2. PEMAHAMAN ERGONOMI
• Latar belakang
Penyesuaian
antara manusia
dengan proses
dan alat kerja
Kemajuan
industri
Proses/alur
kerja kompleks
Manual Mesin
Produksi terbatas Massal
3. ERGONOMI
Ergo = Kerja Nomos = Aturan
Ilmu yang mempelajari interaksi kompleks antara
aspek pekerjaan yang meliputi peralatan kerja,
tatacara kerja, proses atau sistem kerja dan
lingkungan kerja dengan kondisi fisik, fisiologis
dan psikis manusia karyawan untuk menyesuaikan
aspek pekerjaan dengan kondisi karyawan dapat
bekerja dengan aman, nyaman efisien dan lebih
produktif.
(Permenkes No 48 Tahun 2016 tentang Standar keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja perkantoran)
4.
5. Perkembangan Ergonomi
Pendekatan Ergonomi : Mengacu pada konsep total manusia, mesin dan
lingkungan yang bertujuan agar pekerjaan dalam industri dapat berjalan
secara efisien, selamat dan nyaman.
Caranya adalah menciptakan kondisi optimal bagi pekerja, antara lain:
Mengurangi beban kerja. (Ergonomi Fisik)
Memperbaiki sikap kerja. (Ergonomi Fisik)
Menyediakan saran psikosensoral pada pemakaian instrumen. (E. Kognitif)
Mencegah mengingat informasi yang tidak diperlukan. (E. Kognitif)
Penempatan pekerja pada pekerjaan yang sesuai. (E. Organisasi)
5
30. FAKTOR RISIKO ERGONOMI DI TEMPAT KERJA
Dapat diukur menggunakan
BRIEF SURVEY
RULA Rapid Upper Limb Assessment
REBA Rapid Entire Body Assessment
31.
32. ~
A
:·
.
@
An
~
n a
:
nd
:
W
:i
rist
An
~
al
r
y
sis
=,
~
SCORES
Table A: Wrist Posture Score
1 2 3
4
Step 'I: Locate Neck
Position:
+1
2 R
IR
0-Ht' ,_,.,....
_
20"
•
+2 +3
Wrist Wnst Wrist Wrisl
Twist Twist TW1st
Twist
s-
IT'
:~
Upper Lower
Arm Arm
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
7
8
9
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
6
6
7
8
9
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
6
6
7
8
9
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
7
7
8
9
1
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
7
7
8
9
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
7
7
8
9
9
1
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
9
9
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
s
5
5
6
7
7
8
9
9
9
~
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
w ,, ,. ~ 1 Step 9a: Adjusr. ..
~ { +4 Neck
Score
If neck is twisted:
+I
Step la: Adjust ...
If shoulder is raised: +I
If upper arm i1 abducted; +I
Ifarm is supported or person is leaning:
-1
If neck is side bending: +I
2
Upper
Arm
Scor•
);P.
}
Step 2: Locale Lower Arm
Poslllon:
.--
?!<~--
·~··
2:
61·~~
2
3
I I
~ r. Step IOa: Adjust ...
lftrunk is twisted: +I
lftrunk is side bending: +I
Step 11: Legs:
lf legs and feet arc supported: +
1
If not: +2
4
LowerAr
m
Scor
e
: Add+l Trunk
Score
Step 2a: Adjust...
If either arm is working across midline or out to side of body: Add +I 5
-
..~
Slep 3: Locate Wrist Position: ... ..
Leg
Score
Table B: Trunk Posture Score
.. ~~ Ned<
6 L•~
1
2
.... I Leos
1
2
Leos
1 2
Leos Leos
1 2
2
Leos
1
2
1 7
1 1
1 7
+3
I
+1
Step 3a: Adjust ...
+2 1
Seo<e
1
2
3
•
•
•
• •
2 3 3 5 5
I
2
3
•
• •
2 3 5 5 5 7
If wrist is bent from midline: Add +I
Ster 4: Wrltt Twl~•=
l f wrist is twisted in mid-range: +I
If wrist is at or near end of range: +2
• •
• •
•
3
5
5
7
5 1
•
•
•
WrtstScor
t
5 5
1 7
7 7 7 7 8
• • • •
• •
•
•
7 7 1
1
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
3
3
3
3
4
5
6
6
3
4
4
4
5
6
6
7
5
5
5
6
7
7
7
7
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
7
1
2
3
4
s
6
7
8+
• • •
•
• • •
•
8:
4
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
• •
•
•
2!
c
X
I
Wrist
Twist
Score
0
e Step 12: Look-up Posture Score In Table
Using values from sreps 9-11
above, locate score in Table B
Step 13: Add Muscle Use Score
If posture mainly static (i.e. held> I0 minutes),
Or if action repeated occurs 4X per minute: +I
Step 5: Look-up Posture Score ln Table A:
Using values from steps 1-4 above, locate score
in
Table A
<
-
.g
..
~
Pn•h•• Scor• A
+
Mutdt Utt kor•
Step 6: Add Muscle Use Score
If posture mainly static (Le. hcld>IO
minutes), Or if action repeated occurs 4X per
minute: +I
Step 7: Add Force/Load Score
If load< .4.4 lbs (intermittent): +o
If load 4.4 to 22 lbs (intermittent): +I
lfload 4.4 to 22 lbs (static or repeated): +2
If more than 22 lbs or repeated or shocks: +3
Step 8: Find Row in Table C
Add values from steps 5-7 to obtain
Wrist and Arm Score. Find row in Table C.
:;:
Muaclt u..
Sc«•
+
+
Forctlload
Score
Step 14: Add Force/Load Score
lfload < .4.4 lbs (intcnninent): +O
If load 4.4 to 22 lbs (intermittent): +I
If load 4.4 to 22 lbs (static or repeated}: +2
lf more than 22 lbs or repeated or shocks: +3
Scoring: (final score from Table C)
1 or 2 es acceptable posture
3 or 4 "' further investigation, change may be needed
S or 6 es further investigation, change soon
7 = investigate and implement change
Step IS: Find Column in Table C
Add values from steps 12-14 to obtain
Neck, Trunk and Leg Score. Find Column in Table
C.
Wrist&-S<ort Final Score
Task name: I I
Reviewer: provided by Pri1ctici1/
Ergonomics
rtJarf<er(f!Jergosmart.com
{816)"1'1'1·1667
Date: ----
111/stooftsprovided W/tllotJtwarranty. me autflor lli1S proVfdecJrl>l!i tDol i1S a Simple meansttJr apptyng thecoocepa proVldec/In RULA•
RULA Employee Assessment Worksheet base<1onRvLA:asunMymfthodfort1MinvMtiglltionofworit-re111t«1up-1imbdison1«s,NcAta111nq•eotfdt,,App1i«1£l"f10nomks1993,24(2J,91-99
B. Neck, Trunk and Leg Analy
sis
33. t:
Step 1: Locate N
.e
.c
.k
Position
Step 7: Locate Upper Arm Position:
Table A 1---..-----r-N..e
...-
ck._
..._ _,..
2
-1
3
+2
Legs 1 2 3
4
( • r
.
'
234 234
'°
"'+
]
2
~
~
,.
_.
~2
4&-90'
1
2
3
4
5
2 3 4 2343356
~
Step la: Adjust...
If neck is twisted: +l
If neck is side bending: +l
S
g
tep 2:
·
Lo
~
cate
Trunk P
.
o
.
s
~
ition
Step 2a: Adjust...
lfuunk is twisted: +I
If uunk is side bending: +I
234534564567
245645675678
356756786789
467867897899
Trunk
Posture
Score
Neck
Score
H
Step 7a: Adjust...
a
-
.,
If shoulder is raised: +I
If upper arm is abducted: +I
If arm is supported or person is leaning: -
I
Ta~ef---..--"l~O~WA-=-
•~A~rm""-----l
UpperAr
m
Score
/?.-
B 2
WMtf---r2--.-3-+-..-
2-r3-I
2 2 2 3
St~
8: ':
~
:ate~
~
L~wP
eo
r sition:
2 123234 ( ,/
.
.
100- ~
.---I--
---.I
TrunkScore
Upper3 345455
..
..
-
Arm 1---+--+---<--+--+-+--t
Lower
Arm
Score
Score f--4'--lf-4"-+-"5-+-'5'-+-"5-+-6'-+-
-l7
5 678788
6 788899
score A
(score Imm
f-------
T"'"""'a.;;;.b""'le;.._;;;C
Score B, fl•bleB-+couplingsooteJ
-
1
Step 9: Locat~ Wrist Position,:
•.•
Step 3: Legs
'1•• I
I
'1
.
able A
t
~ +1
...
~+2
".I
·~1--~~--.-~~~--.-~~~~~-1
Adjust: : } . L_e_g_Sc_ore-""" 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12
233456777
22344566778
233345677888
344456788999
444:>ti/11!19999
Wrist
Score
..
so-so-
;,
Step 9a: Adjust...
If wrist is bent from midline or twisted : Add
+I
>60
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
' Add+I Add+2 Step 10: Look-up Posture Score in Table B
Using values from steps 7-9 above, locate score in Table B
PostureS<onB
+
Cwpllng Score
Step 4: Look-up Posture Score in Table A
Using values from steps 1-3 above, locate score
in
Table A
Step 11: Add Coupling Score
Well fitting Handle and mid rang power grip, good:
+o
Acceptable but not ideal hand bold or coupling
6
7
8
g
6
7
8
g
6
7
8
g
7
8
9
10
8 8
9 9
9 9
9 10
10 10 10 10
10 11
10 11
11
11
12
12
11
11
12
12
acceptable with another body part,
Hand bold not acceptable but possible,
fair: +1
poor: +2
Step S: Add Force/Load Score
lfload < 11 lbs : +O
lfload 11 to 22 lbs: +I
lfload > 22 lbs: +2
Adjust: If shock or rapid build up of force: add +I
10 10 10 10
10 10
11
11 11 12 No bandies,awkward. unsafewith any body pan,
Unocceptah/e: +3
Step 12: Score B, Find Column in Table C
Add values from steps I 0 & 11 to obtain
Score B. Find column in Table C and match with Score A
in row from step 6 to obtain Table C Score.
10 10 10 11 11 11
12
12
12
12
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
12 12
11
11
12 12
12 12
12 12
12 12
Step 6: Score A, Find Row in Table C
Add values from steps 4 & S to obtain Score
/. Find Row in Table C.
Soort 8
+
S<onA Step 13: Activity Score
>----------------------~
Scoring:
1 = negligible risk
2 or 3 = low risk, change may be needed
+1
+1
+1
I or more body parts are held for longer than I minute (static)
Repeated small range actions (more than 4x per minute)
Action causes rapid large range changes in postures or unstable base
Table C Score~ /Activity Score
.-
--
I
-1
4 to 7 = medium risk, turther investigation, change sooo
8 to 10 = high risk, investigate and implement change
11+ = very high risk, implement change
Final REBA
Score
Task name: Date: ----I---I---
Reviewer:
------------~ providedby Practical
Ergonomics
rbarlrer@ergosmartrom (816)444--1667
---------------~
This toolis provided without warranty. The author has provided thistoolas a simplemeans for applying the concepts providedin
REBA•
REBAEmployee Assessment
Worksheet based on Technicalncte: RapidEntire Body Assessment(REBA),Hig, H<Atamney, App(ied Ergonomics31 (2000)201-205
B. Arm and Wrist Analysis
A. Neck, Trunk and Leg Analysis SCORES
41. Prinsip ergonomi
5. Kurangi gerak berlebihan (terutama gerak
repetitif): istirahat/jeda, job rotation
Kurangi kontak yang berbahaya: permukaan
licin, permukaan tajam, dll
Kurangi getaran berlebihan: sarung tangan,
bantalan, istirahat/jeda, job rotation
Pencahayaan adekuat
6.
7.
8.
42. Musik dan dekorasi
• Penggunaan musik yang tepat jenis, saat, lama,
intensitas dan sifat pekerjaan meningkatkan kegairahan
dan produktivitas.
▫ Pekerjaan repetitif, tidak perlu konsentrasi tinggi, musik
tempo sedang
Dekorasi dan tata warna memberikan kesan jarak psikis
dan suhu
•
No Warna Efek
Jarak Suhu Psikis
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Biru
Hijau
Merah
Oranye
Kuning
Sawo matang
Ungu
Jauh
Jauh
Dekat
Sangat dekat
Dekat
Sangat dekat
Sangat dekat
Sejuk
Sangat sejuk/netral
Hangat
Sangat hangat
Sangat hangat
Netral
Sejuk
Menyejukan
Menyegarkan
Sangat mengganggu
Merangsang
Merangsang
Merangsang
Agresif
