the performance of safety and hirarc in hill construction

1. TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABBREVIATION .....................................................................................................................3
GLOSSARY...............................................................................................................................4
SECTION 1................................................................................................................................5
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................5
1.1 Definition ....................................................................................................................6
1.2 The Basic Fundamental Requirements in OSHA........................................................7
1.3 Legal provision............................................................................................................8
SECTION 2................................................................................................................................9
SAFETY POLICY ....................................................................................................................9
2.1 Project Safety Policy...................................................................................................9
SECTION 3..............................................................................................................................12
SAFETY RESPONSIBILITIES ............................................................................................12
3.1 Employer’s responsibilities............................................................................................12
3.2 Supervisors’ responsibilities ..........................................................................................12
3.3 Workers’ responsibilities ...............................................................................................12
3.4 Safety Officer’s responsibilities.....................................................................................12
SECTION 4..............................................................................................................................14
HAZARDS REGISTER .........................................................................................................14
4.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................14
4.2 Hazard Identification................................................................................................15
SECTION 5..............................................................................................................................18
SAFETY ASSESSMENT .......................................................................................................18
5.1 Objective ...................................................................................................................18
5.2 The Safety Assessment Process ................................................................................19

2. 5.3 Critical hazard ...........................................................................................................22
SECTION 6..............................................................................................................................26
RISKS CONTROL .................................................................................................................26
6.0 Introduction...............................................................................................................26
6.1 Objective of Risk Control ........................................................................................27
6.2 Preventive and Corrective Action .............................................................................28
SECTION 7..............................................................................................................................30
SAFETY PERFORMANCE MONITORING......................................................................30
7.1 Objective ...................................................................................................................30
7.2 Safety performance monitoring and shall include the following: .............................30
7.3 Safety Performance Monitoring Procedure ...............................................................31
SECTION 8..............................................................................................................................32
SAFETY INVESTIGATION .................................................................................................32
8.1 Objective of Safety Investigation..............................................................................32
8.2 What is required? ......................................................................................................33
8.3 Incident Investigation Procedures .............................................................................33
SECTION 9..............................................................................................................................36
SAFETY AUDIT.....................................................................................................................36
9.1 Objective ...................................................................................................................36
9.2 Who is responsible ....................................................................................................36
9.3 The internal/external audit process ...........................................................................37
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................40
APPENDIX

3. ABBREVIATION
OSHA Federal Occupational Safety and Health
Administration
DOSH Department of Occupational Safety and
Health
HIRARC Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and
Risk Control
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
L Likelihood
S Severity

4. GLOSSARY
Contractor: A person who has entered into a contract for the purpose of carrying out any
building operations or work of engineering construction
Site Safety Supervisor: A site safety supervisor appointed under regulations 25, Building
Operations And Works Of Engineering Construction (Safety) Regulations, 1986
Factories And Machinery Act 1967 (Act 139): Act to provide for the control of factories
with respect to matters relating to the safety, health and welfare of persons therein, the
registration and inspection of machinery and for matters connected therewith
Occupational Safety And Health Act 1994 (Act 514): An Act that provides the legislative
framework to secure the safety, health and welfare among all Malaysian workforces and to
protect others against risks to safety or health in relation with the activities of persons at work

5. SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The building operations and works of engineering construction industries in Malaysia
have made tremendous progress in recent years and the increase in their activities have
affected the general public’s safety and health. Construction sites create a risk not only for the
construction worker, but also for the public who move around the site or who may live
adjoins them. Examples of the hazards created are:-
 Changes to the surface level;
 Excavations, holes and trenches;
 Falling material and debris;
 Plant and equipment;
 Dust, vapours or other hazardous substances;
 Noise;
 Vibration; and
 Movement of vehicular traffic
The general public must be protected from the hazards associated with construction
work that may be carried out in a public area or adjacent to such area. The Department of
Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) and other government agencies have regulations
that lay down the legal requirements to ensure the safety and health of not only the workers at
the place of work but also the public as well. This guideline applies to all place of work in
building operation and work of engineering construction activity in Malaysia covered by the
Occupational Safety And Health Act 1994 (Act 514), the Factories And Machinery Act 1967
(Act 139), and all the regulations made there under. It is designed to serve as a handy
reference and to be read together with the above mentioned legislations and other industry
codes of practice.

6. 1.1 Definition
In general, coverage of the OSH Act extends to all employers and their employees in the 50
states, including Malaysia, and all other territories under federal government jurisdiction.
Coverage is provided either directly by the Federal Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) or through an OSHA-approved state occupational safety and health
program, in states that have approved programs.
Definition of an "employer"
As defined by the OSH Act, an employer is any "person engaged in a business affecting
commerce who has employees, but does not include the Malaysia or any state or political
subdivision of a State." Therefore, the OSH Act applies to employers and employees in such
varied fields as manufacturing, construction, long shoring, agriculture, law and medicine,
charity and disaster relief, organized labor and private education[2]. Such coverage includes
religious groups to the extent that they employ workers for secular purposes.
Developer means any person, body of persons, company, firm or society who or which
engages in or carries on or undertakes the business of developing or providing monies for
development or purchasing or partly developing and providing monies for purchasing
buildings(Section 3, Street, Drainage, And Building Act 1974 (Act 133)).
Contractor means a person who has entered into a contract for the purpose of carrying out
any building operations or work of engineering construction.
Safety and Health Officer means a person who registered under provision of regulation
6(1), Occupational Safety and Health (Safety and Health Officer) Regulations 1997;
Site Safety Supervisor means a site safety supervisor appointed under regulations 25,
Building Operations And Works Of Engineering Construction (Safety) Regulations, 1986;

7. The following are not covered by the OSH Act:
i. Self-employed persons;
ii. Farms at which only immediate members of the farmer's family are employed;
iii. Working conditions regulated by other federal agencies under other federal statutes.
This category includes most employment in mining, nuclear energy and nuclear
weapons manufacture, and many segments of the transportation industries;
iv. Employees of State and local governments (unless they are in one of the States with
OSHA-approved safety and health programs).
Other federal agencies are sometimes authorized to regulate safety and health working
conditions in a particular industry; if they do not do so in specific areas, then OSHA
requirements apply.
1.2 The Basic Fundamental Requirements in OSHA
The OSH Act assigns to OSHA two principal functions: setting standards and
conducting workplace inspections to ensure that employers are complying with the standards
and providing a safe and healthful workplace. OSHA standards may require that employers
adopt certain practices, means, methods or processes reasonably necessary to protect workers
on the job. It is the responsibility of employers to become familiar with standards applicable
to their establishments, to eliminate hazardous conditions to the extent possible, and to
comply with the standards. Compliance may include ensuring that employees have and use
personal protective equipment when required for safety or health. Employees must comply
with all rules and regulations that are applicable to their own actions and conduct[3].
Even in areas where OSHA has not promulgated a standard addressing a specific
hazard, employers are responsible for complying with the OSH Act's "general duty" clause.
The general duty clause of the OSH Act [Section 5(a)(1)] states that each employer "shall
furnish that means a place of employment which is free from recognized hazards that are
causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees."
States with OSHA-approved job safety and health programs must set standards that
are at least as effective as the equivalent federal standard. Most of the state-plan states adopt

8. standards identical to the federal ones including Malaysia that have plans which cover both
public and government sector employees[4].
1.3 Legal provision
Subjected to section 17(1) under Occupational Safety And Health Act 1994, it shall be the
duty of employer and every self-employed person to conduct his undertaking in such a
manner as to ensure, so far as is practicable, that he and the other persons, not being his
employees, who may be affected thereby are not thereby exposed to risks to their safety or
health.
Subjected to section 17(2) under Occupational Safety And Health Act 1994, it shall be the
duty of employer and every self-employed person, in the prescribed circumstances and in the
prescribed manner, to give to persons, not being his employees, who may be affected by the
manner in which he conducts his undertaking, the prescribed information on such aspects of
the manner in which he conducts his undertaking as might affect their safety or health.

9. SECTION 2
SAFETY POLICY
2.1 Project Safety Policy
It is our intent to demonstrate an on going and determined commitment to improving health
and safety at work throughout our organisation.
We will ensure the health and safety at work of all our people and any other people who may
be affected by our work activities. We will comply with the requirements of health and safety
legislation.
We will lead industry by promoting best practice and exceeding the guidance of the Health
and Safety Executive and other regulatory bodies.
This policy reflects our commitment to ensuring that health and safety at work is paramount
to the business, and that effective health and safety actively contributes to our success.
It is our aim to prevent accidents and cases of work-related ill health, as well as to provide
adequate control of health and safety risks arising from work activities. We will achieve this
by undertaking relevant risk assessments and ensuring action required to remove/control risks
will be carried out. We will check that the implemented actions have removed/reduced the
risks and will report the findings of the risk assessments to all relevant employees. We will
review assessments annually or when the work activity changes, whichever is soonest. The
individuals identified in this policy have been allocated specific responsibilities.
i. Implement emergency procedures in case of fire or other significant incidents.
 Ensure that emergency plans are developed and brought to the attention of all
staff and non-staff members who access the premises.
 Ensure a fire risk assessment is carried out.
 Ensure that all staff members are trained in fire safety.
 Ensure that those with delegated roles are adequately trained.
 Ensure that emergency plans are tested and improved when required.

10. ii. Engage and consult with employees on day-to-day health and safety conditions and
provide advice and supervision on occupational health.
 Consult with employees regularly.
 Ensure all employees are aware to raise any health and safety concerns they
have with their manager.
 In addition to raising concerns directly with managers, all staff members have
the opportunity to do so at meetings.
 Ensure all managers consult their team on safety issues.
iii. Provide and maintain plant, equipment and machinery.
 Ensure that all new plant and equipment complies with relevant health and
safety standards before it is purchased and that it is fit for purpose.
 Ensure that a robust inspection and maintenance programme is developed and
implemented.
 Ensure that, as part of their training, staff are instructed in how to use,
maintain and inspect equipment for faults, to never use faulty equipment and
to report faults to management immediately.
iv. Maintain safe and healthy working conditions.
 Ensure that regular inspections of the workplace are carried out, issues and
concerns are recorded and appropriate action is taken by management.
 Ensure that all reported workplace incidents are investigated and appropriate
action is taken to address causes.
 Ensure that incident and absence data are monitored and reviewed, and action
is taken when appropriate.
v. Provide appropriate occupational health support.
 Following the application of the risk assessment process, ensure that
appropriate occupational health surveillance, health assessments and pre-
employment screening is provided.

11. vi. Ensure safe storage/use of substances.
 Ensure before purchasing any substances that the least hazardous substance is
selected and that it can be stored and used safely.
 Carry out a thorough risk assessment and decide how to prevent harm to
health.
 Inform staff of the findings.
 Implement and maintain control measures.
 Provide information, instruction and training for staff and others.
 Provide monitoring and health surveillance in appropriate cases.
 Plan for emergencies.

12. SECTION 3
SAFETY RESPONSIBILITIES
This section will shows the commitment of our team member towards safety and health that
aims to remove or reduce the risks to the health, safety and welfare of all workers,
contractors, visitors, and anyone else who may be affected by our business operations as well
as to ensure all work activities are done safely.
3.1 Employer’s responsibilities
Employer responsibility includes providing a safe working environment to the workers.
Besides, they should probably manage a safe system of work in order to prevent any
dangerous act. Next, an employer should aware that plant and substances are in a safe
condition as well as facilities for the welfare of all workers. Last but not least, any
information, instruction, training and supervision needed should also be provided by an
employer to make sure that all workers are safe from injury and risks to their health.
3.2 Supervisors’ responsibilities
Supervisors play an important part in creating and maintaining safe and healthful work
practices, policies, and procedures. It is the supervisor’s responsibility to identify potential
hazards, identify methods to control or eliminate the hazards, ensure employees engage in
safe and healthful work practices, and ensure employees receive safety and health training to
do their work.
3.3 Workers’ responsibilities
Each worker must aware of their own personal health and safety, and that of others in the
workplace. Besides, they must be complied with any reasonable directions such as following
the safe-working procedures, wearing personal protective equipment given by management
for health and safety.
3.4 Safety Officer’s responsibilities
A safety officer should be responsible to advise the employer on measures to be taken in
interest of OSH in the workplace as well as inspecting the workplace for harmful hazards.
Besides, they should also conduct an investigation on any incidents, accidents, occupational
diseases or poisonings, organize and implement OSH programs at the workplace. Next, as a

13. safety officer, they must act as secretary of the Safety and Health Committee which means
collecting, analyzing and maintaining OSH records. Last but not least, their responsibilities
also includes, assisting any officer discharging his duties under OSHA 1997 and the
regulations and executing other instructions from the employer pertaining to OSH at the
workplace.

14. SECTION 4
HAZARDS REGISTER
4.1 Introduction
Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC)
When planning method of work, a suitable and sufficient assessment should be carried out
and recorded. Method, materials, and equipment should be selected to remove or minimize
risk from work. Employers are responsible to carry out the risk assessment. This section will
discuss about the hazard identification and followed by risk assessment and risk control that
need to apply and carry out to reduce the hazard that occur.
The principles of risk assessment listed below should be adhered to when determining
methods and sequences of work:
a) Identification of the hazards involved with the proposed work;
b) Assessment of the risk (likelihood and severity) of any potential harm arising;
c) Removal of risks, possibly by changing the proposed methods or processes;
d) Control of remaining risks;
e) Review, and if appropriate, update.
Hazard means a source or a situation with a potential for harm in terms of human injury or ill
health, damage to property, damage to the environment or a combination of these.
Hazard control means the process of implementing measures to reduce the risk associated
with a hazard.
Hazard identification means the identification of undesired events that lead to the
materialisation of the hazard and the mechanism by which those undesired events could
occur.
Risk means a combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event with
specified period or in specified circumstances and the severity of injury or damage to the
health of people, property, environment or any combination of these caused by the event.

15. Risk assessment means the process of evaluating the risks to safety and health arising from
hazards at work.
Risk management means the total procedure associated with identifying a hazard, assessing
the risk, putting in place control measures, and reviewing the outcomes.
4.2 Hazard Identification
The purpose of hazard identification is to highlight the critical operations of tasks, that is,
those tasks posing significant risks to the health and safety of employees as well as
highlighting those hazards pertaining to certain equipment due to energy sources, working
conditions or activities performed. Hazards can be divided into three main groups, health
hazards, safety hazards, and environmental hazards.
 Health hazards
An occupational health hazard is any agent that can cause illness to an individual. A
health hazard may produce serious and immediate (acute) affects, or may cause long-
term (chronic) problems. All or part of the body may be affected. Someone with an
occupational illness may not recognize the symptoms immediately. For example,
noise-induced hearing loss is often difficult for the affected individual to detect until it
is well advanced. Health hazards include chemicals (such as battery acid and
solvents), biological hazards (such as bacteria, viruses, dusts and molds), physical
agents (energy sources strong enough to harm the body, such as electric currents, heat,
light, vibration, noise and radiation) and work design (ergonomic) hazards.
 Safety hazards
A safety hazard is any force strong enough to cause injury, or damage to property. An
injury caused by a safety hazard is usually obvious. For example, a worker may be
badly cut. Safety hazards cause harm when workplace controls are not adequate.
 Environmental hazards
An environmental hazard is a release to the environment that may cause harm or
deleterious effects. An environmental release may not be obvious. For example, a

16. worker who drains a glycol system and releases the liquid to a storm sewer may not
be aware, of the effect on the environment. Environmental hazards cause harm when
controls and work procedures are not followed.
Hazard identification technique
The employer shall develop a hazard identification and assessment methodology taking into
account the following documents and information –
a) any hazardous occurrence investigation reports;
b) first aid records and minor injury records;
c) work place health protection programs;
d) any results of work place inspections;
e) any employee complaints and comments;
f) any government or employer reports, studies and tests concerning the health and
safety of employees;
g) any reports made under the regulation of Occupational Safety and Health Act,1994
h) the record of hazardous substances; and
i) any other relevant information.
Based on the location that project has been run, there are many possibility of hazard that
could occur in this project. Our project is the hill system with hill resort (highest point 833 m
above sea level) about 6 km from city centre of Georgetown. Bukit Bendera or Penang Hill is
735m above sea level. Hence, the general potential hazards that may exist due to the activities
in this project are such as below:
Table 1: List of The Hazard Identification
No. Activities Hazard Cause and Effect
1. Site Clearing
Excavation work
Piling
Earthquake and
landslide hazard.
-These two hazards should be
considered that possibility will occur
according the location and condition
the construction project and may be
the critical hazard.

17. 2 Falling and Moving
Objects
Caught-in-
Between Hazards
-This hazard can cause death that
from cave-in when occur with no
warning. The potential are from
collapsed trences include falls,
electrocution and object that fall.
3 Work at Height Place
(Using Scaffolds)
Fall of person -Person or workers fall from the top
of high place at the high hill.
-The design of scaffolds does not
design properly and has a problem
that can danger and unsafe to the
workers and people.
-The safety net does not wear while
the building or construction in
working or running that can give the
probability of accident can happen.
4. Manual Handling of Tools
(Electricity)
Electrical hazard -The shock of electrical unexpected to
the person (lightening hazard)
-The hazard of the circuits when the
electrical burns or death can occur,
these is because has the contact with
the live circuit if the power supply is
not grounded or the path to ground
has been broken
5. Chipping, grinding,
sawing, hammering and
others.
Struck-by Hazard -This is the accident that can occur
suddenly and unexpected the situation
of hazard can occur if either there are
from flying object such as from
activities
-Other than that, it may from the
activities that can be falling object
incident such as working under cranes
or scaffolds

18. SECTION 5
SAFETY ASSESSMENT
A safety assessment is the systematic collection of information on threatening family
conditions and current, significant, and clearly observable threats to the safety of the child or
youth. The purpose is to determine the degree to which a child or youth is likely to suffer
maltreatment in the immediate future.
The purpose of a safety assessment is to help operators of major hazard facilities
understand all aspects of the risks to health and safety associated with potential major
incidents. It demonstrates how those risks will be reduced so far as is reasonably practicable.
Any deficiency in the safety assessment process may make it difficult to demonstrate that
controls are adequate and that risk has been reduced so far as is reasonably practicable.
A safety assessment generally follows the hazard identification process although some
duplication between the two processes may be necessary. Hazard identification determines
the hazards and causes of major incidents and starts to identify the range of controls that
provide protection against a major incident occurring. Knowledge of hazards and their
implications is necessary for the safety assessment but only worthwhile if it informs and
improves decision making and seeks to reduce risk so far as is reasonably practicable.
A systematic safety assessment employs a logical, transparent and repeatable process.
This enables you as the operator to compare the range of incidents and identify which are the
key contributors to the overall risk profile of the major hazard facilities.
5.1 Objective
i. To provide a comprehensive evaluation of the safety risks being assumed prior to test
or operation of the system or at contract completion.
ii. To identify all safety features of the hardware and system design and procedural
hazards that may be present in the system being acquired. It should include, specific
procedural controls and precautions that should be followed.

19. 5.2 The Safety Assessment Process
Risk assessment
Risk can be presented in variety of ways to communicate the results of analysis to make
decision on risk control. For risk analysis that uses likelihood and severity in qualitative
method, presenting result in a risk matrix is a very effective way of communicating the
distribution of the risk throughout a plant and area in a workplace.
Risk can be calculated using the following formula:
L x S = Relative Risk
L = Likelihood
S = Severity
Severity of hazard
Severity can be divided into five categories. Severity are based upon an increasing level of
severity to an individual’s health, the environment, or to property. Table 2 indicates severity
by using the following table:
Table 2: The Severity
SEVERITY (S) EXAMPLE RATING
Catastrophic Numerous fatalities, irrecoverable property
damage and productivity
5
Fatal Approximately one single fatality major
property damage if hazard is realized
4
Serious Non-fatal injury, permanent disability 3
Minor Disabling but not permanent injury 2
Negligible Minor abrasions, bruises, cuts, first aid
type injury
1

20. Likelihood of an occurrence
This value is based on the likelihood of an event occurring. You may ask the question “How
many times has this event happened in the past?” Assessing likelihood is based worker
experience, analysis or measurement. Likelihood levels range from “most likely” to
“inconceivable.”
Table 3: The Likelihood
LIKELIHOOD (L) EXAMPLE RATING
Most likely The most likely result of the hazard / event being
realized
5
Possible Has a good chance of occurring and is not unusual 4
Conceivable Might be occur at some time in future 3
Remote Has not been known to occur after many years 2
Inconceivable Is practically impossible and has never occurred 1
Table 4 summarises the steps to take when conducting one type of safety assessment and
describes some matters to consider when undertaking each step.
Table 4: Steps of the safety assessment process
STEP CONSIDER
Prepare facility
description to
establish context
 Establish scope: whole or part of facility, include routine and no
routine activities, on and off-site hazards.
 Linkages between the facility description and hazard
identification.
Gather input
data/documentation
 Facility design limits/standards.
 Incident reports from facility or similar facilities.
 Up-to-date facility drawings, plans and maps.
 Existing studies (eg: fire studies, hazard studies, mechanical
integrity studies and consequence modelling).
 Data on specified hazardous substances/hazardous substances,
safety properties, quantities, locations, SDS.
 Current plant condition, maintenance history.

21. Select hazard
identification
technique
 Appropriateness of hazard identification techniques (eg:
quantitative or qualitative).
Establish required
hazard
identification team
and competency
 Composition of the hazard identification team, workforce
engagement and participation.
 Competence and expertise of the hazard identification team.
 Competency and independence of the facilitator.
Determine hazard
identification
timing
 • Appropriateness of hazard identification timing.
 Sufficient time allocation for hazard identification.
 Availability of team members.
Conduct hazard
identification
process (see Figure
2)
 Presentation tools, format of meetings, worker involvement.
 Method of documenting the safety assessment.
Hazard
identification
documentation
 Capturing of all hazard identification actions.
 Justification and documentation of discarded hazard identification
scenarios.
 Activities and decisions are traceable and reproducible.
 Documentation and recording process of the sessions (for audit
purposes)
Track remedial
actions
 Method for tracking and closure of remedial actions and
committed further actions.
Update hazard
register
 Compilation of hazard identification findings into a register
Monitor and review  Revise safety assessment as necessary, for example, if there are
changes to the facility, process or new controls identified.

22. 22
5.3 Critical hazard
1. Earthquake hazard
Earthquake is a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great
destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.
Earthquakes really pose little direct danger to a person. People can't be shaken to
death by an earthquake. There are three types of earthquake hazard that may exist
in this project which are the effect of ground shaking, ground displacement and
fire.
 The Effect of Ground Shaking
The first main earthquake hazard (danger) is the effect of ground shaking. Buildings
can be damaged by the shaking itself or by the ground beneath them settling to a
different level than it was before the earthquake (subsidence).
 Ground Displacement
The second main earthquake hazard is ground displacement (ground movement) along
a fault. If a structure (a building, road, etc.) is built across a fault, the ground
displacement during an earthquake could seriously damage or rip apart that structure
 Fire
The third main earthquake hazard is fire. These fires can be started by broken gas lines
and power lines, or tipped over wood or coal stoves. They can be a serious problem,
especially if the water lines that feed the fire hydrants are broken, too.
Most of the hazards to people come from man-made structures themselves and the
shaking they receive from the earthquake. The real dangers to people are being
crushed in a collapsing building, getting buried under a landslide, or being burned in a
fire.

23. 23
2. Landslide hazard
A landslide is the movement of rock, debris or earth down a slope. They result
from the failure of the materials which make up the hill slope and are driven by the
force of gravity. Landslides are known also as landslips, slumps or slope failure.
Landslides happen at any time when the plate tectonics move the soil that covers
those moves with it. When earthquakes occur on areas with steep slopes, many
times the soil slips causing landslides.
3. Fall hazard
Falls are the leading cause of construction fatalities during construction occur.
Employers should assess their workplace hazards, evaluate the type of work
performed and its duration, and establish a fall protection policy and train workers
on how to select, set up and work with fall protection and fall arrest systems. There
are four types of fall hazard which are edges, unsafe covers, scaffolds, steel
erectors, connectors and decker and protruding rebar.
 Unsafe Covers -Covers over openings must be properly marked, positively
affixed and able to support twice the intended load.
 Scaffolds-Scaffolds should be designed and inspected by a qualified person
before each shift. They should also be positioned 10 feet from power lines,
support four times the intended load and have toe boards and guardrails.
 Steel Erectors, Connectors and Deckers -fall protection is required for
steel erection workers when working on an unprotected side or edge more
than 15 feet high. It is also required for connectors when working two
stories or 30 feet above a lower level.
4. Struck-by Hazards
Struck-by hazards are the second leading cause of construction fatalities during
construction. Approximately 75 % of struck-by fatalities involve heavy equipment,
and one in four struck-by-vehicle deaths involve construction workers. There are
three types of struck-by hazard that exist such as vehicle and roadway hazard,
falling objects and flying objects.

24. 24
 Vehicle and Roadway Hazards -Most deaths for highway workers occur
when they are struck by construction equipment.
 Falling Objects -Workers can be struck by falling objects when working
under cranes or scaffolds, near loose or shifting materials and when a
rigging failure occurs.
 Flying Objects -Tools can create particles when chipping, grinding,
sawing or hammering. Particles from some tools, such as pneumatic and
powder-actuated tools, move at high speeds and can hit with the force of a
bullet. Train workers to wear eye protection, inspect tools and use power
tools properly.
5. Electrical Hazards
Electrical hazards, the third leading cause of construction fatalities during
construction, account for 12 % of deaths for younger workers. There are four types
of electrical hazard which are power lines, contact with live circuits, poorly
maintained power cords and proper use of power tools.
 Power Lines -Contact with power lines can cause electrocution, burns, and
falls from elevations, explosions and fire. Working on or near cranes,
ladders, scaffolding, backhoes, scissor lifts, aerial lifts and dump trucks
increases the risk of exposure to power lines.
 Contact With Live Circuits -If the power supply is not grounded or the
path to ground has been broken, live current may travel through a worker’s
body causing electrical burns or death.
 Poorly Maintained Power Cords -Workers should inspect all power cords
and remove frayed or damaged cords from service until they can be
repaired or replaced.
 Proper Use of Power Tools –Workers should keep cords away from
water, heat, oil and sharp edges, disconnect tools when not in use, before
servicing and when changing parts, use double-insulated tools and stop
using any power tool that is wet, overheating, smoking, starting to smell or
causing you to feel a tingle or shock.

25. 25
6. Caught-in-Between Hazards
Caught-in-between deaths represent 5% of construction fatalities during
construction. Trenches is one of the types of this hazard.
 Trenches-Most deaths from cave-ins occur in trenches 5 to 15 feet deep.
Cave-ins happen suddenly with no warning. Other potential risks from
collapsed trenches include falls, electrocution and falling objects.
 Employers can ensure safer trenches by designating a qualified, competent
person before a trench is opened and training workers on protecting
themselves.
(The complete HIRARC table for risk assessment at Table 6 in Appendix)

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SECTION 6
RISKS CONTROL
6.0 Introduction
Definition: Control is the elimination or inactivation of a hazard in a manner such that the
hazard does not pose a risk to workers who have to enter into an area or work on equipment in
the course of scheduled work.
Hazards should be controlled at their source (where the problem is created). The closer a
control to the source of the hazard is the better. This method is often referred to as applying
engineering controls. If this does not work, hazards can often be controlled along the path to
the worker, between the source and the worker. This method can be referred to as applying
administrative controls. If this is not possible, hazards must be controlled at the level of the
worker through the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), although this is the least
desirable control.
6.1 Types of Control
At the source of the hazard
a) Elimination - Getting rid of a hazardous job, tool, process, machine or substance is
perhaps the best way of protecting workers.
b) Substitution - Sometimes doing the same work in a less hazardous way is possible
c) Engineering control
 Redesign - Jobs and processes can be reworked to make them safer.
 Isolation - If a hazard cannot be eliminated or replaced, it can sometimes be
isolated, contained or otherwise kept away from workers.
 Automation - Dangerous processes can be automated or mechanized.
 Barriers - A hazard can be blocked before it reaches workers. For example,
special curtains can prevent eye injuries from welding arc radiation. Proper
equipment guarding will protect workers from con tacting moving parts.

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 Absorption - Baffles can block or absorb noise. Lockout systems can isolate
energy sources during repair and maintenance. Usually, the further a control
keeps a hazard away from workers, the more effective it is.
 Dilution - Some hazards can be diluted or dissipated.
d) Administrative controls
 Safe work procedures - Workers can be required to use standardized safety
practices. The employer is expected to ensure that workers follow these
practices. Work procedures must be periodically reviewed with workers and
updated.
 Supervision and training – Initial training on safe work procedures and
refresher training should be offered. Appropriate supervision to assist workers
in identifying possible hazards and evaluating work procedures.
 Job rotations and other procedures can reduce the time that workers are
exposed to a hazard.
 Housekeeping, repair and maintenance programs
e) Personal protective equipment
Personal protective equipment (PPE) and clothing is used when other controls
measures are not feasible and where additional protection is needed. Workers must be
trained to use and maintain equipment properly. The employer and workers must
understand the limitations of the personal protective equipment. The employer is
expected to require workers to use their equipment whenever it is needed. Care must
be taken to ensure that equipment is working properly. Otherwise, PPE may endanger
a workers health by providing an illusion of protection
6.1 Objective of Risk Control
There are a few objectives why the risk control should to carry out:
 To evaluating and selecting short and long term controls;
 To implementing short-term measures to protect workers until permanent controls
can be put in place; and
 To implementing long term controls when reasonably practicable.

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For example, suppose a noise hazard is identified. Short-term controls might require workers
to use hearing protection. Long term, permanent controls might remove or isolate the noise
source.
(The complete HIRARC table for risk control at Table 6 in Appendix)
6.2 Preventive and Corrective Action
i. Falling / Moving Objects
Construction sites are busy places and often involve a variety of trades working
closely together to both demolish and develop. Considering this fact, it is no surprise
that falling and moving objects are a major hazard on site, as the project team work
throughout the site to get the project completed. Carefully planning lifting operations,
exclusion zones below overhead work, ensuring communication between the various
trades on site and always wearing appropriate PPE on site will help to protect you
from falling and moving objects. There is some good news, you are less likely to be
killed being struck by a moving vehicle in construction, than in other industries as this
hazard accounts for 16% of fatal injuries across all industries, compared to
constructions reported 4%. Good traffic management on site is crucial in keeping this
figure low.
ii. Electricity
Before starting work, identify the location electrical services, and make sure electrical
work is only undertaken by a qualified and competent electrician. When you are
working near to electrical wiring or equipment, the electrical supply should be turned
off. Again, a competent person will need to carry out any work to electrical systems to
ensure that the circuit is no longer live and it is safe for work to proceed.
Electrical tools used on site should only be 110v to reduce the risk, with regular
inspections and any faulty equipment or leads taken out of use for replacement or
repair. Don’t forget about underground and overhead services. Before excavating
make sure any electrical or other services are identified and marked on site, isolated or
disconnected as required if there is a risk of contact. Overhead power cables should

29. 29
also be identified and precautions such as barriers, height restrictions of plant,
isolation or re-routing taken as required.
iii. Handling Loads
Regardless of what part of the construction process you are involved with, if you are
building something or knocking it down, you need to move materials and equipment
to get the job done.
First and foremost, eliminate manual handling where possible and use mechanical
means instead, particularly with heavy and bulky loads. Reduce the strain by using
team lifts when mechanical means are not practical. And finally, know your limits and
practice safe lifting. If something is beyond your capabilities to lift safely, get help.
After all, pride comes before a fall or should that be under the first item on our list!
iv. Work at Height
Major work at height, on roofs and buildings under construction, can be extremely
hazardous if not carefully planned. Roofs and doors under construction, fragile roof
materials such as roof lights or damaged roof sheets, add the risk of falls through the
roof structure, along with the obvious risk of falls from the roof edge.
Think carefully about your access equipment. A step ladder is one for changing a light
bulb, but not for plastering a ceiling. Even minor falls from low heights can be fatal.
Scaffolds need to be correctly installed by a trained a competent team and formally
inspected every 7 days. Don’t forget, as with any external work, the weather can pay a
huge part in increasing the risk, and work at height should not be carried out in windy,
icy or very wet conditions.
v. Landslide
Based on the finding of the landslide survey, relating to the characteristics and
locations of landslide movements as well as distribution and level of groundwater
landslide prevention and control works are implemented to stop or slow the landslide
movement or to avoid landslide in order to prevent any damage and incident.
There are a few prevention action that can carry out during the construction work
which is build the barriers or support structures. For example placing the heavy
counterweight at the toe of the landslide or building piling works.

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SECTION 7
SAFETY PERFORMANCE MONITORING
7.1 Objective
There are a three of objectives of safety performance monitoring that can stated, which is:
a) Monitor and evaluate progress of each workers
b) Take corrective actions or make changes if there are possible mistakes or actions that
might cause hazard
c) Make performance review and evaluation
7.2 Safety performance monitoring and shall include the following:
1. Hazard reporting systems
Hazard Reporting System is an effective implementation upon a working system to
prevent accidents. The objective is to identify and eliminate or mitigate workplace
hazards and to prevent the occurrence of unsafe incidents.
2. Safety Audits
Safety audit is a structured process whereby information is collected relating to the
efficiency, effectiveness, and reliability of the total health and safety management
system of a company.
3. Safety Surveys
A safety survey is an organization's internal systematic evaluation to check safe
operations and practices are in place in workplaces and facilities.
4. Safety Reviews
A safety review was perhaps the very first hazard analysis procedure developed. It is
commonly used to identify safety problems in laboratory and process areas and to
develop solutions.

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5. Safety Studies
Safety Studies are used to identify the effectiveness of actions taken or the need to
improving it in order to reduce hazard. Besides, it also used to analyse an accident
data, or the history and progress of safety improvements
6. Internal Safety Investigations
Internal safety investigation is a detailed study of the facts and circumstances
surrounding an event, incident or accident. For the purposes of this explanation,
events, incidents and accidents will be referred to as "events".
7.3 Safety Performance Monitoring Procedure
i. Identification of indicators to be monitored
The scope of monitoring should cover operational, technical and organisational
(safety management) aspects. Safety indicators can be quantitative or qualitative,
leading (proactive) or lagging (reactive).
ii. Collation of the information for safety monitoring
There should be a systematic collation and evaluation of results from all safety
monitoring activities to ensure that interrelationships can be detected.
iii. Analysis of indicators
The evolution of the indicators should be analysed, trends and related causes and
influencing factors established.
iv. Application of corrective action process
Corrective actions should be determined, taken and followed up wherever the
monitoring shows that an element is approaching a point which may affect safety
to an unacceptable extent; coordination with relevant units/organisations should
take place wherever necessary; the indicators and their evolution should be
documented as well as actions taken and their results.

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SECTION 8
SAFETY INVESTIGATION
8.1 Objective of Safety Investigation
The term "accident" can be defined as an unplanned event that interrupts the completion of an
activity, and that may (or may not) include injury or property damage.
An incident usually refers to an unexpected event that did not cause injury or damage this
time but had the potential. "Near miss" or "dangerous occurrence" are also terms for an event
that could have caused harm but did not.
The term incident is used in some situations and jurisdictions to cover both an "accident" and
"incident". It is argued that the word "accident" implies that the event was related to fate or
chance. When the root cause is determined, it is usually found that many events were
predictable and could have been prevented if the right actions were taken -- making the event
not one of fate or chance (thus, the word incident is used). For simplicity, we will use the term
accident to mean all of the above events.
The information that follows is intended to be a general guide for supervisors or joint
occupational health and safety committee members. When accidents are investigated, the
emphasis should be concentrated on finding the root cause of the accident rather than the
investigation procedure itself so you can prevent it from happening again. The purpose is to
find facts that can lead to actions, not to find fault. Always look for deeper causes. Do not
simply record the steps of the event.
Objectives to investigate a workplace accident include:
 Most importantly, to find out the cause of accidents and to prevent similar accidents in
the future
 To fulfil any legal requirements
 To determine the cost of an accident
 To determine compliance with applicable safety regulations
 To process workers' compensation claims

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Incidents that involve no injury or property damage should still be investigated to determine
the hazards that should be corrected. The same principles apply to a quick inquiry of a minor
incident and to the more formal investigation of a serious event.
8.2 What is required?
Accident Causation Models
Many models of accident causation have been proposed, ranging from Heinrich's domino
theory to the sophisticated Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT).
The simple model shown in Figure 1 attempts to illustrate that the causes of any accident can
be grouped into five categories - task, material, environment, personnel, and management.
When this model is used, possible causes in each category should be investigated.
Each category is examined more closely below. Remember that these are sample questions
only: no attempt has been made to develop a comprehensive checklist.
8.3 Incident Investigation Procedures
Task
Here the actual work procedure being used at the time of the accident is explored. Members of
the accident investigation team will look for answers to questions such as:
i. Was a safe work procedure used?
ii. Had conditions changed to make the normal procedure unsafe?
iii. Were the appropriate tools and materials available?
iv. Were they used?
v. Were safety devices working properly?
vi. Was lockout used when necessary?
For most of these questions, an important follow-up question is "If not, why not?"

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Material
To seek out possible causes resulting from the equipment and materials used, investigators
might ask:
i. Was there an equipment failure?
ii. What caused it to fail?
iii. Was the machinery poorly designed?
iv. Were hazardous substances involved?
v. Were they clearly identified?
vi. Was a less hazardous alternative substance possible and available?
vii. Was the raw material substandard in some way?
viii. Should personal protective equipment (PPE) have been used?
ix. Was the PPE used?
x. Were users of PPE properly trained?
Again, each time the answer reveals an unsafe condition, the investigator must ask why this
situation was allowed to exist.
Environment
The physical environment especially sudden changes to that environment, are factors that
need to be identified. The situation at the time of the accident is what is important, not what
the "usual" conditions were. For example, accident investigators may want to know:
i. What were the weather conditions?
ii. Was poor housekeeping a problem?
iii. Was it too hot or too cold?
iv. Was noise a problem?
v. Was there adequate light?
vi. Were toxic or hazardous gases, dusts, or fumes present?
Personnel
The physical and mental condition of those individuals directly involved in the event must be
explored. The purpose for investigating the accident is not to establish blame against someone
but the inquiry will not be complete unless personal characteristics are considered. Some
factors will remain essentially constant while others may vary from day to day:

35. 35
i. Were workers experienced in the work being done?
ii. Had they been adequately trained?
iii. Can they physically do the work?
iv. What was the status of their health?
v. Were they tired?
vi. Were they under stress (work or personal)?
Management
Management holds the legal responsibility for the safety of the workplace and therefore the
role of supervisors and higher management and the role or presence of management systems
must always be considered in an accident investigation. Failures of management systems are
often found to be direct or indirect factors in accidents. Ask questions such as:
i. Were safety rules communicated to and understood by all employees?
ii. Were written procedures and orientation available?
iii. Were they being enforced?
iv. Was there adequate supervision?
v. Were workers trained to do the work?
vi. Had hazards been previously identified?
vii. Had procedures been developed to overcome them?
viii. Were unsafe conditions corrected?
ix. Was regular maintenance of equipment carried out?
x. Were regular safety inspections carried out?

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SECTION 9
SAFETY AUDIT
9.1 Objective
A safety audit examines and determines whether or not a company's daily activities and
processes conform to their planned health and safety arrangements as well as government
laws. An audit further identifies whether or not the planned arrangements are implemented
effectively, and are suitable to achieve the organization's or company’s health and safety
policy objectives.
Safety audits are beneficial because they:
i. Promote constant review of systems to ensure that they do not become weakened
by habit
ii. Facilitate planned improvements to programs, policies, and procedures
iii. Help to identify weaknesses in human resources departments
iv. Help to demonstrate management’s dedication to employee health and safety
The objective of the safety audit is
a) To evaluate the effectiveness of our company’s safety effort
b) To make recommendations which lead to a reduction in accidents and minimization of
loss potential of the hazard
9.2 Who is responsible
The audit report presents specific elements of the process of auditing occupational health and
safety(OSH) management system, such as definition and principles to be applied during audit,
types of audit (internal, second-party and third-party), role of different parties involved such
as auditor, team-leader and observer that qualification and abilities of OSH auditors, planning
and activities in an audit programme, information on conducting an audit, management
review and certification or registration of OSH management systems.

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The auditor must look for all the necessary proofs to demonstrate the adequacy of the audit
findings. This means first of all to collect information and data from different sources that are
relevant to the audit criteria, such as:
 Employee’s declarations during interviews;
 Records: inspection record, audit reports, occupational accident records, professional
diseases records, test reports (noise, dangerous substances etc);
 Documents: procedures, plans;
 Web site addresses.
Information is then verified and the relevant one becomes “audit evidence” to be compared
with the audit criteria in order to generate “audit findings”. These, after being analysed in
relation to the objectives of the audit, will lead to the “audit conclusion”.
9.3 The internal/external audit process
Internal audit
An internal audit is performed following a decision of the organisation’s management and it is
applied to the activities of the same organisation. The audit must be independent and, in order
to ensure the independence of the internal auditor from the auditor, a possible solution is to
use auditors from within the organisation, e.g. from other location or other department, but
not from the auditor’s site and/or another solution is to apply for external expertise. Internal
audits of the OSH management system are conducted in order to determine whether the
management system complies with the functioning plan for OSH management, with respect to
legal requirements or to standards and to review and evaluate the performance and
effectiveness of OSH MS. Internal audits can be made, for example, to check that hazards’
identification, risk assessment and controls are in place and up-to-date and if the risk
assessment reflects actual workplace conditions and practice.
External audit: second and third party audits
A second-party audit is performed following a decision of the organisation’s management by
competent personnel from within the organisation and/or by external personnel selected by
the organisation and the audit is applied to the activities of a second organisation, usually a

38. 38
supplier of the first organisation. The purpose of the audit is for the auditor to verify if the
auditor meets specific requirements and become satisfied with the performance level of the
auditor. The conclusions of the audit are communicated to the management of the two
organisations and to no other interested party.
A third-party audit is performed following an application for certification/registration
against an OSH standard issued by an organisation’s management. It is undertaken by
competent personnel from the certification/registration body. It is applied to the applicant’s
organisations and the conclusions of the audit are communicated to the certification body and
the management of the applicant. Only a positive decision is public or a negative decision
after annual surveillance observations, as established in the final records: certificates,
communications of withdrawal of certification.
The Process involved in auditing report:
The process of auditing originated in the domain of finance and accounting and it was
translated to social audits and OSH MS audit.
Audit generally means an on-site audit. Activities in a typical on-site audit are similar to those
for auditing quality systems:
a) Initiating the audit;
b) Conducting document review (analysis of the relevant documents of OSH MS,
including records in order to determine their adequacy);
c) Preparing the activities to be undertaken during the on-site audit (audit-plan, tasks of
audit team, check-lists, questionnaires);
d) Conducting the audit (opening meeting, communication modalities, collecting and
verifying the information, generating the audit findings, preparing the audit
conclusions, end meeting);
e) Preparing and communicating audit report;
f) Completing the audit (preparing, approval and transmission of the audit report);
g) Performing the audit follow up.

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Audit criteria from standards being general ones, it is important for the auditor to dispose of
objectives and measurable audit criteria in order to minimize the subjectivity in evaluation.
The methods of collecting the necessary information are:
a) Interviews;
b) Examination of documents and records;
c) Direct observation of the performed activities and workplace conditions, including
specific measurements to be assessed, e.g. exposure levels.
The audit should ensure that an important part of the main activities is sampled and the
relevant personnel are interviewed, otherwise the audit conducting to false conclusions. The
examination of the documents, records or the observation of equipment, installations and on-
site activities should not be performed formally but profoundly. The auditors should have the
capacity to detect deficiencies in identification of dangers and risk assessment, non-
conformities of equipment, negligence in respect to preventive or monitoring measures. The
interviewed personnel should not be only the top-manager, OSH management representative
and executives, but also workers and, if it is the case, external personnel, such as contractors.
Interviewing the workers should be an important part of an audit, in order to determine the
measure to which the organisation really implemented the OSH arrangements, the awareness
of the employers, internal communications, and the participation of the workers in the OSH
matters.
The audit report must summarize all the activities performed during the audit and must
comprise information on identification of the audit, a summary of the audit process, including
obstacles which could affect the confidence in audit conclusion, audit findings, including
details of non-conformities and audit conclusion; internal or second-party audits may include
suggestions for improvement of the health and safety at work place.

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REFERENCES
[1] “Summary Guide of OSHA Regulations and Requirements EHSO Summary of
OSHA,” pp. 1–12, 2016.
[2] O. Health, “Leadership and worker involvement toolkit Health and safety policy : An
example.”
[3] “Federal Register .,” vol. 950, no. 29, pp. 407–488, 1926.
[4] “HEALTH & SAFETY ORIENTATION GUIDE for Employers.”
[5] https://www.osha.gov/Publications/3216-6N-06-english-06-27-2007.html
[6] http://www.awx.com.au/news/3-common-hazards-on-a-building-site/6493/
[7] http://www.constructionbusinessowner.com/topics/safety/construction-safety/top-4-
hazards-construction
[8] https://www.osha.gov/Publications/3216-6N-06-english-06-27-2007.html
[9] http://inspectapedia.com/home_inspection/Building_Inspector_Safety_Risks.php
[10] https://haccpmentor.com/hazard-analysis/severity-of-a-hazard/
[11] http://www.wlf2.org/how-to-reduce-the-effects-of-a-landslide/