Late 19th Century Conservative Repercussion in Europe

The Role Of Repercussion In Europe In The Late 19th Century
Throughout the early century of the 1800s in Europe, administrative leaders encountered an
innovative division in radical principles. This was the result to the development of the inventive
liberal movement, which observed for particular rights over administrative control. Their
antagonism was the fundamentalists. These two groups experienced a substantial expanse of tension
throughout this period, from the Congress of Vienna through the Revolutions of 1848. Throughout
this time, the fundamentalists of Europe were only moderately successful in keeping firm
constitutional control in place across Europe. Between 1815 and 1851, a conservative intransigent
repercussion struck Europe in rejoinder to the mounting ideologies of liberalism and nationalism. ...
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These trends are best established by France, Austria and Prussia all of which fought with
conservative ideas. In 1815, Great Britain, Prussia, Austria, Russia, and France met in Congress of
Vienna where they conversed about the peace disbursement in Europe. They all categorical decided
there shall be balance of power in Europe and they would aid one another in directive to keep peace.
The leader of the meeting was Austrian foreign minister, Clemens von Metternich. There were three
conservative countries who accomplished their goals, Austria, Russia and Prussia. Those countries
were efficacious in conquering their goals from 1815 to 1851 because for Austria, Metternich was
competent to achieve his goal by keeping conservatism in control without having a revolution
incapacitating it, while for German Confederation, they achieved to keep conservatism despite the
pressure, and finally, Nicholas I kept conservatism, but he achieved his goal of taking control of his
new
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Characteristics Of Frederick The Great
The Enlightenment is a period of time located across the world, mainly in Europe, that directly
followed the Scientific Revolution. It has been considered an intellectual movement which has
advocated for freedom, democracy, and reason. Many have also considered this time as the
organized activity of French philosophers or also known as the philosophes, who were considered an
informal society men of letters that contributed to the Encyclopedie. The Enlightenment affected the
European population as well with more rights being given to the common people, more people
becoming literate, decline in the church, and new formations of religions. One of these philosophies
is Frederick the Great, King of Prussia. Frederick was an active follower of the Enlightenment and
tried to change Prussia into an Enlightened state through some of these characteristics.
Frederick the Great was ruler of Prussia from 1740–1786. He took over from his father, Frederick
William I, who was considered to be coward and rarely got into wars. Frederick's term was during
the Enlightenment, and like other rulers, Catherine the Great, Maria Theresa, and her son, Joseph,
were all "enlightened" by the age and followed it. In the case of Frederick, he turned his court into a
learning of the nobility to help out. He believed that the French learning was the only main learning
that people should know, and used French influence in his castle and gardens. He was good friends
with other philosophies such as Voltaire

Otto Von Bismarck: The Unification of Germany
Otto Von Bismarck: The Unification of Germany
Germany started out as a divided nation fighting for dominance in Europe. Otto Von Bismarck was
able to take this struggling complexity and unify it. During this process Bismarck turned the small
country of Prussia into a powerhouse, growing the population from 11 to 18 million. Bismarck
sprung from a landlord class and moved his way up the political ladder as realpolitik, realistic
Politician. He was a man of simple ideals; he stressed duty, service, order, and the fear of God.
These ideals along with manipulative tactics are what lead Bismarck on his journey of the
unification of Germany, proving that without Bismarck's diplomatic efforts between 1871 and 1890
Europe would not be the stabilized continent it is today.
The majority of people thought Bismarck was a German enthusiast but in reality he was Prussian.
The idea of creating a unified Germany developed only gradually in his mind as an addition the
strengthening of Prussia. With this objective in mind, Bismarck transformed the small country of
Prussia into a large European superpower with an unbeatable army. To Bismarck, enemies and
alliances were only considered important if they were convenient at the time. He was practical and
an opportunistic, taking advantage of situations as they developed and prepared to act in many
different directions depending on the outcome. For instance, In 1862 Bismarck was appointed chief
minister of Prussia; however this title alone was

The Legacy of Queen Victoria's Children Essay
Queen Victoria & Prince Albert were born May 24, 1819 and August 26, 1819. Prince Albert was
Queen Victoria's husband. Albert was devoted to helping his wife serve as monarch and over time he
became an essential aid to the queen that advised her on political and diplomatic affairs. Their
marriage was very happy and they loved each other and being together. They were portrayed as an
ideal family. Albert tragically died in 1861, at the age of 42. For many years after his death Victoria
lived in isolation, and eventually appeared more in public, but continued to wear black, mourning
his death for the rest of her life. Queen Victoria died many years later on January 22, 1901. Victoria
Adelaide Mary Louise, Princess Royal was their first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alfred Ernest Albert was born on August 6, 1844. He had a successful career in the Navy, rising
eventually to be Admiral of the Fleet. Alfred married Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia
and they had six children. When his uncle Ernst died, he became Duke of Saxe–Coburg and Gotha.
He lived his last years unhappily missing life at sea and increasing marital difficulties along with the
death of his only son. He died July 30, 1900. Helena Augusta Victoria was born on May 25, 1846.
She married Prince Christian of Schleswig–Holstein having a relatively happy marriage until
Christian's death is 1917. She had six children, two who died in infancy. Her four surviving children
were her two sons Prince Christian Victor of Schleswig–Holstein, Albert, Duke of Schleswig–
Holstein, her two daughters Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig–Holstein, and Princess Marie
Louise of Schleswig–Holstein. She died on 9 June 1923. Louise Caroline Alberta was born on
March 18, 1848. She married John Campbell, Lord Lorne and later 9th Duke of Argyll. She was the
first female sculptor to have a statue erected in a public place. Louise's marriage to John Campbell
was not always a happy alliance and it has been suggested that he had homosexual leanings. Louise
was unable to have children and was the only one of Victoria and Albert's children to not become a
parent. She died on December 3, 1939 and was cremated. Arthur

Why Is Frederick The Great Effective
Frederick II or Frederick the Great was a monarch of Prussia that reigned from 1740 to 1786.
Another monarch which reigned during Frederick the Great's reign was Maria Theresa, of the
Hapsburg family, who reigned from 1740 to 1780 over Austria. She came into power because her
father, Charles VI, created a document called the Pragmatic Sanction. The Pragmatic Sanction is a
document that other monarchs signed to allow Maria Theresa to inherit the Hapsburg land. However
after Charles died, not all the countries agreed with the Pragmatic Sanction. This lead to conflict
between Prussia and Austria. Because of this conflict, historians debate which ruler was more
effective and powerful. Frederick the Great is a more effective and powerful ruler because he won
several wars against Austria, he had a stronger alliance with Russia, improved Prussia's domestic
affairs, and succeeded in foreign affairs. Some consider Maria Theresa worthy of the title and even a
more effective and powerful ruler than Frederick II because of her achievements in the arts and
architecture. Maria Theresa ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Frederick the Great exhibited his greatness as a ruler by winning all 3 of the Silesian Wars and the
Seven Years' War against Austria. He improved domestic affairs by making Prussia a world power
by increasing their rankings, and by strengthening the arts and literature. Frederick the Great also
succeeded in foreign affairs by creating the German League of Princes and forced the Holy Roman
Empire to abandon all ideas of acquiring Bavaria. Historians can debate otherwise but Frederick II is
truly deserving of his title of "the great." His entire reign justifies and proves he is in fact Frederick
the

Essay Ap Euro Dbq Absolutism
After the European expansion to the American continent at the end of the fifteenth century, many
monarchs began to become absolute rulers. In between the late sixteenth and early seventeenth
centuries, absolute powers began a rise in mainly Western Europe; while Eastern Europe
experienced absolutism in the mid eighteenth century. But during the absolute monarchs rise to
power, the population of each sovereign state had an abundance of diverse attitudes towards
sovereignty. These diverse opinions arose for acknowledgement of different urgencies for an
absolute monarch to attend to; these groups were sovereign monarchs, peasants, and nobility. One of
the main views that dominated the growth of absolute power was the monarch's. The monarch's ...
Most aristocrats during the age of absolutism decided that the absolute monarch must conspire with
the nobility to establish righteous inequality for the privileged; which most aristocrats accomplished.
For example, the aristocrats within Austria were able to convince Joseph II, the Holy Roman
Emperor, to allow inequitable influence for just the nobility within the government.This is evident in
the letter that the the Holy Roman Emperor had sent to Leopold of Tuscany that nationalism and a
monarch's well– being is in the hands of the nobility(Doc 2). This shows that the nobility within
Austria at the time already influenced the monarch to attend to the nobility before any of the other
population within the empire. Since the emperor states that he appreciates the presence of the higher
class, which shows that the emperor's position of a sovereign monarch should be with the nobility.
Even though the Emperor did not fulfill the efforts of an equal ruler, he allowed the serfs freedom in
1781 that led to the miserable lives of serfs. With the removal of serfdom that was re–established in
1790, Joseph II was highly influenced by the requirements of the nobility's ideal absolutist ruler. But
in France from 1643 to 1715 much of the French nobility disliked the absolute rule King Louis XIV
held; which excluded the nobility from many key features of the

The French Revolution
The French Revolution first began in 1789 when ideas from the age of Enlightenment crept into
France. The American Revolution had just occurred and come to a close, so the people of France
picked up on the ideals of freedom and balanced power. The amount of assistance France had given
to the Americans and also put towards their own Seven Years' War left the country in shambles, with
famine spreading and economical problems being rampant. Nobility and royalty, who held the
majority of the money left in France, paid no taxes and lived lavishly while peasants starved to death
and suffered in the economical crisis. The king, Louis XVI, and his wife, Marie Antoinette, lived an
incredibly luxurious life in Versailles and used excessive funds for their lifestyle, while the citizens
of France lived in deplorable conditions. Ideas of Enlightenment spread among the peasants. They
could be free from kings, priests, and people in absolute power. The people could rule themselves.
An emergency meeting was called to discuss the state of affairs in the country. The Convocation of
the Estate's General formed, representing all three established estates in France. The Clergy had 300
representatives, Nobility had 300 representatives, and the third estate insisted on having 600
representatives, since the third estate encompassed the vast majority of the French population. The
Convocation met at Versailles. The third estate was angry about the economic state of France, so
things escalated

Essay Military Discipline
Military Discipline
1. General. The word discipline comes from the Latin word disciplīna which means "to instruct".
Discipline is a specific form of instruction which develops self–control, character, and efficiency.
Military discipline is that mental attitude and state of training which renders obedience instinctive
under all conditions. It is founded upon respect for, and loyalty to properly constituted authority.
While it is developed primarily by military drill, every feature of military life has its effects on
military discipline. It is generally indicated in an individual or unit by smartness of appearance and
action; by cleanliness and neatness of dress, equipment, or quarters; by respect for seniors; and by
prompt and cheerful ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Maybe a whole squadron deserted its post. In this case, the court handed down the famous, the
ghastly, sentence of decimation. The tribune called the legion on parade and ordered to the front
those who were guilty of desertion of their ranks. He reprimanded them, called them every name he
could think of. This was not just another sermon. Everyone knew how it was going to end. "Now I
want each of you to choose a number," he told them. And by lot one out of every ten men was
chosen to pay the penalty. What penalty? On the tribune's order, the army fell on these men–their
comrades–and clubbed them to death, mercilessly.
The rest of the guilty men were allowed to live, but possibly they thought death was preferable to
the humiliation they had to suffer then. They were told to quarter themselves outside the camp walls,
where they were unprotected; and they were given rations of barley–horse food–rather than wheat
for sustenance. Their disgrace would live as long as they did. "But it isn't only your severe
punishments that produce right conduct," Polybius told the Romans. "That alone wouldn't make men
brave. You encourage them to act heroically by holding out all kinds of rewards and incentives." A
soldier who

The Pros And Cons Of Nationalism In The 19th Century
Nationalism is a sense of loyalty to one's nation. Nationalism has the power to unify or
divide a whole country, and did so to numerous countries in Europe. The idea of nationalism had
not become known until the 19th century, because in the 19th century modern transportation was
used more commonly and people of different cultures came in correspondence with each other
more frequently. Nationalism appeared in places with a strong central government such as The
Roman Empire and the dynasties in China. However, it first emerged in Europe because Europe
industrialized first and The French Revolution caused a great sense of nationality under the rule
of Napoleon. Although, nationalism did come with its pro's and con's. The concept ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Peter Stolypin improved education, initiated moderate
land reforms for the peasant farmers, and made many other reforms. The Russian citizen's needs
were still not met so in return, Stolypin was assassinated. The Duma now only had limited
power. Russia was still autocracy until 1914 and little to few changes were made by attempts to
reform due to a lack of nationalism in the country.
In conclusion, nationalism is a key factor for a nation to come together. Nationalism in
Germany and Italy allowed for them to become unified states. However, Russia was not able to
become a unified state because its leaders never satisfied the needs of the Russian citizens, didn't
industrialize as quickly as the other states, and never gave the people of Russia a reason to have
pride in their country. The leaders of Russia made the mistake of ignoring the power of

nationalism. In Russia, Germany, and Italy you can truly see the effects of having or not having

Hnrs. Renaissance History Chapter 17 & 18 Study Guide
Hnrs. Renaissance History Chapter 17 & 18 Study Guide 1. The two most important influences on
Enlightenment thought were who? John Locke and Isaac Newton 2. After 1688, Great Britain
permitted religious toleration to which groups? Lutherans, Jews, and Muslims 3. This nation was
significantly freer than any other European nation at the beginning of the Enlightenment. What
nation is this? Great Britain 4. An expanding, literate public and the growing influence of secular
printed materials created a new and increasing influential social force called what? public opinion 5.
Written by Voltaire in English and later translated to French, this book praised the virtues of the
English, especially their religious liberty, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He/she forged a state that commanded the loyalty of the military, the junker nobility, the Lutheran
clergy, and a growing bureaucracy? Frederick the Great 30. Monarchs associated with enlightened
absolutism included all of the following rulers: Maria Theresa, Joseph II, Frederick the Great,
Catherine II 31. Of all the rising states of the 18th century, this state was the most diverse in its
people and problems. What is this state? Austria 32. Maria Theresa of Austria did all of the
following: limited the amount of labor the nobility could demand from peasants; established a very
efficient tax system; expanded primary education; created central councils to deal with political
problems 33. Joseph II of Austria: sought to improve the productivity and social conditions of the
peasantry 34. Catherine the Great of Russia did what? built a strong alliance with the nobility 35. As
part of her territorial aspirations, Catherine the Great painlessly annexed what newly independent
state in 1783? Crimea 36. King Louis XVI convened the Estates General in order to do what? raise
tax revenues 37. The French parlements spoke for the interests of what group? The Aristocracy 38.
He was responsible for the introduction of the revolutionary land tax that all landowners would have
to pay regardless of their social status. Who is he? Charles Alexandre de Calonne 39. The parliament
of Paris declared that only

Maria Theresa Research Paper
Maria Theresa was born in Vienna, Austria at the Hofburg Palace on May 13, 1717 and was the
second child and eldest daughter of Charles VI, who was the Holy Roman Emperor of the Holy
Roman Empire and his wife, Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick–Wolfenbüttel. Since Charles VI was
the last remaining male heir to the Habsburg throne as his only son and sole male heir and Maria
Theresa eldest brother died shortly before Maria was born. So Charles VI reformed the Salic Law,
which prevented any heir who were female to succeed her father as Charles VI feared that he might
not produce a son. In 1713 Charles VI issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which ensure his eldest
daughter the right to take over and succeed the throne and inherit his united lands when he died.
During 1720 Charles VI worked endlessly to earn supports for the Pragmatic sanction from his
crown lands and over time they reluctantly agreed to honor and uphold the sanction. Charles VI was
often encouraged by Prince Eugene who was his most trusted and loyal adviser of Savoy to marry
Maria off to a very powerful prince but instead, Charles VI allowed his daughter to be one of the
few people in her ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Maria Theresa was only 23 years old when she succeed the Habsburg throne. After Maria Theresa
gained the titles of Holy Roman Empress, Empress of Austria, and Queen of Hungary the Austrian,
Netherlands, Bohemia, and Hungary who were her subjects were quick to accept Maria Theresa as
their empress. But Maria Theresa immediately faced resistance to her succession from European
powers especially Prussia who had previously agreed to her father's Pragmatic Sanction. Under the
leadership of Frederick II who was King of Prussia, the Europeans powers formed a coalition
against Maria Theresa which was call the War of the Austrian Succession. The war ended in 1748,
and Maria was forced to accept the loss of her three Italian territories to France and let Prussia keep
the province

How Is Wilhelm II Similar To Napoleon III
William II vs. Napoleon III Wilhelm II and Napoleon III have many similarities including: they
were each named after a prominent figure in their family, the way they lost their power and their
political point of views, but the two monarchs also have some differences that include their physical
being, the time periods they were in power and how they achieved their power. Some major events
that each emperor was witness to an important to their legacies on. Napoleon III witnessed the rise
and fall then again rise and fall of France throughout his life time. William II witnessed peaceful
early years and then an ultimate war that at that time the world had never seen before and witnessed
the beginnings of the Second Great war (War and Peace in Europe from Napoleon to the Kaiser). ...
Wilhelm II a.k.a. Wilhelm II (1859–1941), was the last German Kaiser or emperor, and also the king
of the Prussia from 1888 to 1918. He was a prominent figure in World War I and gained an infamous
reputation as an active militarist through his speeches and politically incorrect newspaper
interviews. He was born in Potsdam, Germany on January 27, 1859 to Frederick III of Germany and
Victoria, the first child of Queen Victoria of England. He arm was deformed during the birth and
never grew to full size and some historians believe the lame arm contributed to his rash behavior.
However, the most influential people to William's behavior were his parents, His mother was a
strong, stern woman as a result of her father Albert. His father was honorable intellectual, and
compassionate but he did not have the will or stamina that was needed for Frederick to be a strong
leader

How Did Enlightened Absolutism In The 18th Century
Most European states in the 18th century were ruled by monarchs, a divine right to rule was still
pretty big, but secularism grew. Enlightenment beliefs were also still at large – natural laws was the
belief in natural rights, inalterable privileges that ought not to be withheld from any person.
Enlightened absolutism was a new type of monarchy that emerged in late 18th century and
monarchs such as Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Joseph II of Austria
ruled by it. Of the five major European states, three were located in central and eastern Europe and
came to play an increasingly important role in European international politics. Prussia had two able
prussian kings in the 18th century, Frederick William I and Frederick II, further developed the two
institutions– the army and the bureaucracy– that were the backbone of Prussia. Frederick II, known
as the Great (1740–1786), was one of the best educated and most cultured monarchs of the 18th
century, well versed in the enlightenment, and for a time, Frederick seemed quite willing to follow
the philosophes' recommendations for reform; he established a single code of laws for his territories
that eliminated the use of torture except in treason and murder cases, also granting limited freedom
of speech and other freedoms. The Austrian Empire ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Family structure was still very patriarchal. Jobs for wet nurses were popular for upper class families
who didn't want to feed their kids themselves. Primogeniture was the process in which the eldest son
received all or most of their parents belongings (mostly property) and was treated as a favorite.
Infanticide was killing your own baby. People did it a lot less but it still happened way too much,
some resorting to adoption

Comparing Catherine The Great And Frederick The Great
Catherine the Great and Frederick the Great were two great rulers from different places and different
time. They both had an impressive accomplished during their reign. A man and a woman, who made
history in the world, beyond an amazing resume, was also a drawback that tainted their name.
Catherine the great, who was also known as Catherine II, was an empress of Russia who ruled from
1762–1796. She was also the longest woman ever to rein Russia. She gained the throne when she
married peter III a Russian prince who would become Emperor. After only six months on the throne,
Catherine overthrew him with the aid of Grigory Orlov, a military officer with whom she was
having an affair. Her husband was later arrested and killed, which secured her position on the throne.
Catherine's greatest achievements ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was born into the throne due to Frederick William I of Prussia and Princess Sophia Dorothea the
sister of George II of Great Britain. Before he gained the thrown Frederick II had a very rough
childhood. His father abused him often beating and humiliating him for trifling reasons, at age 18,
Frederick attempted to escape his fathers abuse tried to flee with his childhood friend Hans Herman
von Katte. They were caught and arrested for treason, and Katte was beheaded in Frederick's
presence. His father pardoned Frederick, but placed him as a junior official in local administration to
learn the ways of government. After a tepid reconciliation, Frederick's father arranged him to marry
Elizabeth Christine of Brunswick–Bevern, in 1733. Frederick quickly separated from her and for the
rest of his life, showed no interest in women. Frederick ascended the throne upon the death of his
father in 1740, and abandoned peaceful pursuits to make his place in the geopolitical intrigue of
18th–century Europe. Fortunately, his loathsome father left Frederick with a strong army and ample

Explain How Did Frederick The Great Break The Rules
Did Frederick the Great 'break all the rules'?
Several historians have tried to explain the complex figure of Frederick the Great, king of Prussia
from 1740 to 1786, either stating that he was a monarch of the Ancien Règime or a symbol of the
Modern Age. To this extent, it should be recognized that, despite the ties with the past centuries,
Frederick was a great innovator, especially in the military field. Nevertheless, it is arguable that the
attempt to both innovate Prussia and strengthen its position within the international system does not
necessarily mean that he 'broke the rules'. Indeed, it appears legitimate firstly to question whether
there were actual rules at that time or simple conventions and secondly to claim that he did not
sought to challenge the system, but only to transform Prussia into a military state, powerful and
worthy enough to become part of the global balance of power in the Eighteenth century. This essay
will discuss the thesis firstly by providing a brief historical contextualisation, enumerating the great
powers of the Eighteenth century and mentioning the significance of warfare in the international
system. Then, it will focus on the meaning of the expression 'breaking the rules' by examining the
presence or absence of 'rules' and finally it will analyse both innovations and links to the past in the
military and the army, politics and economics, and society and culture.
To begin with, Frederick William II, known as Frederick the Great, ruled Prussia from 1740 to 1786
and fought in all the major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"In Search of Old Fritz." In Frederick the Great. A Military Life. London: Routledge and Kegan
Paul, 1985. 2. Haffner, Sebastian. "The Small Great Power." In The Rise and Fall of Prussia,
translated by Ewald Osers. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1980. Pag.

Notes on Monarchy
| Renaissance | Reformation | Exploration | Absolute Monarchs | Renaissance | – Emphasis, causes,
effects, specifics (Art: painting, sculpture, architecture, literature) Patrons | Gutenberg's printing
press = Renaissance ideas spread... Religion = Art Pope wanted to make a new dome for sistine
chapel. Michelangelo was asked to paint it. the pope needed $ to build so he sold indulgences.
Luther was against this... Church art frequently featured holy figures, Protestants (iconoclasts) didn't
like this... Church leaders were frequently patrons of artists | Renaissance ideas = shipbuilding,
techniques, astrolabe, compass...Humanism = human accomplishments of exploration... Printing
press helped circulate news of Columbus's travel | ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| Holy Roman Emperor | Phillip II | El Escorio | He was a Catholic, and he had this counter–
reformation campaign that used up a bunch of money. He was constantly at war with other countries
and made many enemies... Treated Dutch Protestants harshly, started the Dutch Revolt | Gold &
silver from New World | Spanish Inquisition! non catholic persecution | Nicolas Machiavelli | Writer
| | | The Prince supported the actions of Absolute Monarchs. | Martin Luther | | Martin Luther kick
started the Reformation, created Lutheranism. That branched into Calvinism, then into Hugenots,
and Presbyterianism. Criticized indulgences and expressed ideals in the 95 Theses (e.g. only faith is
needed for salvation, yourself is the best interpreter of the Bible, etc) | Presbyterian Scots settled
early New Jersey, which is why we have many presbyterian churches | Martin Luther's ideals
supported the ideas of democracy, thus weaking Absolute Monarchs | Dutch Revolt | Vermeer and
Rembrandt were both Dutch, and were members of the Northern Renaissance... Catholic churches
had art of religious figures (icons) but Dutch Protestants didn't like that so they

Catherine The Great Russia With An Iron Fist
Meyer 1 Hayley Meyer Mrs. Corley History 7 9 May 2017 Catherine the Great Catherine the Great
ruled Russia with an iron fist, she knew the secrets of how to gain the love of her people and how to
please the nobles of her land. Catherine was able to get away treason and murder and still keep her
crown. She learned the delicate art of deception at a very young age. Catherine II, or Catherine the
Great as she is more often called, was born on May 2, 1729 in Stettin, Prussia, she became the
Russian empress in 1762. Catherine obtained the throne by conspiring a plan to overthrow her
husband King Peter III. Under her reign, she organized ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Elizabeth persisted in having Catherine go on numerous bloodletting treatments, while Johanna was
against the procedure. As Catherine recovered, the relationship between her and Grand Duke Peter
grew. The couple soon became engaged and Catherine even converted to the Russian Orthodox
faith. With her new religion, she also received a new name, Yekaterina or Catherine. On August 21,
1745, Catherine II was married to Grand Duke Peter, and became a grand duchess of the Russian
royal family. To the public eye she and Peter proved to be a happy couple, but Peter was childish
and unsophisticated. Her husband would rather play with toy soldiers and mistresses, than spend
time with his wife. With so much time on her hands, Catherine took up many pastimes such as
reading. Since Catherine and Peter had a distance relationship, they didn't have children until nine
years after they were married. Although, on September 20, 1754 she gave birth to her first birth son,
Paul. The legitimacy of the child was called into question by a few scholar who believe the father of
the child is Sergi Saltykov, a Russian noble and member of the court. Others protested that Paul
resembled Peter, leading them to believe he was the father. During Paul's childhood, Catherine got
to spend very little time with him as Elizabeth took over raising him. When Empress Elizabeth died
on December 25,1761, Catherine's husband took the throne,

World Wars : The Seven Years War
Throughout the course of mankind, wars were raged on different continents. During this extended
period of time, roughly four thousand years, there have been two wars labeled as "World Wars."
However, with research and expanded knowledge, there should at least be three "world wars," and
have the names altered to fit the criteria of such. This added war is known as: The Seven Years War.
Despite misguiding evidence, and different historical accounts, the war can either be placed to have
originated in 1754 or 1756, but an agreeable ending in the year 1763 can at least help identify this
war efficiently. The Seven Years War, also known in the United States as the French and Indian War,
should have been more prominently named the First World War because it was fought on a front of
four different continents: North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. The ability to have a war waged
on more than three continents or four continents to be clear, despite not having a set definition,
should able to be classified as being a World War. The most notable of the fighting during the Seven
Years War occurred in North America because that is what was mainly focused on in the Unites
States' educational system. The Seven Years War, for the most part, is predominantly centered on the
concept of who will take over North America first, the French or the British. During this front of
fighting the French and British forces were not the only predominant players in the hostilities for
North America,

Napoleon Bonaparte: A Military Revolution
Napoleon Bonaparte was a military general who turned into the main head of France. His drive for
military development changed the world.Considered one of the world's most noteworthy military
pioneers, Napoleon Bonaparte was conceived on August 15, 1769, in Ajaccio, Corsica, France. He
was the fourth, and second surviving, offspring of Carlo Buonaparte, a legal advisor, and his
significant other, Letizia Ramolino.By the time around Napoleon's introduction to the world,
Corsica's occupation by the French had drawn extensive nearby resistance. In the wake of doing as
such he was named assessor of the legal locale of Ajaccio in 1771, a rich employment that in the
long run empowered him to enlist his two children, Joseph and Napoleon, in France's College
d'Autun. Back home Napoleon got behind the Corsican imperviousness to the French occupation,
favoring his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The armed force, only 30,000 in number, disappointed and deprived, was soon pivoted by the
youthful military authority. Under his bearing the revamped armed force won various critical
triumphs against the Austrians, incredibly extended the French domain and made Napoleon the
military's brightest star. However, his military crusade demonstrated terrible. On August 1, 1798,
Admiral Horatio Nelson's armada destroyed his powers in the Battle of the Nile. Napoleon's picture
was extraordinarily hurt by the misfortune, and in a show of freshly discovered certainty against the
authority, Britain, Austria, Russia and Turkey shaped another coalition against France. In the spring
of 1799, French armed forces were crushed in Italy, compelling France to surrender a significant
part of the peninsula.Inside France itself, distress kept on ensueing, and in June of 1799 an
overthrow brought about the Jacobins taking control of the Directory. In October, Napoleon came
back to

History Of The Beginnings Of A Successful Ruler: Maria...
The Beginnings of a Successful Ruler
In 1729, Charles Lewis wrote in a letter to his friend, a description of the young Maria Theresa. He
wrote, "The eldest Archduchess Maria Theresa is brought up in the agreeable prospect of the vast
dominions possessed by the Emperor. This young Princess has very much of the Air of the Empress
her mother and if Heaven designs her for the Sovereignty of the Empire, God grant she may also
resemble in her Virtues!" Maria Theresa would in fact go on to become the only female ruler of the
Habsburg dominions, coming into power through succession. According to the New World
Encyclopedia, Maria Theresa's titles from birth to death were, "Her Royal Highness Archduchess
Maria Theresa of Austria (May 13, 1717 – October 20, 1740), Her Majesty The Queen of Hungary
and Bohemia (October 20, 1740 – September 13, 1745), Her Imperial Majesty The Holy Roman ...
Though there were a few causes of the Seven Years' War, like the long–time power struggle between
France and England and the French and Indian war technically already beginning in 1754, what
more or less sent the war into action was another issue between Frederick the Great and Maria
Theresa. In 1756 Frederick II invaded Saxony, and it was no surprise that he was once again trying
to take something that in fact, did not belong to him. Maria Theresa, on the other hand, was still
bitter about losing Silesia to Prussia, and she saw the war as a way to possibly retake Silesia. She
can't really be blamed for wanting to take back what was originally apart of the Habsburg dominions
and that which she felt had been unfairly taken away. Unfortunately for her, Silesia was not
recovered and France lost the war with many repercussions, while Austria got more of a slap on the

Frederick William I Research Paper
Frederick William I, also known as the "solider king" acieved great success for Prussia. He was a
military mastermind who constructed the largest army in Europe. The military was alway his first
priority. Therefore, he always kept his military uniform on. He constructed this great army with his
side kick, Prince Lepold of Anhalt–Dessau. Dessau was a great solider and strategist. He made the
army percised with his invention of the marching step. He also, provided the soliders with bayonetts
and replaced the old ramrod with ones made out of iron which enabled them to reload their muskets
faster. Furthermore, Frederick William I was a hash disiplinarian who punished misbehaved soliders
by flogging and executions. Therefore, his special equitment

Frederick William The Great: The Soldier King
Was born on August 14. 1688 in Berlin, Germany. He was known as the Soldier king because of his
huge army. He increased it by 83,000 soldiers. He was married to Sophia Dorothea of Hanover.
They got married in 1706. She was his first cousin, and they had 14 children together, one of which
was Frederick William The Great, Who The Soldier King despised, because he liked to sing and
write poetry. He tried to run away but got caught. As punishment his dad ordered the people who
helped him escape to be beheaded and he made him watch. He ruled with absolutism. He was very
effective in governing Prussia. While he was in power the army reached a little bit over 80,000
troopers and ended up taking up 80% of the countries tax revenues. He remade the tax system so
that it had a more militaristic feel to it and so that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The military also helped out in fixing up the country, they fixed and built new roads and waterways,
which helped them to move the military from one place to another much faster and not take up so
much time. He also allowed commoners to accomplish noble status in reward for excellent service,
but he kept their pay low but he still give them bonuses for their good work. Frederick William I had
to keep the system inline so he would travel around to make sure everything was being run the way
he had ordered. Sometimes Frederick William I would send out people called inspectors to do it for
him but he mostly did it himself. Frederick William I died in May on the 31 in 1749 in Berlin,
Germany. His coffin is currently in the Church of Peace in the palace grounds of Sanssouci. The real
coffin was destroyed in Burg Hohenzollern, because if was moved so may times that it collapsed so
not it's a copper copy. Hitler was the first one to order the removal of the coffin during World War

Impact Of The French Revolution On The 19th Century Europe
The period 1815–1914 in Europe was important, as it was the time of the growth of constitutional
government, however events from the French Revolution had a significant impact on the 19th
century Europe. French revolutions has began when in 1774 Louise XVI had to deal with a financial
crisis cause by 'seven year 's war '. Louise XVI had agreed to summon 'Estate–General ', which
represented the clergy, nobles and the Third Estate(the commoners). Inspired by the issues with the
voting system of the estate–general, the third assembly has called themselves National Assembly,
and threatened to proceed without the clergy and nobles if necessary. On 9 of July 1789 under king
's agreement clergy and nobles has joined the assembly, which was officially called National
Constituent Assembly. On the 4 of august 1789 the assembly issued a 'Declaration of the Rights of
Man ', which stated that the nation, not the monarchy, was the superior authority, and that the elected
representatives of the state would proclaim liberty and equality for the citizens, the right to property
and to resit oppression. In respond to peasant riots and attacks on chateaux, the assembly abolished
feudalism. By the 1792 both radicals, full of hope to spread the ideas of the Revolution, and the
king, optimistic that war would either improve his authority or support from foreign armies. As both
agreed in April 20, 1792 France proclaimed a war against Austria. Louise XVI hoped that the war
would strengthen his

Martin Luther And The Reformation Essay
The earliest most famous Protestant reformer, Martin Luther went to the school of Erfurt to study
law in 1501, but he quickly became more interested in theology. Luther was exposed to recent
humanist writings and read extensively in classical Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. In 1505, he enrolled
in an Augustinian monastery. He spent a decade educating and preaching and visited Rome. The
Reformation was a religious uprising in Europe in the 16th century, prompted by dissatisfaction with
the set Roman Catholic Church, which directed to the formulation of the Protestant branch of
Christianity. The Reformation, originated in the early 1500s by the German Martin Luther, who
preached salvation by faith alone. Luther kept his faith under his hat until 1517, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This to continue a looser arrangement of independent churches under Cromwell cleared the way in
1660 to a restoration in the Church of England (Spalding). Reformed Christians who could not
accept this became persecuted Nonconformists. The Glorious Revolution of 1688–89, which
dismissed the Roman Catholic sovereign James II, presented English Presbyterians, Independents,
and Baptists little toleration outside the organized church. Many Presbyterian gatherings became
Unitarian during the next century. In 1648 established the legitimacy of Reformed churches in
German nations, according to the pleasure of the ruling prince. By the end of the 17th–century,
Reformed prayer in the Palatinate was banned. Therefore, many Revised Christians immigrated to
the Netherlands, America, and Prussia, where they established Reformed churches (Spalding). The
Elector of Brandenburg–Prussia switched to Calvinism in 1609. He and his successors allowed the
existence of Reformed churches among foreigners and also continued Reformed churches in areas
that came under Prussian rule. Frederick William III of Prussia in 1817 proposed a union of
Reformed and Lutheran churches. The eminent Reformed theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher led
representatives independence of this organization but shared with them a matter for the loss of
Reformed systems of self–government to

absolutism in europe Essay
Absolutism affected the power + status of the European nobility depending on the country in which
they lived. In England the power of the nobility increases due to a victory in the English Civil War
and the Glorious Revolution of 1658. However, in France, Louis XIV¡¯s absolutist regime
decreased the powers of the noble but heightened their material status. In Russia and in Prussia, the
absolutist leaders of those countries modernized their nations + the nobility underwent a change, but
it retained prestige + power.
Charles I considered himself to be an absolute monarch in England in the 1630¡¯s. A large portion
of the parliament dislikes him because they wanted more of a say on the government and because
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He built Versailles, a beautiful palace outside of Paris for his nobles. Lined with gardens and filled
with fountains + opulent architecture + decorations Versailles was a veritable playground for the
nobles. There were balls, fancy clothes + huge numbers of servants, and most of the nobles¡¯
incomes were spent on these luxuries. Thus, the status of the nobles was high and they were wealthy
+ lived an indulgent lifestyle, but they had no political power in the French government.
During this same time Peter the Great sought to ¡°westernize¡± Russia. An autocratic tsar who had
absoluter power, he did not wish to share it with his royal court. He moved the capital to St.
Petersburg, and absorbed western intellectual and cultural trends. He forced all his nobles to cut of
their beards, and instructed them to learn modern Western dances. Russia historically had an
autocratic tsar like Peter, + the nobles have no political clout in the government. However, the
nobles in Russia are huge landowners and had enormous powers over the serfs on their estates. This
economic power, b/c serfs were almost like slaves, made them wealthy + prosperous. Thus, although
Peter the Great rules without the input of anyone else, the nobles were westernized under his rule +
enjoyed power over their serfs and economic gains.
In Prussia, a similar situation emerges. Frederick William, ¡°the Great Elector",

House Of Commons
Identify – explain the types of people in the House of Commons and House of Lords. During the
18th century much of Britain Parliament was dominated by aristocracy, and was divided into two
major groups within the political system; House of Lords and House of Commons. "The peers, who
sat for life the House of Lords, and the landed gentry, who sat in the House of Commons and served
as justices of the peace in the counties". Despite the two different Houses, they both targeted similar
economic interests because of this, they were difficult to distinguish, they were also frequently
intermarried. This British System allowed for a frequent rate of patronage, the House of Commons
was elected by boroughs and counties, which easily allowed the King ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
During the growth of Prussia, the nobles fulfilled a dominant role in the Prussian state. They were
known as Junkers, these Junkers had complete control over the office corps of the Prussian Army.
Despite the dominance of these Junkers, Frederick William still attempted to enlarge the size of the
army. At the end of his reign, the army grew almost two times in size, and ranked itself the fourth
largest army in European states despite the fact that the population wasn't too large. It maintained its'
reputation of the strongest military in Europe at the time 5.) Note three reforms of Frederick the
Great and one setback policy for the peasants. For background information, Frederick the Great was
known as Frederick II. He was greatly influenced by the Enlightenment era and invited Voltaire to
live at his court for several years. Greatly influenced by the philosophes' recommendations for
reform, he established laws that discontinued the use of torture with an exception of treason and
murder. Greatly inspired by natural laws, he also allowed religious toleration and limited freedom of
speech and press. The third reform was of the Prussian society, he made it more aristocratic. He
reversed his father's policy and reserved the higher positions in the bureaucracy for aristocrats. This
didn't allow the peasants to fulfill roles in

Week 4 Hist 276 Essay
University of Phoenix Material
Week 4 Worksheet
As you read this week's required materials, complete this worksheet. This is a multipage assignment;
double–check that you completed each page before submitting.
Part I: Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blanks to complete the following sentences.
Ming–Dynasty China
a. The population of China approximately doubled between the start of the Ming dynasty in 1368
and its collapse and replacement by the Manchus in 1415 in North China . This population increase,
along with a reduction in government regulation, led to China's Commercial Revolution, which
lasted from 1500 and 1800. Economic advances during this ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Due to lack of interest, however, the Chinese halted these voyages.
Qing–Dynasty China
a. The Qing dynasty was proclaimed by rulers of the former Chinese vassal, the celestial kingdom ,
with its first capital at Shenyang (Mukden). When the Ming dynasty fell to rebel forces in 1644, the
Qing earned the support of much of the bureaucracy and military by presenting themselves as
protectors of the manchurian order. The Qing capital was moved to beijing that same year, and the
new dynasty had reconquered all of southern China by Ming generals . b. The emperor Kangxi led
the conquest of the island of Taiwan , home to Chinese and Japanese pirates, in 1681. Struggles with
a new rival to the north and northwest, manchurians , led to constant conflict and extensive
territorial gains for China. c. The Chinese population and commerce continued to expand under the
Qing dynasty, fueled by new crops from the Tang , new silver and copper mines, and silver acquired
through trade with northern countries. d. Contact with the West increased in the 17th century, but in
the early 18th century, the Qing rulers restricted trade to land outside the walls of beijing . The 1793
British mission to expand trade did not succeed, and the emperor Qianlong explained in a letter to
George III that

Briefly Summarize The Four Phases Of The 30 Years War
William Sun Mr Hughes AP European History (6) 15 October 2015 Chapter 15 Questions 1. Briefly
summarize the four phases of the 30 Years War. How did the war change the economic and political
landscape of the Holy Roman Empire? The four phases of the thirty years can be summarised as the
Bohemian phase, Danish phase, Swedish phase and French phase, which induced the Holy Roman
Empire to lose money and caused the empire to split. The Bohemian phase from 1618 to 1625 was
sparked by the defenestration of Prague. This incited civil war between the Catholics League and the
Protestant Union. The Catholics won the first phase through the defeat of the Protestants in the
Battle of the White Mountain in 1620. The Danish phase, from 1625 to 1629, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
2. What is absolutism? Explain the top three reasons for its rise in the 17th century Absolutism,
where there is a person who has full political power over a country, rose in the 17th century due to
the increase in surplus, mercantilism and the standing armies. Due to the increase in surplus in these
countries, the government had more money to spend. Mercantilism also contributed to the economic
growth of countries that adopted it. The increased money from these meant increased funding for
standing armies. The standing armies gave the king an army without needing to call on the nobles,
thereby lessening their importance and power, and heightening the king's. 3. Why is Richelieu so
important for French history? Richelieu was important for French history as he strengthened the
French monarchy through the unification of France, lessening of nobles' power and boosting
economic growth. Richelieu unified France by making French the national language of France. The
unification of France made it easier for Louis XIII to achieve an Absolutist government. Richelieu
minimised the nobles' power, which in turn increased the monarch's power. Richelieu also managed
the economic activities of France. These strengthened the French monarchy significantly. 4. "Le Roi
Soleil" Did Louis XIV really deserve this name? Louis XIV was deserving of his name, "Le Roi
Soleil", which means the Sun King, due to

Enlightened Despotism in Prussia
Assignment: 1
Critically examine the main features of Enlightened Despotism in 18th century Prussia.
The Enlightenment refers to an important cultural and intellectual movement of the 18th century,
whose goal was to establish knowledge based on an enlightened rationality. Enlightened Absolutism
or Enlightened Despotism as it is more often called can be defined as a form of government strongly
influenced by the wide propagation of ideas and the political philosophy of the Enlightenment. It is
a term first used by the Philosophes in the second half of the 18th century that manifested to
describe a particular phase in the development of absolutism. The term 'Enlightened Despot' refers
to those 18th century monarchs who were familiar with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Christian Wolff was the first to introduce the ideas of the Enlightenment into German administrative
theory. His ideas derive from the Enlightenment. According to Wolff, the state was a voluntary
contract between individuals and the main purpose of the state was to further welfare and security.
At the same time, since the state has the duty to plan and implement measures for security and
welfare, it has the right to insist that its citizens obey its orders. It is emphasized that they are bound
to do willingly whatever the authorities deem to be right. These ideas were expounded and
elaborated, without adding anything new, by the German political theorists of the 18th century and
particularly by the followers of Wolff.
In practice, Enlightened Absolutism was certainly not so radical. The Physiocrats never got beyond
the initial stages in the implementation of their doctrines. Thus the French doctrine of Despotisme
éclaire remains an interesting trend of thought, but its practical effect was almost nil. The direct
influence of the German 18th century administrative theory was not much as well.
Frederick II of Prussia is often regarded as the first true enlightened despot. He was the first
monarch who declared 'the sovereign is the first servant of the state' and presented Europe with a
model of progressive monarchy. Frederick cultivated friendship with several Philosophes and
believed that inputs from them could be used to make the administration of

The Balance Of Power
11. What is 'balance of power'? The balance of power was a concept or idea in the eighteenth
century. By the eighteenth century, the European method of self governing independent states was
established greatly in the idea of self–interest. Since international connections were based on
deliberation of power, the eighteenth century concept of a "balance of power" was grounded on how
to counterbalance the power of one state by another one to stop anyone's power from controlling
over the others. However, this balance of power did not indicate a wish for peace. Huge armies were
created to protect a state's security were sometimes even used for offensive motives as well. 12.
Who were Austria's alliance and enemies during the War of Austrian Succession?

Why Is Frederick The Great An Enlightened Despot
Frederick the Great: Enlightened Despot
Frederick II was an enlightened ruler of Prussia. The enlightenment was a period of time in which
the government ran by an absolute ruler. Rulers made significant changes that affected religious,
social, educational, and legal reforms. Frederick II was the son of King Frederick William I who had
ruled over Germany. He would later become a king himself. He became king in 1740 and ruled for
over forty years. It was he who drastically changed Prussia into a powerful force. Frederick II would
become to be known by Frederick the Great based on the many positive things he did during his
rule. Two of the biggest achievements, he was able to make was his military skill and religious
tolerance. Since almost everyone liked him, he was able to institute reforms in his country. His
enlightenment rule would bring major efforts for both reform and war. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As a child of wealth and royalty he had grown up with the best upbringing for his childhood. He was
a very talented musician for this time. Frederick was also a musician that had composed some of his
own sonatas and symphonies. Adding to his smart abilities, he also knew over five languages and
spoke them frequently. Also during his tenure as king he had world famous buildings built in Berlin.
The most famous that people visit today is the Berlin Opera House. Education reforms were a very
big priority for him. Since he had a strong foundation of learning, it was necessary only for him to
establish Prussia as one of the best education systems in Europe. His cultured knowledge allowed
him to be more of an open person and a free thinker. This benefited him mightily because he was
open to more ideas, making him an enlightened

Wilhelm II Research Paper
Wilhelm II was born into royalty on the 27th of January 1859, at the Crown Prince's Palace in Berlin
to Prince Frederick William of Prussia who would later become the future Frederick III and his wife
Victoria, who is the oldest daughter of Britain's Queen Victoria. at the moment he was born, his
great–uncle Frederick William IV was the king of Prussia. He was the first grandchild of Queen
Victoria and Prince Albert of England, and is also the first son of the Crown Prince of Prussia,
Wilhelm was from 186, second in the line of succession to Prussia, and, after 1871, to the new
German Empire, which then according to the constitution of the German Empire, was ruled by the
King of Prussia.
A birth defect left him with a withered left arm due to the disease Erb's palsy, which he then tried
with some success to conceal. Photos show him with a pair of white gloves in his left hand to make
the withered arm seem longer. In others, he holds his left hand with his right or has his withered arm
on the bottom of a sword. In others, he is seen holding a cane to give the image of a useful limb
posed at a dignified angle. His left arm was about 6 inches shorter than his right arm. Historians
have mentioned that the disability affected his emotional development. ... Show more content on
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Wilhelm attended the wedding in a Highland costume, complete with a small toy sword. During the
ceremony the four–year–old got bored. His eighteen–year–old uncle Alfred, the Duke of Edinburgh,
was charged with keeping an eye on him, told him to be quiet, but Wilhelm drew his sword and
threatened Alfred. When Alfred attempted to shut him up by force, Wilhelm bit him on the leg. His
grandmother, Queen Victoria, missed seeing the disturbance, to her, Wilhelm remained "a clever,
dear, good little child, the great favorite of my beloved Vicky" Vicky was his

The Gay Lives of Frederick the Great and William Iii
The Gay Lives of Frederick the Great and William III Frederick the Great of Prussia and William III
of the Dutch Republic were two well known great leaders of Europe. They lived decades apart,
William from 1650 to 1702, and Frederick from 1712 to 1786, yet had uncannily similar lives, in
many aspects. These leaders, because of a somewhat controversial past, have lost many important
clues about what their lives were really like. Nonetheless, it is known for sure that both were
knowledgeable, great military leaders, champions of justice, and very likely homosexual. One of the
few dissimilarities between Frederick and William was the religion they were raised on, which of
course was to influence the rest of their lives, particularly in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is said that his father arranged his marriage with Christine to prove Frederick's heterosexuality in
addition to producing an heir. Frederick, as a military leader, also was known to have relationships
with his friends from the battlefield. Though, to his credit, he never allowed any relationships to
interfere with his work or compromise his integrity. Perhaps Frederick's best known and interesting
affair was with the famous French poet Voltaire. Frederick's love for French culture encouraged him
to reach out to Voltaire, and in 1736 the 24 year old prince sent a letter to the 22 year old, already
quite famous philosopher. Thus began their friendship, and they kept a close friendship, or possibly
more throughout their lives. Still, there was a conflict of interest between them. Preceding
Frederick's coronation, Voltaire "Never tired of comparing Frederick to Apollo, Alcibiades and the
youthful Marcus Aurelius" (Strachey 170). But Voltaire wanted to see a peaceful, united Europe, and
once Frederick took the throne of Prussia he seemed only interested in war. Frederick tried to keep
Voltaire around, even offering him positions in the court as he still very much valued Voltaire's
opinions. Voltaire and Frederick still exchanged writings, Frederick's work still often implying

The Noble's Role In The French Revolution
Angry nobility and clergy in desperation, turned to other countries for intervention in the
Revolution. Supporters of the Revolution viewed this as a betrayal. In the beginning of the
Revolution, the fees that peasants had to pay to their lords were abolished by the National Assembly.
In addition, noble lands were stripped of their status as fiefs. The nobility lost their special privileges
(such as hunting, being allowed to carry around a sword, and special funeral honors ), and were
required to start paying the same taxes as everyone else in the country . In the autumn of 1789, the
National Assembly passed a decree that placed all the Church's property under the control of the
nation. On February 13, 1790, the National Assembly passed a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After the Royals were intercepted, other countries began to see that the King and Queen of France
were in danger. Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II was Marie Antoinette's brother. He was displeased
with the arrest of his sister. Furthermore, people who fled to avoid execution, known as émigrés; in
other countries were calling for an intervention in France. The rulers of Austria and Prussia issued
the Declaration of Pillnitz, which declared a readiness to use force to protect King Louis XVI and
Queen Marie Antoinette, in August 1791. Frederick William II of Prussia and Leopold II of Austria
sought allies to go against France on April 12, 1792. Consequently, France decided to respond by
declaring war on Austria and Prussia. Some of the revolutionaries supported the war because they
thought that it would unite France. The rest of Europe had been long since disenchanted with the
French Revolution and the declarations of war on Austria and Prussia only further showed that the
Revolution had gotten out of control. This would eventually lead Austria, Piedmont–Sardinia,
Prussia, Spain, Portugal, the United Provinces, and Great Britain to form the first coalition to defeat
France. The paranoia of foreign attack contributed to France becoming more

How Did The French Revolution Affect Europe
French Revolution impacts throughout Europe.
Why did the French Revolution have such a significant impact throughout Europe and even beyond?
The French revolution had affects throughout Europe due to France being such an influential
country with their involvement with the enlightenment genre. The people of France felt that they
were being mistreated and deceived by the government of France, and due to France having such
power in all Europe, Europe suffered with an ideological affect due to the French Revolution. With
France going under ruination, Louis XVI seeks alliance and protection from Austria and letting them
attack France. The Montagnards "The Mountains" which were part of the Legislative Assembly and
more radical than the others specially in the assembly than the Jacobins, decided to execute King
Louis XVI for treason on 21 January, 1793. The Legislative Assembly decided to declare war on
Austria, and place a law called "The Law of Suspect" on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The war took place in France, Central Europe, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain, and West Indies.
France became triumphant in 1797, and the Treaty of Basel and Treaty of Campo Formio was
signed, with the help of Napoleon Bonaparte. At the time, Bonaparte was an unknown General
whose father was Carlo Buonaparte, a representative of the court of Louis XVI. Bonaparte
eventually rose in power and influence, and because one of the Coalition War's greatest Generals.
A Second Coalition War started in 1798 where, again, France declared war to Britain, Austria,
Russia, Ottoman Empire, Portugal and Naples. These particular European nations had the foresight
to conclude that revolution of France would be a detriment to its surrounding nations, so this war
was an effort to contain republican France. This ended with France being victorious in 1802 and
gaining the Treaty of Lunéville and Treaty of

Rise of Prussia Essay example
Question:
Analyze the military, political, and social factors that account for the rise of Prussia between 1640
and 1786.
Bree Stanbrough
Due: March 3, 2011
Period 4
The rise of Prussia from 1640 to 1715 was mainly due to the great leadership of Frederick William
'the Elector', Frederick William I and Frederick the Great of Prussia. Many military, social, and
political factors led to the rise of Prussia also. The major factor that helped Prussia become a great
power was the growth of Prussia's new army and the territory they took because of this powerful
military. Most of the military factors that led to the rise of Prussia came from Fredrick William 'The
Elector'. He was the first leader in Prussia to create and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many of the social factors that led to the rise of Prussia were made by Fredrick the Great. Some
even called him 'The Social Reformer'. He made life for Prussians easier by abolishing torture and
corporal punishment.[7] He established religious tolerance and freedom of speech by ending
censorship.[8] Fredrick resettled immigrants from Austria to establish weaving as a major Prussian
industry.[9] He proved himself as an enlightened ruler who reformed Prussia's agriculture, legal
system, industry and government for the better.[10] He added a diversity of skills to his country by
integrating religions into his countries everyday life such as, Jewish teachers, or Jesuit merchants
and bankers.[11] He also purposely set reasonable prices on grain so farmers and townspeople
wouldn't go hungry.[12] Frederick William I also helped socially unite Prussia by created a strong
centralized bureaucracy. This allowed commoners to rise to top positions in the civil government. So
now power rested with the hard working, not with the men who were born rich or with land. With
this change, there was no longer Parliamentary Estates. This socially reformed Prussia set the
foundation for a powerful Prussian empire. Prussian leaders wanted to establish royal absolutism.
[13] Most of the political reform was a change in who was in political positions of power. Frederick
William and Frederick

Worksheet On Ming Dynasty China
University of Phoenix Material
Week 4 Worksheet
As you read this week's required materials, complete this worksheet. This is a multipage assignment;
double–check that you completed each page before submitting.
Part I: Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blanks to complete the following sentences.
Ming–Dynasty China
a. The population of China approximately doubled between the start of the Ming dynasty in 1368
and its collapse and replacement by the Manchus in 1644 . This population increase, along with a
reduction in government regulation, led to China's 3rd Commercial Revolution, which lasted from
1500 and 1800. Economic advances during this time, which extended into the Qing era, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the Ming dynasty fell to rebel forces in 1644, the Qing earned the support of much of the
bureaucracy and military by presenting themselves as protectors of the order. The Qing capital was
moved to that same year, and the new dynasty had reconquered all of southern China by . b. The
emperor Kangxi led the conquest of the island of , home to Chinese and Japanese pirates, in 1681.
Struggles with a new rival to the north and northwest, , led to constant conflict and extensive
territorial gains for China. c. The Chinese population and commerce continued to expand under the
Qing dynasty, fueled by new crops from the , new silver and copper mines, and silver acquired
through trade with countries. d. Contact with the West increased in the 17th century, but in the early
18th century, the Qing rulers restricted trade to land outside the walls of . The 1793 British mission
to expand trade did not succeed, and the emperor Qianlong explained in a letter to George III that
China British manufactured goods.
Japanese Civilization in the Warring States Era
a. The Ahikaga bakufu collapsed in 1467 over a dispute about who would be the next

Prussian Absolutism Essay
Absolutism; having absolute power over itself and others around. The country that showed a great
example of this is Prussia. Even though they went through hard times such as the Thirty Years' War,
which severely decreased the population, Prussians persisted to achieve absolutism. Prussia was
superior to England in achieving absolutism because military, government, and its religion were
major factors for absolutism in Prussia. England was one of the most anti–absolute countered
because all that it tried gathered ruler was demoted of power, killed, or banished. It was difficult to
do anything for England because when taxes were raised, the Parliament took over their power to do
that along with imprisonment without trials. Military played ... Show more content on
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This lead to absolutism because the Hohenzollern were vicious people that wanted their religion to
spread. This motivated and pushed Prussia to fight for land and spread Protestantism. In acquiring
absolutism, Prussia's spread of religion and claiming of land would not only get rid of their rival, but
also improve the chances at attaining absolutism. Because the Reformation of Protestant religion,
the Hohenzollerns were all for the spreading of land and religion. The spreading of religion would
drastically make a big change in absolutism because the population and supporters of the country
would significantly go up. This would come with perks such as many more military soldiers which
would form a stronger, better army. This army would be unstoppable as it was a strong during
Frederick I was in charge, it got stronger when Frederick II took power, and now it would top the
amount of power and strength it already had over the other countries. The motivation, strength, and
confidence that Protestantism gave the Hohenzollerns and its followers was enough to give Prussia
that edge and power which led to the successful absolute

Ideas And Effects Of The French Revolution
The period between 1685 and 1815 is known as the Age of Enlightenment. This period brought new
ideas and beliefs to Europe. The new ideas would help people at the time question what was going
on in Europe for over one hundred years. The ideas that came from the enlightenment would still be
changing people's minds well into the 21st century. These ideas and beliefs would cause a revolution
in France, causing the French Revolution (1789 to 1799). "The French Revolution actualized the
Enlightenment's greatest intellectual breakthrough: detaching the political from the theocratic"
(Mishra 3). By the peasants realizing things were unfair with Nobles, Kings, and other high social
figures at the time were getting there way, like not having to pay taxes. The Enlightenment is what
fueled the French Revolution, by people having new ideas about social justice.
"Its leading voices combined confidence in the human mind and human enterprise inspired by
scientific revolution and faith in the power of rational ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The creation of a new Republican Constitution would let all men vote, no matter the estate. There
was a trial set for Louis XVI, he would be one vote away from not being killed. He was killed by the
Guillotine on January 21st, 1793. The Guillotine was invented by Dr. Joseph Guillotin who wanted a
way to die equally for everyone.
The killing of Louis XVI would be a start of a new faze in the revolution. Maximilien Robespierre
and the new established government would kill over sixteen hundred enemies to the revolution. The
Queen Marie Antoinette would be killed by the guillotine on October 16th, 1793. Maximilien would
soon see the guillotine on July 28, 1794. The Committee of Public Safety would change how people
would measure time. They would rename each month and each day would have ten hours instead of

Late 19th Century Conservative Repercussion in Europe

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