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長野高専
機械工学科
2017年12月15日
長野工業高等専門学校 機械工学科
渡辺 昌俊
Masatoshi Watanabe
開放型下掛け水車のOpenFOAMによる
気液二相流解析
Gas-liquid Two-phase Flow Simulation of
an Undershot Wheel Hydraulic Turbine with OpenFOAM
長野高専
機械工学科
研究背景と現在までの研究(@長野高専)
1
2011(平成23)年 東日本大震災
2012(平成24)年 再生可能エネルギー特別措置法
2014(平成26)年 農山漁村再生可能エネルギー法
発電機+流体機械⇒水力,風力▲ 長野(山岳,平均風速)
NEDO HP
資源エネルギー庁
〇 長野(可能性大)
長野高専
機械工学科
水力発電の分類
2
河川を流れる水を貯めることなく、
そのまま発電に使用.出力の小さい発電所(中部電力HP)
河川の流れをせき止めた小規模ダム
1日または数日間という短期間水量調整
規模の大きいダム、春・秋などに貯水し、
夏・冬に発電。年間を通じた水量調節
資源エネルギー庁
小出力の開放型
下掛け水車
長野高専
機械工学科
研究課題
3
 入水時に水面を叩く⇒入水抵抗
 離水時に水をまき上げる⇒離水抵抗
低落差も発電出力向上⇒発電効率の向上
回転方向と逆の力⇒効率低下
入水時水面衝突 離水時水巻き上げ
長野高専
機械工学科
羽根形状による入水・離水時の抵抗低減
4
平板から三角,山形へ
 鋭角化による入水時抵抗低減
 先端から左右に排水しながら離水
長野高専
機械工学科
フィールド試験結果
5
平板試験動画
三角試験動画
試験条件
・流速≃2m/s
・回転数≃100rpm
長野高専
機械工学科
発電装置としての性能
6
平板から三角,山形へ
 同条件で三角出力=1.5×平板出力(地点A)
 同条件で山形出力=1.2×三角出力(地点B)
結果良好,なぜ向上したか・・
長野高専
機械工学科
更なる改良研究の課題(フィールド試験と性能改善に向けて)
7
 場所の確保(権利,安全対策,計測器設置等)
 安定環境
(水量,水位,流速,水面変動,落差,気候,浮体姿勢等)
 流れの計測・観測が難しい
(定量性,改善効果の定性的確認)
フィールド試験を主とした現状アプローチの課題
対応
・回流水槽によるモデル実験(コスト)
・数値シミュレーションによる数値実験
⇒OpenFOAMの活用
目的:どの程度現象を再現でき,分析に役立つか
検証:平板と山形水車で
・入水,離水時の挙動
・トルク,効率の変化
長野高専
機械工学科
解析準備(1)
8
OpenFOAMの環境で実施
 水車羽根車,羽根車を包括する回転領域のSTLデータ
長野高専
機械工学科
解析準備(2)
9
 blockMesh(-0.65,-0.3,-0.3)-(1.35,0.3,0.3)m
 ベース格子サイズ2㎝(100×30×30分割)
 snappyHexMesh
 回転領域の設定(createBaffles,mergeOrSplitBaffles)
 川の部分を設定(topoSet,createPatch,回転軸から5㎝)
長野高専
機械工学科
解析準備(3-1)
10
境界条件
 速度
slipwall
zeroGradient
CyclicAMI
movingWallVelocity
fixedValue
fixedValue
液相 2m/s,気相 0m/s
回転速度:10.5rad/s(1.6m/s)
長野高専
機械工学科
解析準備(3-2)
11
境界条件
 相
zeroGradient
zeroGradient
CyclicAMI
zeroGradient
fixedValue
fixedValue
気相
動粘性係数 1e-05
密度 1.2
液相
動粘性係数 1e-06
密度 1000
表面張力係数 0.07
長野高専
機械工学科
中央断面での入水・離水時の液面変化
12
長野高専
機械工学科
入水,離水時の巻き上げ違い
13
長野高専
機械工学科
入水・離水による出力変動の有無
14
1cycle1cycle
8枚羽根+入水,離水ノイズ明瞭な8枚羽根
●平板
〇山形
平板
 羽根の出力+入水抵抗+離水抵抗+上流水位,循環渦複雑波形
山形
 平板の出力と比べ規則正しい波形
長野高専
機械工学科
山形水車での流れの回転数依存
15
液相 2m/s
気相 0m/s
回転速度
6.0rad/s
( Τ𝑇𝑆𝑅 = 𝑢 𝑇 𝑢 𝑊
= 0.45)
8.0rad/s
(𝑇𝑆𝑅 = 0.60)
10.5rad/s
(𝑇𝑆𝑅 = 0.79)
長野高専
機械工学科
入水・離水による出力変動の変化
16
1cycle
状態変化
 周速度低減に伴い,上流での水位上昇,逆流(循環渦)発生
 下流巻き上げ量も増加傾向
 周速度比(羽根先端周速/水流速)0.6までは,羽根1枚ごとの
トルク変動が確認できる.
𝑇𝑆𝑅 = 0.79 𝑇𝑆𝑅 = 0.60
𝑇𝑆𝑅 = 0.45
長野高専
機械工学科
まとめ
17
下掛け水車周りの二相流解析をOpenFOAM(interDyMFoam)で実施
 フィールド試験にみられた入水・離水時の水面変化を定性的に再現
 山形(三角)の羽根車にすることで,入水時の水面抵抗,離水時の巻
き上げによる抵抗を低減できることを解析で確認
 上流側での水面上昇は,山形水車でも低周速度比で発生,下流巻
き上げ量も増加傾向にある.
今後
 定量的な効率予測
 浮体(今回触れなかった)との
挙動との連成
長野高専
機械工学科

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2017 opencae学会