1. "What are the top 5 systemic challenges facing SA?"1
MP de Wit
From the perspective of sustainability I would like to highlight these five entrenched
challenges facing us as South Africa today:
First, the uneasy relationship between coal and carbon. Much of the electricity in major
developing countries such as China and also South Africa is expected to come from coal.
The energy returned on energy invested ratios for coal are still higher than other energy
feedstocks. The IEA expects that coal will continue to play a major role in world energy
supply for many decades to come. South Africaʼs own energy plans include coal as the
primary source for electricity generation in the forseeable future. Around a third of total
carbon emissions in the world is from coal. This number is higher in South Africa. Coal
provides three-quarters of energy supplied in SA. How and when the costs of carbon
constraints will seep through into South Africaʼs energy system, and what the technological
and behavioural responses will be is a key trend to watch and a key challenge to manage.
Second is the nexus between changing climates, the availability of water and the need for
more productive food systems. South Africa, apart from some Middle Eastern countries,
have one of the lowest amounts of renewable freshwater available to its people. This
amount has also been drastically reduced in the last few decades. Food security in
Southern Africa is a major problem, with well over 100 million people malnourished in the
region. The pressure for an African revolution in food production is large, but this have to
be managed within the context of high vulnerability to climatic change and increased
competition for water resources. Desalination is fastly becoming an option for coastal
towns and cities.
Third is the impact of Sino-African relationships on Africaʼs, as well as South Africaʼs,
development paths. Africa is seen as a preferred supplier of commodities, most notably oil,
but also cotton, diamonds, logs and other base metals. The ecological costs of Chinaʼs
growth have been well documented as well as Chinaʼs drive towards investment in cleaner
technology in recent years. Africaʼs long history of natural resource exploitation and the
mixed signals from China on environmental management needs to be further unpacked as
it may have important consequences for the sustainability of South Africaʼs development
path.
Fourth, South Africaʼs water system needs urgent attention. Water services in only 11% of
municipalities in the country are fully functional. Almost half are either at high risk or
critical. A report on the state of about half of our sewage treatment works further revealed
that only around 7% qualified for so-called Green Drop Status, which is a close measure of
international accepted norms. The problem of decanting acid mine drainage looms, where
the high amounts of salts and heavy metals associated with it will threaten downstream
irrigation and other water users.
Fifth, one of the downsideʼs of South Africaʼs recent economic boom was a massive pile of
waste. Landfills are under pressure, and alternative waste management options are
actively seeked. The costs of waste management are likely to rise while the country is
managing the transition to waste avoidance, reduction and recycling.
1 Introductory remarks to panel discussion. World Future Society Conference, Cape Town, 6 May 2010