead starts with "Glory to God in the
highest," to which the proper response is "Amen." After the Nativity Hymn comes the Lord's Prayer, which varies depending on the form. It could
either be the ordinary form or the solemn form. Then, the Thrice Holy is said with the words "Holy, Holy, Holy is the Lord of hosts!" The Thrice
Holy is a way to remind the people of their spiritual connection with God (Palackal). The Holy Qurbana continues with The Resurrection hymn. This
hymn accompanies the celebrant as he prepares the altar for worship, using incense and removing the altar veil. (Palackal). The Resurrection hymn
concludes the introductory rights. The liturgy of the word opens with the Trisagion, which is sung three times. Next in the Holy Qurbana is the Suraya,
which is sung by the congregation. This is repeated five times in a row. The Anthem of the Mysteries is next, and is the equivalent of the Presentation
of the Gifts in Roman Catholic mass (Palackal). While the deacon brings the bread and wine the congregation sings the Anthem of the Mysteries: "Here
is our Lord's precious body and blood"(Palackal). After The Anthem of the Mysteries is the Commemoration hymn, whose purpose is to give the

The Decline of the Medieval Church at the End of the...
Towards the end of the Middle Ages and into the duration of the Renaissance, the Medieval Church's social and political power dwindled. Centuries
prior the Catholic Church gained a surplus of control, largely due to the stability it maintained during the chaotic breakdown of the Western Roman
Empire . Yet toward the end of theMiddle Ages the Church set in motion factors that would ultimately lead to its downfall as the definitive figure of
authority. However, despite political and social controversy surrounding the church, the institutions it established cleared a path for a new way of
thinking, shaping society in an enduring way. The devastating effect of the Crusades coupled with the spread of the Black Plague launched a changing
public view of papal authority. This resulted in a more analytical mindset creating a foothold for theRenaissance and Scientific Revolution . An
overtly secular focus took precedence over religious matters and the moral decay of the Church was called into question. This obsession of secular
control is most clearly exemplified by the Great Schism that took place from 1378 to 1417 . The Great Schism was the result of the Babylonian
Captivity, in which the papacy was forced to relocate to Avignon . Soon after returning to Rome, conflict arose within the papacy resulting in three
popes fighting for the title. "When the Council of Constance unified the papacy in 1417 with the election of Martin V, thepope's political authority
outside of the

Was England Torn Apart by Religious Revolution in the...
The short yet significant reign of Edward bought with it a series of severe changes to England and all those within it, many of them taking a religious
nature. As the once unquestionable authority of the church became challenged by both critics and affiliates alike, England witnessed an almost
inevitable reformation. However, the impact on the majority was not necessarily beneficial– as Duffy wrote, the Reformation bought with it an 'assault
on traditional religion', leaving many men that 'breathed easier for the accession of a Catholic queen'.
It is possible to perceive that England was torn apart by religious revolution as a consequence of the public risings in the response to the changes. After
their introduction, the country suffered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Catholic leaders believed they were defending traditional Christian civilization against rebellions and anarchical forces, whilst the latter argued they
were restoring pure religion and defending against corruption and superstition. To them, the Pope was anti–Christ, whilst to the Catholics, Luther, Alvin
and all other 'reformers' were heretics. Consequently, the secular rulers sought to base their political unity upon that of a religious nature, using their
authority to compel their subjects into adopting one form of Christianity. In contrast to Pope Leo X, who face the Lutheran revolt, who urged secular
leaders to suppress Protestant heretics by force, Luther appealed for this same force to be used against Catholics, and even Calvin, considered to be an
apostle of religious tolerance didn't permit Catholics to reside in Geneva. Meanwhile, Spain, Portugal and Italy all used methods such as the Inquisition
and the Index to eliminate religious dissent and persecute Protestant subjects. Therefore, this shows that despite the argument regarding whether
England was 'torn apart', the rest of Europe was considerably so, which could subsequently have impacted England.
However, religious revolution in England could also be viewed as beneficial, in particular to the economy. Throughout Europe, Princes and landlords,
eager to the receive sources of new wealth, adopted the argument of

History of the Eucharist
History of the Eucharist The Sacrament of Eucharist is the most frequently received Sacraments in the Catholic Church. The matter in the Sacrament
of Eucharist is the bread and wine, which changes into the body and blood of Jesus Christ. The Sacrament of Eucharist is dated in the Bible as far
back to the Old Testament, indirectly as the Israelites flee from Egypt in the desert, and God gives them manna to eat. This happens multiple times
while the Israelites are searching for the Promised Land. The most important part of the Bible when the Eucharist is received, is when Jesus and the
Apostles are at the Last Supper. Through the Sacrament of Eucharist, Jesus breaks the bread and passes it around to his apostles. Then, Jesus says
that one of them will betray him, and whoever dips the bread in the wine at the same time he does will be the one who will betray him. As we know
Judas was the one who betrayed him, and must have been the one to dip the bread in the wine at the same time as Jesus. Even though all the Gospel
writers wrote about Jesus Matthew, Mark, and Luke wrote about the meal Jesus had with his Apostles the night before his death, not John. Between the
Resurrection of Jesus, and the conversion of the Emperor Constantine to Christianity. During this period of time in the Roman Empire, people who
were Christians, were persecuted in public, just because of their beliefs. Christians had made a modification to having to receive the

Chaldeans Research Paper
The history of ancient peoples extends far longer a lifetime, but just what happened behind all this history? Who created the wheel, discovered
astronomy and even construct the infamous tower of Babel? The people responsible? Chaldeans.
Chaldeans have a great and long history generating from Mesopotamia. They are the descendants of Mesopotamian nations and have lived there for
thousands of years. ("Who Are"). Mesopotamia has been called the "cradle of civilization" for such reasons. Most nations that originated from
Mesopotamia developed the first languages (Losch 37). Most Chaldeans trace back to Babylon in Mesopotamia. Abraham's family are from Ur
otherwise known as "the Ur of the Chaldeans" ("Who Were?"). Continuing with the flow of people... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Awil– Marduk was a king that was unable to win the favor of any priests ("the Chaldean"). Nebuchadnezzar II captured Jerusalem. He was a famous
king ("Aramaic"). Hammurabi was one of the greatest kings in history ("Who Are"). Nabonidus was a king that renovated many temples, read old
inscriptions. Archaeologists found some of his own propaganda notes ("the Chaldean"). Other than being referenced in the Bible there is no real
evidence of the king Belshazzar (Losch 37). The Hanging gardens were a masterpiece created by Nebuchadnezzar ("the Chaldean Community /A

The Changing View of Man, The Cosmos and His Place
Throughout the middle ages, people have viewed the cosmos as a basis for the social order here on Earth. The celestial layers were representations
of the medieval society and the church. The hierarchy of the Kings and Pope over their subjects was justified by the hierarchy of the heavenly
bodies; it was considered natural and no one questioned it because it has been like that for so long. Medieval life was centered on God, abiding by the
doctrines of the Catholic Church, and the strengthening of faith.
Arts and literature in the medieval age featured divine and supernatural beings that promoted the power and influence of the church. Spiritual and
religious themes were constantly the subject of paintings, sculptures, and literary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The transition of the pre–modern to modern outlook was shown in King Lear, one of the most famous of Shakespeare's plays. Ever since, the king
was at the top of the medieval society, after him the lords and nobles, knights, merchants, and peasants at the very bottom, but this will no longer be
the case when Lear's daughters decided that they wanted to be equal in power with the king. Traditionally, children were supposed to honor and
respect their father and mother, but for Goneril and Regan, Lear's wicked daughters, they were only interested in their own individual interests, a
demonstration of very modern values. Cordelia was the only daughter who followed duties and kept to her proper place. The storm at the heath also
represented chaos and instability because the natural order of things was disrupted with the king losing his rank and authority by being reduced to a
crazy peasant. His journey to madness symbolized his own transformation and a change of perspective in the way he looked at life.
Again, this shift in thinking follows through in Niccollo Machiavelli's The Prince, on his idea that a person is responsible for his own destiny and can
become powerful gaining himself a high position of power with the use of his own skill and intelligence. Those who become princes by virtue of their
abilities acquire dominion with difficulty but maintain it with ease (Prince, pg.30). He favored the republic more than the monarchy due to his
reasoning that

The Vatican And The Eastern Orthodox Church 's Impact On...
Aguilar 1
Jason Aguilar
Gary Tyra
MILD 305 Church History
14 June 2016
Aggiornamento: the Vatican II and the Eastern Orthodox Church's Impact on the Modern
Church
There are very few things in this world that are for sure. However, one of those things that can be counted on is, change. Change is inevitable. Change
is unstoppable.
Change does not ask for permission. People change, seasons change, times change, styles, change, and even the church changes. Aggiornamento, which
means, "bringing up to date," was one of the key words used by bishops, clergy, and media attending the sessions of the Second Vatican Council. This
term was intended to signify "in the spirit of change" and "to have an open–mindedness." Pope John XXIII's pontifical ... Show more content on
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First, the Roman Catholic Church sees itself as the one and only true
Aguilar 2 legitimate heir to New Testament Christianity. In addition, they consider the pope as the successor to Peter, the firstbishop of Rome. Although
one can debate those details, one thing is for sure, the history of the Roman church extends back to ancient times. Shortly after apostolic times, there
was a vibrant Christian community that existed in Rome.
Those early Roman Christians were just like the Christians in other parts of the world, fully devoted followers of Jesus Christ. Second, the Eastern
Orthodox Church is not a single church but rather a family of 13 self–governing bodies. They are controlled and influenced by the nation in which they
are located (e.g., the Greek Orthodox Church,
Russian Orthodox Church). The sacraments, doctrine, liturgy, and church government, unite them, but each church deals with its own affairs on its
own merits. The head of each
Orthodox Church is called a "patriarch." The patriarch of Constantinople (Istanbul,
Turkey) is considered the ecumenical or universal patriarch. He would be considered the closest thing to a mirror of the Roman Catholic Pope.
However, unlike the Pope, he enjoys special honor, but has no real power to interfere with the 12 other Orthodox communities. Like the Catholic
Church, the Orthodox Church claims to be the one true church of Christ and traces its origins back to the original twelve apostles through

The Most Beautiful And Greatest Musical Works Of The 20th...
On November 2, I was delighted to attend "Solemn Mass for the Dead on the Feast of All Souls" at St. James Cathedral. Now I still feel highly
honored to hear Maurice DuruflГ©'s Requiem–one of the most beautiful and greatest musical works of the 20th century. As an international student
from China and have no religion belief, it's totally brand new and unusual experience for me to have this special chance to open my eyes widely to see
the magnificent church. This opportunity is of great benefit to me to learn Catholic Church and acquaintance with religious faith.
What I saw at St. James is the first person lifted the cross with corpus hang on it. Following on are the younger disciples held lighted candles. Then the
elder disciples held book ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First is the Introductory Rites. Secondly is the Liturgy of the word .Thirdly, the Liturgy of Eucharist .Finally , the concluding Rites. One of them is
Sanctus. "Holy, holy, holy Lord,God of hosts. Heaven and earth are full of your glory. Hosanna in the highest. Blessed is he who comes in the name
of the Lord. Hosanna is the highest." We bless God as the one who has power and mercy. Another one is Introit "Eternal rest grant unto them, O
Lord. And let perpetual light shine upon them. To you a hymn of praise id due, O Lord, in Zion. To you a vow must be fulfilled in Jerusalem. Hear
my prayer! To you all flesh must come." God let everlasting light shine upon us grant us eternal rest. The famous Lord's prayer : "Our Father, who
art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. The kingdom come. They will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread and
forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil." We did that
before every theology class, my understanding is we should restraint temptation in our life, keep evil away from us. Prayer over the offering:
Receive ,Lord you're your kindness, the sacrificial offering we make for all your servants who sleep in Christ , that ,set free from the bonds of death
by this singular sacrifice, they may merit eternal life .Through Christ and Lord." Even for me who have no religion, I believe if you did good things,
God will reward you

A Brief Note On The And The Legacy Of The Crusades
SOLDIERS OF THE CROSS: THE LEGACY OF THE CRUSADES
William Q. McCardle
Liberty University Online
CHHI 301–B05
October 6, 2014
On a late November day, in the year 1095, the leader of the Holy Roman Catholic Church delivered a sermon that would forever change the face of
Europe. Pope Urban II roused those in attendance at the Council of Clermont to take up arms and fight for a noble and just cause. "I, or rather the
Lord, beseech you as Christ 's heralds to publish this everywhere and to persВ¬e all people of whatever rank, foot–soldiers and knights, poor and rich,
to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends. I say this to those who are present, it is meant
also for those who are absent. Moreover, Christ commands it ." "When Pope Urban had said these ... things in his urbane discourse, he so
influenced to one purpose the desires of all who were present, that they cried out "It is the will of God! It is the will of God!". When the venerable
Roman pontiff heard that, [he] said: "Most beloved brethren, today is manifest in you what the Lord says in the Gospel, 'Where two or three are
gathered together in my name there am I in the midst of them. ' Unless the Lord God had been present in your spirits, all of you would not have
uttered the same cry. For, although the cry issued from numerous mouths, yet the origin of the cry was one. Therefore I say to you that God, who
implanted this in your

The Two Vatican Councils: Journey of Faith in the Modern...
The Two Vatican Councils:
Journey of Faith in the Modern World
В¬Introduction
Faith is the foundation for any Christian to exercise hope, charity, and good works and enter into a communion with God. Our notion of faith as
Catholics is rooted in Christ whom we know through the Church's traditions and the Scriptures. It is our concept and belief in God that the Church
holds true and protected from error since the time of the early Christians. As Avery Dulles maintains, "theologians have taken faith to be the
fundamental Christian virtue and have recommended the Scriptures, the sacraments, and the ministries of the Church to express and nurture the faith."
In the past two thousand years of Christianity, the Catholic Church have safeguarded and defended the faith handed down by Jesus Christ to the
Apostles. The Catholic Church is not spared from shock and turmoil as a result of circumstances of history. Though the Church encountered a lot of
changes and evolved through time the teaching of faith remains the same in fidelity to its roots. The Church of each era deals with different
problematic or controversial concern on which theological responses would be built upon. To decide on the matters essential to the faith, unity and
salvation of the faithful twenty one general councils where summoned to address such concerns of the Catholic Church. "Each of the twenty one
councils is an individual reality, each has its own special personality. This is partly due to the fact

Field Trip Report on Religions
Field Trip Report on The Calvary Chapel, a Christian Church
Prepared for: Professor Shaw
Prepared by: Julian Aguirre
DeVry University
Comparative Religions
Field Trip Report
February 15, 2013
Memorandum
To: Professor Shaw (DeVry University)
From: Julian Aguirre
Date: February 15, 2014
RE: Field Trip Report on Calvary Chapel, Ranch Cucamonga CA!
______________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
The objective of this report is to contrast and compare the culture of the Calvary Church with Catholicism, which is the religion that I practice. A field
trip was taken to the Calvary Chapel in Rancho Cucamonga On February 12 of 2013, in which a clear observation of its services was ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A person has to really pay attention to the details to see the name. It is pretty hard to drive by and notice that there is a church on that street. In the
Catholic Church that I attend, the name is pretty obvious. A person can tell that there is a church from quite a distance. In my opinion, the church did
not lend itself to worship.
Worship
The nature of the worship facility consisted of communion and prayers of forgiveness and faith.
As mass originate, the reverend, who was named Jimmy Orate, and his wife discussed many life stories with the people. This stage of the worship
service lasted a good fifteen to twenty minutes. The reverend's wife spoke about an abortion that she went through before she found Christ. That
abortion led to her guilt for many years. She had no kind of peace, and credits that to her past non–belief in God. She felt ashamed to speak about the

abortion with people, but with the faith in God and Christ, she was finally able to confront her fear until finally speaking about the issue. She
managed to ask for forgiveness and was finally able to deal with herself. The message associated with this anecdote was of repentance. In order to
have peace and tranquility, a person has to repent from all of past and current sins.
The reverend also contributed adding the story from Psalm 3 of the Bible in which David fled from his own son "Absalom". Psalm 3 reads like this:

The Protestant Reformation, Religious Unity, and Calvinism...
Introduction
The Protestant Reformation of the Catholic Church devastated the religious unity of Christian Europe, resulting in a great deal of antagonism, which in
turn led to the persecutions, denial of civil rights, expulsion, and ultimately the torture and death of many men, women and children. The ongoing
conflict was not consigned to one distinct European nation, but was experienced in every European nation that the Catholic Church ruled and reigned.
There was no worldview in Europe at that time that allowed for the religious differences of men to coexist peaceably.
As quoted by McGrath in his book, French Protestantism to the Present Day. From Britain in the west to Hungary and Poland in the east, thousands of
towns and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In October of 1534, the Affair of the Placard occurred, what made this event of great importance, was that it was a planned, written Protestant attack
on the Catholic doctrine of Mass. These posters, which condemned the practice of Mass, also appeared just about simultaneously in several major
cities of France overnight to include Paris, where Calvin lived. Francis I, retaliated harshly and swiftly possibly, because of the recent treaty that he
had signed with Spain to end the Thirty Year War. Francis, possible to ensure his loyalty toward the Pope and the treaty arrested and executed the
Protestants whom were responsible. Calvin like many other fearing for their safety left France, Calvin choosing to escape to Switzerland.
Reforming Christianity
When Calvin arrived in Geneva, William Farel saw in Calvin the leader that Geneva needed "and he urged the young scholar to go no farther but to
stay in the city and help establish the work there" (Shelley, 2008, 256) . Calvin's patronage from Geneva helped with the growth and development of
the French Protestant movement in the 1550s. Calvin trained French Protestant pastors at the Geneva Academy, and helped to smuggle them back into
France to establish and develop local congregations. It was also during this time he wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion, in 1536, that put into
words the

The Enormous Growth During the Renaissance
The term Renaissance in general refers to "Rebirth" or "Reconstruction". To be exact, the meaning came from all the changes experienced and inventive
ideas that influence during the European history. The Renaissance occurred between the 14th and 17th century when there was revival in both learning
and culture in Europe. It began in Florence, Italy and traveled throughout other city–states in Italy. It mainly occurred in Italy due to the history of
Rome and Roman Empire. The Renaissance was a cultural movement that swept through Europe because of a diversion in significant understanding.
Italy was so wealthy that people were willing to spend their money to encourage the artists. With that being said, the Renaissance was a time in which
society experienced an enormous growth. This development was not only financial, but also in the cultural areas. Artists and Bookman were perusing
the teachings and artwork of ancient Greece and Rome. It was a tremendous strike in many fields in particular to art, literature, education, political
science, and history of the future generation.
The Rebirth changes in the style of art and also the perspective of artists. Political changes in the ruling class of Italy shortly before the period had led
to the rulers of the major city states being "new men" without much of a political history. They try to regulate themselves with noticeable display,
spectacle, including all forms of art and creativity. The artists keen to use their new

The Protestant Reformers And The Catholic Church
Introduction
Although the Protestant Reformers (i.e., Luther, and Zwingli) challenged the Roman Catholic Church to return to Scripture as the primary source of
Christian theology, members of other groups believed Luther and Zwingli failed to include the New Testament teachings on the difference between the
church and society. As a result, a group of Protestant radicals led by Georg Blaurock and Conrad Grebel founded a new congregation that became
known as the Anabaptist. The split occurred when the radicals could not convince Zwingli to agree with their views on the connection between the
civic community and the religious community. Consequently, the Anabaptist and later the Mennonites expanded on theProtestant Reformation. In ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
. . so that no one who is in the state of grace . . . can be lawfully hindered therefrom". In regards to confessions, Canon 21 of the Fourth Lateran
Council stated that, "Every Christian who has reached years of discretion to confess all his or her sins at least once a year to his or her own
priest". Moreover, On December 8, 1854 on the Feast of the Conception, Pope Pius IX declared that, "The most blessed Virgin Mary . . . by a
special grace and privilege of Almighty God . . . was preserved immaculate from all stain of original sin". The Pope's motive for declaring the
Blessed Virgin Mary immaculate was to assure blessing for the Church. Specifically, Pope Pius IX believed the Blessed Virgin Mary was the way to
salvation. He stated, "the whole ground of our confidence is placed in the most holy Virgin . . . if there be any grace, if there be any salvation we
must receive it solely from her". Furthermore, all Catholics were required to understand and believe in the teachings of the church, accept the supreme
authority of the church and develop his or her inner life. In other words, it was required that devout Catholics adhere to all decrees issued by
ecumenical councils. Accordingly, at the Fourth Lateran Council theCatholic Church the following decrees were issued. 1) The Catholic Church is the
one universal church and no one outside of the church can be saved, 2) Jesus' body and blood is contained in the sacraments, 3) Only ordained

Chaldean Culture Essay
My patient, A 35 year old first generation Chaldean American women, seemed a little reluctant to answer some of my questions, regarding her culture.
During several interactions with the patient, she made minimum eye contact and gave a brief answer to my questions. When I asked my patient what
language she was fluent in, she glanced at me for a second and responded "English". I later learned that most modern day Chaldean American speak
English, Aramaic, and Arabic the primary language of the Iraqi nation. Many Chaldean speak "Jesus language", also known as Aramaic when
communicating among themselves, while others choose to speak English instead of their mother tongue. This sparked my interest and I decided to do
a little research to educate myself and this is what I learned. Chaldean Americans are descendants of people from the northern Tigris–Euphrates valley,
presently located in the Middle Eastern nation of Iraq.
Religion is of most importance in the Chaldean community. As members of the RomanCatholic church, Chaldean follow the same rules and beliefs as
other catholic. However, they have their own leader, and the ritual used in their mass and other ceremonies, are different from those practiced in
western churches. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My patient past surgical history is prime example of using "Western" medicine interventions to treat acute or chronic illness. She has a history of
tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, and cesarean sections. When asked do she have any beliefs or practices relating to fertility, she answered " I don't
believe in birth control because children are a gift from god". I continued the conversation by asking how do she celebrate pregnancy and she stated
" my sister and mother throws a big baby shower for me every time I'm getting ready to deliver". When asked about any nutritional pattern or need she
would like to share, she ended our time together by saying rice is their staple

The Theological Ideas Of Pope Francis
As the world modernizes at unprecedented rates and becomes increasingly secular, there is increasing scrutiny on the Church and her actions. The
Church, plagued by sex scandals and slandered for its rejection of many new ideas, is often dismissed as obsolete and unable to keep pace. Therefore,
it has to adapt its teachings to fit the current global situation while keeping true its core values. At the forefront of this mission is Pope Francis who must
also guide the Church through an age where empiricism and relativism is ubiquitous. Furthermore, he is tasked to provide guidance and insight
regarding contemporary global problems, namely, the deteriorating state of the environment and the adaptation of the Church's teachings. To address the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This idea in turn renders the question of universal truth "no longer relevant" since religion "seems to lie at the root of fanaticism". The Church
attributes the fear of a common truth as the causality of relativism since humans "identify it with the intransigent demands of totalitarian systems."
However, if the truth is a "truth of love", then "it can be set free from its enclosure in individuals and become part of the common good" argues the
Church. In other words, there is only one truth, a truth of love, which remains true in every case, improves and sustains its adherents, and precedes all
human life. The Church argues in Lumen fidei that "rather from us possessing truth, it is truth which embraces and possesses us." It is a truth to
which all life is subservient whether one acknowledges it or not thus making relativism invalid. With this concept in mind, the encyclical tackles
skepticism caused by empiricism. It argues that although it is impossible to verify if Christianity has "encountered the 'real' Jesus'" it is not a reason
to discredit the Church because it is "not the only way" people can "attain knowledge". The other way of attaining knowledge is through others, the
encyclical says: "Our own knowledge and self–awareness are relational; they are linked to others who have gone before us." Language is perhaps the
best example of the

Essay about How Christians Interpret And Celebrate The...
How Christians Interpret And Celebrate The Last Supper Today
Holy Communion is very important in Christian worship. This is the occasion on which the priest distributes bread and wine. This is one is of the
seven Sacraments. A Sacrament is a physical act with a spiritual meaning. It takes the form of a ceremony intended to reveal and to give a greater
sense of closeness to God. The spiritual meaning of Holy Communion is togetherness with God and each other.
During Holy Communion the priest takes the bread and wine, gives thanks to God, breaks the bread and then gives them to the worshipers. This is
known as the Fourfold Eucharistic actions. Eucharist means thanksgiving. So the Eucharist or Holy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This serves the purpose of remembering the Last Supper and also brings a feeling of closeness with God, Jesus and each other. It will also remind
Christians of the death and resurrection of Jesus.
Holy Communion has four main meanings. The first is remembrance. Holy Communion commemorates the death of Jesus Christ on the cross.
Corinthians 11:23–25 writes that Jesus took and broke the bread, referred to it as his body and said, ' Do this in remembrance of me.' Similarly after the
supper he took a cup and referred to it as, ' the new covenant in my blood' and said, 'Do this whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me.'
The second is participation. Jesus did more than just take and break the bread and take and pour the wine. He gave these things to the disciples to eat,
thus he was involving them in the last supper. So today the Last supper is more than just a commemoration, where we remember a past event, it is a
communion in which we participate in the remembrance and share in its benefits.
The apostle Paul wrote: 'is not the cup of thanksgiving for which we give thanks a participation in the blood of Christ? And is not the bread that we
break a participation in the body of Christ?' (1 Corinthians 10:16)
This show that in Holy Communion we are meant to participate and share in

Taking a Look at Christian Culture
Written Report:
Christianity is the world's largest religion. Two of the five centers are located in Turkey: Istanbul (also known as Constantinople) and Antakya.
Antakya was also a place where the followers of Jesus were called "Christians" for the first time in history. The Hagia Sophia church (recognized by
Saint Peter) is one of the oldest surviving churches located right in Anasofya MeydanД±, Istanbul. Turkey is also home to Seven Churches of Asia,
where Revelations to John (the final book of the New Evidence) were sent. Today, Turkey has more than 120,000 Christians, it includes 80,000
Armenian 35,000 Roman Catholics, 17,000 Assyrian, 4,000 Assyrians of the Chaldean Catholic, 3,000– 4,000 Greek Orthodox, 10,000 Antiochian
Greeks. There are also 349 active churches.
There are three main groups of Christianity: Catholicism, Orthodoxy and Protestantism. Catholic churches are controlled by bishops and are close with
the Pope. With more than 1.1 billion members, the Catholic Church is the largest church representing over half of all Christians and one sixth of the
world's population. Eastern Orthodoxy is the second largest single value in Christianity with over 200 million supporters. The total number of
Protestants are very undefined because of the difficulty in defining values should be placed in these categories, but it is clear that Protestantism is the
second largest major group of Christians after Catholicism (although the Orthodox Church is larger than any single

Building A Strong Faith Community Essay
Building a strong faith community is the primary mission of St. Timothy Catholic School. Consequently, administrators and teachers work together to
provide students with formal religious education, enriched with faith–centered activities and assignments. Through such activities as sacramental
preparation, saint reports, and devotions to Mary, students are encouraged to learn about their faith, develop a deep and personal relationship with
Jesus, and spread the good news. Furthermore, as primary educators of their children, parents are welcome to participate in the school faith community.
Most notably, St. Timothy School parents developed the "Mary's Corner" component of the school website. Contributing to the Catholic identity,
Mary's Corner is a parent created and maintained blog on faith–filled activities, and other information that helps parents stay connected to the faith
community.
The St. Timothy School Infiorata To foster and enhance the faith community, St. Timothy Catholic School held an Infiorata. Traditionally, Infiorata is a
flower art festival held in Italy, among other countries, as a prelude to the feast of Corpus Christi. In this centuries old tradition, townspeople throughout
Italy work through the night on Saturday, to cover the streets with religious images depicted using only flower petals. On Sunday morning, in
celebration of the feast of Corpus Christi, the bishop carries the Blessed Sacrament in procession, walking on the flower carpet.

Saint Patrick and St Patrick's Day
Chipper Howe 4/9/14
Religion 9–H–4
Fourth Quarter Report
Part 1: The process of Canonization is the process that a person must go through to become a saint. This began around the tenth century. Pope John
Paul II changed the process in 1983. Here is the process. The first requirement is that the person must be dead for at least five years. They must be a
very holy person and a servant of God. Then the person's local church members must start a petition to request that this person should become a saint.
The Bishop will look into this person's life and decide whether or not to pass this person on to the next step to the Pope. If he does a couple of
theologians will look more deeply into this person's life and evaluate the person. People who are martyrs will automatically become a saint because
they should amazing faith and holiness. Many of the first saints were martyrs because they were persecuting Christians in the time of Jesus and a
long time after the ascension. The next step is to have at least two miracles credited to his or her name. If they only have one miracle they will be
named blessed, just like Blessed Edmund Rice. When they get two miracles and they will in fact become a recognized saint in the Catholic Church.
Part 2: St. Patrick Saint Patrick is one of the most well known saints in the Catholic Church. Along with the two saints, St. Nicholas and St. Valentine,
St. Patrick has a worldwide day that shares the love for them, St. Patrick's

Twentieth Century And Vatican II Essay
TWENTIETH CENTURY AND VATICAN II The twentieth century was a witness to a new social organization of the state and the rising of
totalitarian regimes, which represented a threat to the principles of the individual that the Church defended. Popes Pius XI and Pius XII defended the
rights of each person in their statements. These notions signified also a development in the idea of religious freedom. However, it would be Pope John
XXIII and the Second Vatican Councilwho would affirm clearly the stance of the Church on this issue. The totalitarian states claimed an ethical state
that would be free from any kind of relationship with religions. Thus, religion became only a private practice in some European states. Meanwhile, the
Catholic Church continued to demand a thesis/hypothesis kind of relationship with the states, which was in place since the nineteenth century.
Herminio Rico S.J. explains in his book John Paul II and the Legacy of Dignitatis Humanae that the thesis principle was that the Catholic Church was
the true religion and as true religion, only she should be allowed to have public worship. In addition, the state should have the Church as the official
religion and any other religions should be forbidden of worshiping in public to prevent the faithful to fall in error. Rico goes ahead to explain that the
hypothesis was that exceptions to the thesis should be made in those places where the public order or severe animosity against the Church interfered
with the ideal

Christianity and Church
A sacrament can be defined as a 'visible sign of an invisible grace ' or 'an outward sign of an inward grace '. Through the visible there is invisible. For
example: The Eucharist – Bread and Wine are visible and the Life of Christ is invisible. It is a sign of God 's grace, a visible sign, something we are
able to see. Therefore the church stands as a visible sign; the invisible grace is God 's presence. Hence sacraments make God 's presence more real
and understandable for us as believers. The church is needed to build up unity among all of us, to bring us together as a community to share in God 's
life just as God wants.
The church is a sign and instrument of unity with God. God 's love for us reconciles us to God and to each other ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He sacrificed his life for us so that we could live happy lives and he will be there to lead us on our lives and help us live a good life just as he did. 'We
are called to be holy and be an intimate friend of Christ '.
The church communicates the salvation of Jesus Christ.
The church is not only a sacrament of Christ, but a sacrament of man and of the world. The church as a sacrament reveals union of men with God
or each other. The Church points back to Christ and what he has done for us and to the future to the Kingdom, what he will do for us. Salvation
comes from the Messiah. We are all part of a local church in which are a community. Together as we join in unity we all form the universal Church.
By worshiping God in the Church we find salvation. By worshiping the church, the church worships on our behalf. The church makes sacrifices for
us. 'So the church's sacrifice in communion with Christ is vicarious by nature as the sacrament of Christ's sacrifice and so also on behalf of the world
of mankind'. We are all called to unity not just the church. We cannot reach salvation until we embrace God's love. It is a sign of communion to all
humanity. At the end of time we will have the Kingdom of God. The church has the task to get all humanity to the end. The church is the link between
humanity and Good.
The church makes God visible. The church is a communion that is needed to create unity among all men.

I Am Proud To Be A Catholic
The book was to be called "I Am Proud to be a CATHOLIC." All the beliefs listed in this book are unique to being a Catholic. All the beliefs listed in
this book reveal the beauty of the Catholic Church. Every one of us is on a faith journey – each journey is unique. After 60 years of coasting as a
Catholic and 12 years of soul searching, I can now tell you why I am a Catholic. I finally have some direction to my faith journey. Each chapter in
this book is an explanation of why I am a Catholic and why I love being a Catholic. Interesting side stories – In the fall of 2014 Bishop Andrew
Cozzens from the Archdiocese of Saint Paul / Minneapolis talked at our parish one Sunday evening. He started by asking a gentleman in the first pew

Rites Of The Catholic Church
One of the most important sacraments of the Catholic Church is the Eucharist, also known as Holy Communion. The Eucharist is not merely the
consumption of bread and wine, but a sacrifice and meal full of symbols, rituals, meaning and community involvement. To gain an understanding of the
Eucharist, it is important to first to look at the symbols, how they were started, then to see how the Christian community enter into the mystery of the
sacrament and what they believe.
Symbols
There are many symbols of the Eucharist, bread, wine, water, chalice
There is a real presence of Christ in the form of bread and wine. In the Eucharist, Christ is present in the totality of His being. The Second Vatican
Council proclaimed that the
Eucharist "is the source and summit of the Christian life" "the source and summit of the Christian life" (Vatican II, Lumen Gentium, Dogmatic
Constitution on the Church, paragraph 11),The real presence of Christ in the Eucharist comes about through transubstantiation meaning to change on
an in perceivable level, we believe that bread and wine changes at a fundamental level have become the body and blood of Christ as a result of our
prayers to God. St Augustine's sermon 272 stated that "for what you see is simply bread and a cup this is the information your eyes report, but your
faith demands far subtler insight the bread if Christ's body and the cup is Christ's blood"
We can argue that the Eucharist is a mystery. But what is the source of the Church's

Religious Authority And The Protestant Reformation
During the sixteenth century, numerous conditions and beliefs existed that cause the Protestant Reformation. It was a religious, political, cultural and
logical disturbance that had made some Europeans split from the Catholic Church. "In northern and central Europe, reformers [such as John Calvin,
Henry VIII and most importantly Martin Luther] challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church's ability to define Christian practice."
The tension between the reformers and the church triggered wars, persecutions and the Counter–Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation.
Augustine had emphasized that the bible is more a fundamental source for religious authority than the Bible is. He also believed that humans could not
reach salvation by their own act, but only God could give salvation by his divine grace. Throughout the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church taught that
salvation was achievable through works of righteousness that made God pleased. Martin Luther, born in the year 1483 in Thuringia (Saxony), which
is what is now the country of Germany, began to have doubts about the theological basis for much of the daily practices of the Catholic Church. In
other words, he questioned and wondered if the Catholic leaders' teachings were acceptable to the Catholic religion. He shared his two central beliefs
with Augustine, which would later form the basis of Protestantism. Meanwhile, the Catholic Church's practice of allowing indulgences to offer
absolution to

The Rise Of The Italian Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance, in contrast to the conservative attitude of the Middle Ages, introduced a society dominated by a secular, humanistic spirit.
One of the most historically significant events of the Renaissance was the Reformation. Some people argue that the Reformation was a rejection the
secular spirit of the Italian Renaissance. Others assert that the Reformation was an embracement of these secular ideas. However as with many
questions, this issue cannot be given a definite answer. The events of sixteenth–century Europe shows that the Reformation rejected secular ideas in
some ways and embraced them in others. Martin Luther defied the Catholic Church and formed his own ideas on salvation, embracing secularism. In
England, Henry VIII would reject Catholic authority, thereby accepting the secular spirit. However, he also rejected secularism by continuing to uphold
traditional Catholic theology. Edward VI and Mary I would both establish national religion, of which there was no questioning, and reject the secular
spirit. Elizabeth I also established a national religion, but her more conservative religious policies reflected her embracement of secular ideas. On the
other hand, John Calvin created a religious sect that was dedicated to ardent religious devotion and righteousness, thereby rejecting secularism. Thus,
the Reformation both rejected and embraced the secular spirit of the Italian Renaissance.
In order to effectively analyze the Reformation in relation the

Early Modern Europe вЂ“ Major Forces for Change
Early Modern Europe – Major Forces for Change
There are a lot of events that shaped the history of early Europe. Our ancestors had a lot on their plate when they discovered new lands and fought
new diseases. One of the early forces that had a major impact were the crusades. The Crusades were a bunch of religious wars that were called on by
the Pope and the Catholic Church in order to defend Christianity against the Muslims and get closer to the holy cities and other places in ancient
Palestine. So what exactly does "crusade" mean? The word comes from an old French word "crois", which means cross (if you haven't guessed it).
The crusaders (men who take vows to fight for Christianity) were not usually under a single banner, they all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other examples would be the fighter's guild, or the elusive thief's guild.
Another event that caused a massive change in Europe was "The Black Death", a very deadly epidemic that claimed a massive number of victims.
The plague was believed to be brought by rats from the eastern trade routes. There were 3 ways to get infected. First one was "bubonic" which gets
its name from the massive swellings that the victim had on their head and arms. The swellings were usually the size of a small apple. This type
was mainly spread the same way as malaria, via insects. Fleas would usually attach themselves to rats or other infected animals and then come in
contact with humans, and infected immediately, the life expectancy was no more than one week. The second type was the "pneumonic" plague, as
the word suggests it usually attacked the lungs first, because it was spread just by breathing the same air as another victim, in turn it was much
more dangerous and life expectancy was no more than 2 days. The third type of the plague was the "septicemic" which translates to a disease which
attacks the bloodstream. Suffice to say that no doctor at that time could cure it, either because they were too afraid to even go near the victims or
perhaps they were just ignorant. The reaction to the plague was mixed. One of the scenarios that happened is best described in the story "The Masque
of the Red Death" by Edgar Allan Poe. A group of nobles shut themselves in a

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