2. Beliefs/ Values
• Beliefs: are all the bits of information we
collect about people, events, and things in our
Life.
• Beliefs are measured using a true-false
continuum
and probability scale.
• A special subset of beliefs is known as
VALUES.
Myers and Myers write in Dynamics of Human Communication, "Values indicated
to those who share them what is desirable or understandable, good or
moral or immoral, and therefore what one should stand for.“
3. Values Differs from Beliefs??? How??
1.VALUES ARE ENDURING
• They last because they go with basic human
2.VALUES ARE
needs INFLEXIBLE
and are learned since childhood.
•Most of our values can be seen in relatives
or those close to us. • Values have a tendency to take on the
•They unite cultures and social systems & are appearance of being certain, with little
needed for the survival of cultures and room for flexibility.
social system. • Rarely shades of grey. ( They are
•No acceptable alternatives have been found for already categorized)
values like freedom, • Die or fight for ones values.
Equality, honesty etc.
(nationalistic or religious)
4. Value Systems
Different Types of Value Systems
•Puritan Value System: idea that individuals have an obligation to themselves
and those around them, and in some cases, to their God, and to work hard at
whatever they do.
• Enlightenment Value System: belief that we exist in an ordered world in which
all activity is governed by laws similar to the laws of physics.
• Transcendental Value System: a spin-off from the Enlightenment system.
This value system accepts optimism about people, freedom and democracy, but
rejects the emphasis on reasoning.
• Personal Success Value System: places the emphasis on individual
achievement and success. “The Lord helps those who help themselves.”
• Collectivist Value System: emphasizes cooperative action with others in order
to gain
success.
5. Roles of Values: Instrumental/ Terminal
Terminal Values:
those values which
Hmm what are my describe our ultimate Instrumental
values???
life goals. These are Values: those
values that we values that guide
try, but will most our day to day
likely never be able to existence. These
totally reach. are goals we can
reach and attain
give us the daily
guidance .
•Freedom •Clean
•Security •Forgiving
•Self-Respect •Independent
• Wisdom •Intellectual
•Salvation •Logical
•Equality •Self-Controlled
•Lesuire •Open-Minded
6. Ethics.. Who Me??
Ethics: a set of principles of a right conduct
•There is inner benefit. Virtue
is its own reward.
Why Be Ethical??? •There is personal advantage.
It is prudent to be ethical.
It’s good business.
•There is approval. Being
ethical leads to self-
esteem, the admiration of
loved ones and the respect of
peers.
•There is religion. Good
behavior can please or help
serve a deity.
•There is habit. Ethical actions
can fit in with upbringing or
training
7. Values Learned?? HMMMM How???
•Moralizing: is the method by which values are transmitted in a direct manner
from a parent or parent-like figure to the child or childlike figure.
• Modeling: is set by watching the actions of the parental model, the child will l
earn which values are correct. Ex. “don’t do as I say, do as I do”
• Experimenting: is set in that each individual must find his or her own appropriate
value system, for no two people necessarily have one system.
• Clarification: teaches the consequences of accepting or denying a particular value.
8. Attitudes
Let’s define attitudes: known as our
likes and dislikes.
Attitudes
Our beliefs projects our likes or have
dislikes on people, things etc. importance
or salience.
Attitudes guide our behavior
Attitudes have a
measurable direction.
9. Attitude Problem? Need A Change? Here’s How!
They can add new
beliefs which will
provide you with
information that will
soften your attitude.
They can try and get
you to change
behavior.
10. What??? Did you Learn: Highlights
•That the ordering of beliefs and
values create a value system.
•We use our values and value system to
make our decisions
•We want our decisions to be
consistent with our beliefs and values.
