The Behavior of a Solid, Particle, or Flake Inside a Pump Stuffing Box is Highly Dependent on its Shape. http://www.mechanicalseals.net

1. THE SEALED
LIQUIDS

2. Specific Gravity
• Is a dimensionless number
• It is the ratio of a fluid’s density to that of
Water
• Water has a specific gravity of 1
• A fluid with a specific gravity of 0.5 weighs
1/2 as much as the same volume of
Water

3. Specific Heat
• The Amount ofThe Amount of HeatHeat, in number of, in number of
CaloriesCalories, that is required to raise the, that is required to raise the
Temperature of one gram of aTemperature of one gram of a LiquidLiquid
one degreeone degree CelsiusCelsius
• Specific HeatSpecific Heat is also expressed asis also expressed as
the number ofthe number of British Thermal UnitsBritish Thermal Units
(BTU’s)(BTU’s) necessary to raise thenecessary to raise the
Temperature of one pound of aTemperature of one pound of a
LiquidLiquid one degreeone degree FahrenheitFahrenheit

4. Specific Heat
• TheThe Specific HeatSpecific Heat ofof WATERWATER is oneis one
CalorieCalorie per degreeper degree CelsiusCelsius
• OneOne CalorieCalorie ofof heatheat must be suppliedmust be supplied
to a gram ofto a gram of WATERWATER to raise theto raise the
TemperatureTemperature one degreeone degree CelsiusCelsius
• TheThe Specific HeatSpecific Heat ofof WATERWATER is oneis one
BTUBTU per degreeper degree FahrenheitFahrenheit
• OneOne BTUBTU ofof HeatHeat must be supplied tomust be supplied to
a Pound ofa Pound of WATERWATER to raise theto raise the
TemperatureTemperature one degreeone degree FahrenheitFahrenheit

5. Vapor Pressure
• Is also known as the Boiling Point
• Is the Pressure Below which a liquid at
a given temperature will become a gas
• Is the Pressure Above which a gas will
become a liquid

6. Vapor Pressure
What is the VaporWhat is the Vapor
Pressure ofPressure of WATERWATER atat
Sea LevelSea Level ??
What is the VaporWhat is the Vapor
Pressure ofPressure of WATERWATER atat
Sea LevelSea Level ??
What is the Coldest
Temperature at which you can
Boil WATER?
What is the Coldest
Temperature at which you can
Boil WATER?

7. ViscosityViscosity
• VISCOSITY: Property of a FLUID that
tends to prevent it from Flowing when
subjected to an Applied Force.
• High-Viscosity Fluids Resist Flow;
Low-Viscosity Fluids Flow Easily.
• The Tenacity with which a Moving Layer
of Fluid drags adjacent Layers of Fluid
along with it Determines its Viscosity!

8. ViscosityViscosity
VISCOSITYVISCOSITY EQUALSEQUALS
LUBRICITY WHENLUBRICITY WHEN
DISCUSSING MECHANICALDISCUSSING MECHANICAL
SEALSSEALS

9. LIQUIDS CHANGINGLIQUIDS CHANGING
STATESTATE• FREEZEFREEZE
• SLUSHSLUSH
• VAPORIZING / COLLAPSINGVAPORIZING / COLLAPSING
• POLYMERIZINGPOLYMERIZING
• SHEAR SENSITIVESHEAR SENSITIVE
• THIXOTROPIC FLUIDSTHIXOTROPIC FLUIDS
• EXOTHERMIC REACTIONSEXOTHERMIC REACTIONS
• COKING / REACTING WCOKING / REACTING W
ATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERE

10. HOMOGENEOUS
LIQUIDS
• 1.1. HAVING UNIFORM COMPOSITIONHAVING UNIFORM COMPOSITION::
A Liquid having a UniformA Liquid having a Uniform
Composition.Composition.

11. LIQUID MIXTURESLIQUID MIXTURES
• 1.1. BLEND OF INGREDIENTSBLEND OF INGREDIENTS: A: A
Liquid Substance containing severalLiquid Substance containing several
ingredients combined or blendedingredients combined or blended
together.together.
• 2.2. CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY: Liquid Substance: Liquid Substance
formed without Chemical Reaction: aformed without Chemical Reaction: a
substance consisting of two or moresubstance consisting of two or more
substances that have been combinedsubstances that have been combined
without chemical bonding takingwithout chemical bonding taking
placeplace

12. LIQUIDLIQUID
COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS
• 1. CHEMISTRY: A Liquid Substance1. CHEMISTRY: A Liquid Substance
Formed by the Combination of TwoFormed by the Combination of Two
or More different Liquids +or More different Liquids +
SubstancesSubstances

13. LIQUIDS WITHLIQUIDS WITH
DISSOLVED SOLIDSDISSOLVED SOLIDS
• 1. CHEMISTRY: A Liquid Substance1. CHEMISTRY: A Liquid Substance
with One or More Solids Dissolved inwith One or More Solids Dissolved in
it.it.

14. LIQUIDS WITHLIQUIDS WITH
UN-DISSOLVED SOLIDSUN-DISSOLVED SOLIDS
• 1. CHEMISTRY: A Liquid Substance with1. CHEMISTRY: A Liquid Substance with
One or More UN-Dissolved Solids orOne or More UN-Dissolved Solids or
Particles in it.Particles in it.

15. LIQUIDS WITHLIQUIDS WITH
DISSOLVED GASSESDISSOLVED GASSES
• 1. CHEMISTRY: A Liquid Substance1. CHEMISTRY: A Liquid Substance
with One or More Dissolved Gasseswith One or More Dissolved Gasses
in it.in it.
• A Liquids Ability to Absorb a Gas isA Liquids Ability to Absorb a Gas is
Inversely Related to TemperatureInversely Related to Temperature

16. SOLIDS / PARTICLES INSOLIDS / PARTICLES IN
LIQUIDSLIQUIDS
GENERALLYGENERALLY
Specific Gravity of Particles
Specific Gravity of Liquid
• A Number >1 = Particles will DisplaceA Number >1 = Particles will Displace
Liquid Toward the Rotating ShaftLiquid Toward the Rotating Shaft
• Stated Differently Particle isStated Differently Particle is
Centrifuged Away from the ShaftCentrifuged Away from the Shaft

17. SOLIDS / PARTICLES INSOLIDS / PARTICLES IN
LIQUIDSLIQUIDS
GENERALLYGENERALLY
Specific Gravity of Particles
Specific Gravity of Liquid
• A Number <1 = Liquid will DisplaceA Number <1 = Liquid will Displace
Particles Toward the Rotating ShaftParticles Toward the Rotating Shaft
• Stated Differently Liquid isStated Differently Liquid is
Centrifuged Away from the ShaftCentrifuged Away from the Shaft

18. SOLIDS, PARTICLES, &SOLIDS, PARTICLES, &
FLAKES INFLAKES IN LIQUIDSLIQUIDS
• The Behavior of a Solid, Particle, orThe Behavior of a Solid, Particle, or
Flake Inside a Pump Stuffing Box isFlake Inside a Pump Stuffing Box is
Highly Dependent on its Shape.Highly Dependent on its Shape.
• The Solid’s Shape and FluidThe Solid’s Shape and Fluid
Turbulence Pattern Inside theTurbulence Pattern Inside the
Stuffing Box will determine itsStuffing Box will determine its
behaviorbehavior

19. • Axial flow
Driven by
rotating radial
surfaces like the
back of the seal
• Rotational
(Angular
Flow)
Developed by
shaft rotation.
Seal Cavity Flow
Components

20. Rotational Flow
• Abrasives
Driven out to the bore
• Air
Driven in to surround
the shaft

21. THE SEALED
LIQUIDS
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