Jewish Identity Crisis

Jewish Identity Crisis
The story of the Jewish people is that of struggle and oppression. From the biblical accounts of
slavery in Egypt, to the mass genocide perorated at the hands of the Nazi's, the over arching facet of
Jewish history is clear, that of crisis. Many time the Jewish community has sought to find answers to
their problems of national identity. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Habsburg Jews faced a
new crisis, their isolation and orthodoxy juxtaposed with the modernization of Europe. It would
soon become evident that if they were to survive as a people, that the Habsburg Jews would have to
find a means to enter modernity. Orthodoxy was deeply rooted in their communities the Jewish
people were faced with an identity crisis that would create ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
He moved to abolish Jewish law and incorporate it under Civil Law. This would lessen the Jewish
separatism, and push for their Germanization. Joesph II used the force of the state to introduce
Germanization. Under his Edict of Toleration for the Jews of Lower Austria, presented in 1782, we
can see that Joseph II wished to encourage assimilation of the Jewish people by changing previously
restricted policies. It states Since it is Our wish to place the Jewish nation, through these
concessions, on a footing of near–equality with the followers of other foreign religions in respect of
their occupations and the enjoyment of civic and domestic amenities, We do earnestly exhort them
to observe strictly all political, civic, and judicial laws of the land, as applying to them equally with
all other subjects, and to submit themselves in their affairs and their public and judicial transactions
to the competent Provincial or local
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Jewish Identity During The Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages, Jewish individuals maintained a strong sense of a collective unity while
living without autonomy. Jewish people in the Middle Ages were stateless, and many felt as if they
were foreigners inside of countries that they have lived in for years. However, despite this
disconnect, Jews were a part of the everyday community life and often associated with their
Christian or Muslim counterparts. It was this complex social structure that allowed Jewish members
of society to both able to maintain a separate identity during the Middle Ages through their sacred
time, communal ties, literacy, and family ties, while still being acculturated into the society in which
they lived. In order to understand how Jews were able to create ... Show more content on
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In Jewish culture, the Sabbath, or the day of rest is on Saturday, rather than Sunday like the
Christians or Friday like their Muslim counterparts. By having a separate day entirely from their
peers, the Sabbath publically demonstrated their separation of beliefs from those around them. The
separate days of rest indicate the difference between the religions and thus create a separate identity
for Jews because they have an entirely different day of worship. Moreover, in addition to the actual
separation of days, the Sabbath sought to create a Jewish identity because the Sabbath immersed the
Jewish people in a full day of worship and ritual based activities. For instance, leading up to
Sabbath men and women had to partake in certain duties in order to prepare for the holy day of the
week. Men and women were supposed to partake in ritual bathing before entering the synagogue,
they were meant to read the Torah, and women were meant to light the candles (nerot) and make the
challah bread for the Sabbath meal. The Sabbath meals were generally made by the wife or women
of the home and eaten on Friday nights before the Sabbath day. At these meals, the family would
thank God for the food at hand and remember that even though the temple was gone, that they were
continuing Gods good work. Typically, the Sabbath meals were meant to have challah bread, wine,
and meat if the family could afford it because the Sabbath meals were meant to be a good meal.
These meals especially played a role in the creation of a separate Jewish identity because
psychologically they reaffirmed to Jews that in this moment they were elite. No matter what had
happened the week prior or what was about to happen in the week to come, the Sabbath meals offer
a feeling of strength because it gathers those who love each other to break bread and unify together
through their religion. The

The Holocaust : An Special Incident
Over the last two and a half millennia, the Jewish people have faced hardship and intolerance from
various groups living beside them. A number of historians however believe that of all the atrocities
committed against the Jewish people, none parallel the Holocaust. While these historians believe
that the Holocaust was a unique occurrence, history rejects this notion of Nazi anti–semitism being
an special incident. Disregarding preceding events, most notably the enslavement of the Jewish
people by the Egyptians, aggression against the Jewish people has precedent in events occurring
over two and a half thousand years ago. In the fifth century BC, King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon
catalyzed the Jewish Diaspora after destroying a five hundred year jewish temple in Israel and
forcing the Jewish people into exile. Although many Jews eventually returned home when the more
tolerant Persian empire came to power, dominion was soon transferred to the Roman Empire who
again forced the Jewish people into exile. The Romans annihilated a substantial portion of the
Jewish population and compromised the identity of the Jewish homeland by renaming it Palaestina.
Jews would be scattered throughout the empire, in places such as Germany, at this time. Centuries
later, Christianity would be declared the official religion of the empire. Using the infrastructure of
the Roman Empire, Christianity would become the dominant religion throughout Europe.
Fortunately, the Jews were mainly able to

Jewish Religion: How Does Society Influence God's Identity?
Quotation: "Jewish tradition recognizes that equating the symbol of God as male with God is
idolatrous. At the same time, the images of God that predominate in the scriptures and other Jewish
texts are those of Father and King" (Anderson and Young 57).
My Questions: Why is God always presumed to be male? How does society influence God's
identity? Is putting God in a specific gender box a way that humans try to understand God? Can the
assumption be changed in the modern world?
Reflection:
The identity of God has always provided a lot of unanswered questions for me. I remember being
young and asking my parents if God is a man or a woman. When I learned that this question could
not be answered, I would become upset hearing male pronouns being used for God. The discussion
in our book about God's gender struck my curiosity once again. "Traditional Jews use exclusively
masculine pronouns for God even though most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Women have been treated as if they are weak, invisible, inferior to men, and simply domestic
workers. The theme is seen throughout the reading and even in the Jewish religious texts such as the
story of Dinah and Bruriah. With these characteristics being believed for generations, it makes sense
that God is considered a male in many religions due to the views of society. Men are seen to be the
holders of power and who is more powerful than God? However, as society changes, I hope that the
practice of assuming God is solely male changes. Women are gaining more leadership roles within
many of the sections of Jewish practice, such as becoming rabbis. It is no less likely that God is a
woman than is a man. How do we even know that God fits into those two limiting categories? One
quote that I believe sums this discussion up beautifully is "It should be no less possible to pray to a
God–She than to a God–He, though it would also be no less incomplete" (Anderson and Young

Jewish People Research Paper
Jews are human beings with their own history, philosophy, and eccentricities. They are a people
apart from others not because of their separate religious beliefs, but because they are an ancient
cultivating group of people who have their original antiquities. At the end of the 19th century,
millions of Jews are living throughout Europe, and many Jews still do not have the freedoms of
movement and live in areas where the government gives them special authorization. Anti–Semitism
exists all in the nineteenth century European societies. During the First World War, large Jewish
communities advance around the capitals. This concentration of Jewish population in large cities
have a strong impact on their lifestyle and make them more visible in the ... Show more content on
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In reality, as Satan draws nearer he begins in Germany to mold the rise of Adolf Hitler and his The
National Socialist German Workers' Party, as they promote anti–Semitism and the torture of Jews as
a central belief of a New World Order ideology. The number in his 25–point Party Program has a
deeper significance as the Nazi party members publicly declare their aim is to segregate Jews from
their country's "Aryan" pure society by revoking the Jews' political, legal, and civil rights. The
Program of the National Socialist (NAZI) German Workers' party states, "the Program of the
German Workers' Party is a program for our time . The program is to cleanse Jews from the
nationals, and in the glory of other laws in European nations, the Party Program makes paganism the
Platform for the Nazi Party

Elements Of Postmodernism And Naturalism In Maus By Art...
Contemporary literature is not bound to one specific movement and you can see that in the story
"Maus" written by Art Spiegelman, through the personification of elements of movements in
characters. There are several literary movements present in "Maus," but the elements of
Postmodernism and Naturalism are more distinguishable. Naturalism focuses mainly on how
characters' lives are determined by forces beyond their control, such as their environment and
society. With Postmodernism, there are themes of alienation and fragmentation, but their main focus
was that there is no "one" true reality to reflect. All the movements that are present in "Maus" help
the reader understand the story, fully. The Jewish people's lives are determined by society.
According to the text, "It was still dark outside, we didn't know where to hide ourselves. Richieu's
governess always offered she would help us. 'My God! It's the Spiegelmans!' 'You'll bring trouble go
away'! QUICKLY'" (Spiegelman 1052). This example explains one of the element of Naturalism
present in "Maus," which is that characters' lives are determined by outside forces. The
Spiegelmans' were forced to move from place to place and hide because of what society thought
about them. The Jewish people were viewed as "vermins" and harmful to the nations health. With
society constructing hateful stereotypes about the Jews, it generated a negative reaction. That
reaction led to neighbors, that the Jewish people had known for a long time,

Jewish Immigration Essay : Jewish Identity, And Immigration
Natalie Kinsel
Gantt Gurley
JDST 213
12 June 2017 Jewish Identity and Exile
The scattering a Jews beyond Israel has been a reoccurring pattern of events in history. Essential
Jewish practice and creation of cultural identity has formed far from Jerusalem, despite the Torah's
vital theme of longing for the Promise Land. The idea that Jews are outsiders is ingrained in Jewish
culture and identity Jerusalem faces being exiled too because it is "merely an extension of Western
colonialism," from its neighboring countries. However, today Jews are starting to close the chapter
in history of exile and statelessness by returning to the Promise Land but this doesn't mean that the
Diaspora is coming to an end. Jewish history has continuous movement that caused great triumph
and sadness. The issue that Jews have faced for so long is not having a home, power, and a sense of
belonging because of the continuous exiling and persecution they face, at home and away, while still
trying to create an identity for themselves.
Jewish people have always been wanderers. They are everywhere, and often only temporarily. Jews
lived for so long with no home anywhere and a sense of having to eventually move on to a new
place. The only place that is the authentic home to the Jews is the holy city of Jerusalem, "God's
previous address," Yehudah Amichai called it . The Jewish people at the start of the Torah are not in
their Promise Land. They were persecuted as slaves in Egypt, traveling through

My Jewish Identity in Conflict Essay
My Jewish Identity in Conflict
When I think of my "cultural identity," my religion––Judaism––comes to mind first and foremost.
When I think of my Jewish identity in conflict, racism (in my case "anti–Semitism") is the obvious
factor. But to fully define my conflict with my religious identity, I cannot only write from personal
experiences with racism. I must also include the anti–Semitism that my forefathers have endured,
from the beginning of time up to today, ranging from the Spanish Inquisition to the Holocaust, from
the massacre at the Munich Olympics to Iraq's actions in the Persian Gulf War. From direct racism
and intended hatred to subtle racism in the form of jokes and passing comments, anti–Semitism has
played a big part in my ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Anti–Semitism continues around the world today. In the recent Persian Gulf War, Saddam Hussein
bombed Israel in several areas even though Israel was not involved in any part of the war. Just a few
days ago, on October 26, six Israeli soldiers were killed instantly when a bomb in their jeep, planted
by Iranian terrorists, exploded.
Obviously, I have never gone through anything close to what the aforementioned have, but I have
endured racism personally. In a high school junior varsity basketball game my sophomore year, our
team traveled to a nearby high school. At the very end of the game (it was a blowout in our favor,
and there was not much of a crowd), I was dribbling near the opposing team's bench when all of a
sudden, one of their players on the bench yelled, "Go home, you fucking Jew!" I couldn't believe it.
I just stopped playing and stared at him, while my teammates waited for me to do something with
the ball. I had never heard anything like that directed at me before.
At first, I was in what might best be called shock, and then, after time had expired, I walked over to
our bench and my shock turned to anger. I didn't know what to do. I didn't confront him physically
or verbally, because I feared my anger might get the best of me. That wouldn't bode well for me,
since I'm not exactly Muhammed Ali. In the end, I just went into the locker room without saying a
word. I never really have put this behind me. I'm not saying that I am

Analysis Of Anna Deavere Smith's 'Fires In The Mirror'
"My sense is that American character lives not in one place or the other, but in the gaps between the
places, and in our struggle to be together in our differences," (Anna Deavere Smith). Anna Deavere
Smith in her play, Fires in the Mirror, takes two different cultural communities and interviews their
standpoint of the conflict at hand. The underlying racism present in this community is soon brewed
into a pandemonium once the death of both a Black and Jewish individual take place. Fires in the
Mirror is a social drama that presents a breach as several Jewish males accidentally kill a young
Black boy in a car accident. Due to this incident, it causes a crisis within the community as a Jewish
man is later murdered by Black males to pursue revenge for the cause of this breach. With a social
drama following the guideline to find a redressive action to limit the spread of the breach, Smith in
her interviews portrays that this community fails to do so. Because of this, the reintegration
becomes an irreparable breach between the two. Consequently, due to the social clash between the
Black and Jewish communities, the city of Crown Heights becomes socially segregated. Individuals
interviewed in this play are heavily indulged in looking at what segregates them from one another
that it leads to individuals pointing fault or playing victim, which inevitably will never lead to a
resolution to this social crisis. Individuals that have been interviewed have focused their energy on
what segregates themselves from one another that it restrains them from foreseeing a solution to the
social crisis among their community. A major conflict brought up throughout multiple interviews
was the scene where the accident happened. Multiple interviews have their own perspective of the
situation as well as their opinion about the different ambulances that arrives in the scene.Rabbi
Joseph Speilman in "No Blood in His Feet" explains, "The Jewish community has a volunteer
ambulance corps which is funded totally from the nations...The EMS responded with three
ambulances on the scene. They were there before the Jewish ambulance came" (69). This explain
shows how in a city where the citizens are under one government, when a tragic

Racism During The Holocaust By Elie Wiesel
Racism in Extreme Ways In 1944–1945, Elie Wiesel was one of the few survivors to witness the
lives during the Holocaust. He was only 15 years old to experience many brutal and harsh treatment
between the Jews and the non–Jews. Growing up, Wiesel had faced many prejudice in the
concentration camp as a prisoner by the Gestapos and other non–Jew workers. In 1960, Wiesel
wanted to share his past experiences from the Holocaust by writing his memoir. In his memoir,
Night, Elie Wiesel discusses the theme of Racism. Through his use of atmosphere, tone, and
foreshadowing, Wiesel is saying to reader that when one group deems themselves superior to
another, they take the humanity away from the lesser groups. One of the ... Show more content on
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Although, at the same time German SS guards still treat the workers poorly having physically and
mentally worked to death. It is to show how the Germans atrociously plan their ideas to exterminate
the Jews simply because they are viewed as animals. By using light and dark atmospheres, Wiesel
could successfully let the reader understand his overall message. Next, Wiesel creates subdue tones
to emphasize how the Germans treat the Jews like wild animals and not civilized people.
Throughout his memoir, Elie had used several sadden tones to describe everybody's vulnerable part
of being who they are based on their race. The Jews were very vulnerable because they are the main
target for Germans to strip out of society. "As they pass through German towns, some of the locals
throw bread into the car in order to enjoy watching the Jews kill each other for the food," (Wiesel
73). This showed non–Jewish locals enjoyed watching Jewish prisoners acting like animals fighting
to death for food. This creates an appalling tone to reason why prisoners are acting like feral animals
because they fear death and are trying to survive but the Germans will not feed them as they are
viewed not superior. In another event, Elie's father had a colic disease and he politely asked the SS
guard where the lavatories are and the SS guard did not reply to his question instead he smacked
Elie's father so hard that he fell to the ground. "As if wanted to convince himself that this man

Gluckel of Hameln: The Identity of Jewish Women Essay
Women had important roles in seventeenth century Eastern Europe; they were mothers, wives, and
businesswomen. They cooked meals, cleaned houses, and educated children. In addition to the
domestic roles women played in society, they also played roles in the trade and commerce. Gluckel
of Hameln authored one of the earliest–known Jewish memoirs detailing the rise and fall of her own
fortunes (Schachter.) She had great judgment for business transactions, and when she was widowed
at age 54 she took over her husband's business to ensure her children's future. In her memoir,
Gluckel describes her marriage as a business partnership, boasting that her husband would turn only
to her for business advice. Jewish women of Eastern Europe were far more ... Show more content on
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Gluckel died on September 19, 1724 (Turniansky).
The themes of the book "Memiors of Gluckel of Hameln" showed how family was important to the
common Jew in Eastern Europe. Gluckel told her children about their relatives, from their
grandparents to their great aunt's second cousin, because in Jewish society it was especially
important to know and respect one's elders and ancestors. Gluckel wanted to be sure that her
children knew "from what sort of people you have sprung, lest today or tomorrow your beloved
children and grandchildren come and know naught of their family" (Hameln [32].) To make sure
that her descendants would not be ashamed of their ancestors, she spent much of her time looking
for respectable matches for her children. In the situation of Gluckel's own family, she spoke fondly
about her parent's partnership: prior to the marriage, Gluckel's mother's family was destitute since
Gluckel's grandfather died from the plague. Gluckel's father brought in The whole mother's family
and treated Gluckel's grandmother like his own, showing the importance of respecting elderly
family. "Immediately upon his marriage with my mother, my father brought my grandmother into
his house and placed her at the head of the table. He provided for her for the rest of her life...and
honoured her as though she were his own mother" (Hameln [19].)
In Jewish society, religion is

Duality As Vitality : Israel 's Democratic And Jewish...
Duality as Vitality: Israel's Democratic and Jewish Identity
Israel is both a Jewish and Democratic state. The skeleton of the state is that of a binary philosophy:
a dual identity which on the one hand is a democracy and also a Jewish state. A democracy is a state
which respects the inalienable rights, such as freedom of expression and suffrage, and intrinsic
dignity of every human being. A Jewish state is a state with a core Jewish cultural and national
identity, which respects equality of religion for all and is not theocratic. The foundational
documents, the Declaration of Independence and Israel's Basic Laws, are unambiguous and
unrelenting on the centrality of these two traits, and without them, Israel would be stripped of its
core identity.
Israel has maintained the necessity of these two core principles since Israel declared its sovereignty.
The democratic nature of Israel is stated in Israel's founding document through which Israel came
into being in 1948, the Proclamation of Independence. Explicit mention is made of the standing and
rights of Israel's Arab (and by extension, other non–Jewish) inhabitants, as the document promises
them "full and equal citizenship and due representation." The document, which essentially serves as
Israel's identifier, the codification of the purpose and nature of Israel, also reinforces the centrality
of the Jewish nature of Israel, declaring that "the Jewish people ... are to be masters of their own
fate, like all other nations,

Jewish Identity Birthright
I would emphasize Birthright's goal of exploring a person's Jewish identity, which doesn't
necessarily mean being religious at all. It is about finding what Judaism means to you, whether that
is culturally, spiritually, or even as simple as something that your ancestors took a part of. I would
also highlight the friendships you make with the people you meet and go on the trip with, which last
far beyond the experience. Not only is the trip practically free, it is a chance to explore a part of a
person's identity that links them to a broader community of amazing people that they otherwise may
never be able to connect with.
–A Jewish/Israeli cooking class: The group could get together and learn to make traditionally Jewish
and Israeli foods.

Examples Of Suffering In Refugee Blues
How is human suffering presented in 'Refugee Blues'? "Refugee Blues'', by W.H. Auden was written
six months before the outbreak of the Second World War; when the Nazis were in power in
Germany and Hitler had called for the removal of Jews. Human suffering is presented in "Refugee
Blues" by using many different techniques such as similes, repetition, rhyme and metaphor to show
the discrimination of the Jews. Also Auden used a "Blues" song structure to emphasise the
unhappiness of the Jewish people and their desire to escape from persecution, their loss of identity
and their hopelessness. 'Blues' is originally a type of music with 'emotional intensity' which
criticised society and strongly shows the melancholy feeling similar to the feeling of African–
American slaves. I believe that Auden understood and could sympathize with the plight since he
visited Germany and was horrified by the persecution of Jews. Also, as he was homosexual, he may
have experienced similar persecution "first–hand". The major theme in "Refugee Blues" is human
suffering; man's inhumanity to man and the dehumanization of the Jewish refugees. Refugee Blue is
written in first person narrative, for example, "Once we had a country", "We ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In 'Refugee Blue', the narrator repeats the affectionate phrase 'my dear' on the last line in every
stanza. This shows that Auden and his companion are ordinary citizens; allow us as a reader to relate
to the situation and perhaps sympathies more on the persecution and isolation felt by the Jews. The
repetition of "my dear" also highlights the monotonous life of the Jews and "Yet there's no place for
us, my dear, yet there's no place for us", "But where shall we go to–day, my dear, where shall we go
to–day?" mirrors the constant struggle of the Jews as they are moved on or sent away from
anywhere they go seeking for

Jewish Identity Research Paper
A History of the Soviet Jew in Israel
The idea of Israel as a place of refuge for Soviet Jews has a troubled history. Israel has always
encouraged and assisted immigration and absorption as part of a pro–immigration ideology and
policy. Israel is a safe–haven for Jews. However, the heavy migration of the Soviet Jews into Israel
caused Israelis to rethink their past . The immigration of Soviet Jews to Israel brought significant
social and cultural changes to Israel in terms of the historical question about the nature of Jewish
identity, as well as put Judaism itself into question. The question, "who is a Jew?" formed the basis
of historical claims about the religious nature of legal Jewish identity. The Soviet Jews faced
cultural displacement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, Israeli Jews pride themselves on high moral standards and a policy of acceptance, factors
that caused them to question their judgment of the Soviet Jewish immigrants today. Israeli hostility
towards Russian immigrants can be seen in stereotypes and myths. Israelis think that the new wave
of immigrants are handicapped and are trying to exploit Israel. Russians are also stereotyped as
thieves and prostitutes (*).Youth are influenced by their elders. Since mature Israelis projected
negative ideas about Russian immigrants it became prevalent in their children. In a survey
conducted by Hafia University, two–thirds of Israeli teenagers polled stated that they would not be
close friends with a Russian immigrant and believe that Russian immigrants take jobs from Israeli
Jews (*). Undefined Jewish credentials upset Israelis as well because of their Jewish

Marc Chagall 's ' Over Vitebsk '
Jasmine Walthall Erik Day Art Appreciation 22 April 2015 Marc Chagall's Over Vitebsk Most artist
art work reflects the artist's inner self, their feelings and thoughts about the world around them. Art
is a way for artists to let whatever is in, out. It is also a way for them to show his or her inner
thoughts and feelings about something to the rest of the world. Whether it be Upton Sinclair
showing the world the nastiness of the meat packing industry and the struggles of the low class
immigrants of America through his book The Jungle or how Taylor Swift express all of her
heartbreak in every song she has recorded, art serves the purpose of conveying the artist's thoughts
and emotions. Marc Chagall's painting is no different than any other artist. He is expressing his
feelings through a work of art. Over Vitebsk gives us a look into his thoughts and inner most
feelings. He expresses his thought and feeling about being Jewish and how Jewish people were
treated in his society at this time period. His painting and better and holds more meaning then
Taylor Swift but she was one of the first people to come to mind. His painting, Over Vitebsk, allows
us, the viewers, to interpret and try to understand these thoughts and feelings, to attempt to see what
he intended us to see, and allows us a glimpse into his inner self. Over Vitebsk concentrates on the
subject matter of the Jewish community and how they were viewed in society. By painting the
image of a floating Jewish man in

Metaphors In Refugee Blues
Hailing from England, W.H. Auden was a pre–eminent literary writer during the 20th century,
whose poetry typically reflected his standpoint on politically–torn countries. Throughout the latter
half of the 1930's, Auden's poems were a form of protest against tyrannical dictators such as Hitler
and their murderous policies. As a result, this ideology heavily influenced his work on the highly
acclaimed Refugee Blues. Moreover, as he himself had been fleeing from the threat of the Second
World War, perhaps we could remember that just as the Jews were being left without a home, Auden
was also under fire for going to the U.S, and was effectively a refugee himself. Written in 1939,
Auden concentrates on the German Jews at the time, though the poem ... Show more content on
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"Saw a poodle...fastened with a pin, Saw a door open and a cat let in" W.H. Auden juxtaposes the
two animals: cats and dogs. Yet, both share one commonality: they are invited into people's homes.
Furthermore both animals are shown to have received what they wanted,the poodle, who has
connotations with royalty, gets a pin, and the cat, who desires freedom, can enter and leave as it
pleases. On the contrary, nobody is willing to welcome refugees or offer them anything, nor are they
willing to extend their love towards them. Auden intentionally uses juxtaposition as a means of
communicating the situation, in order to focus on the injustice and maltreatment the Jews had
ungrouped. Furthermore, this stanza additionally demonstrates another linguistic

Oppression Against Jews And Anti-Semitism
Throughout our history, public issues have always been around and discussed. There have been
issues in society which still to this day are ongoing, and others which come and go depending on the
time, environment and audience. Some public issues can be seen as positive, whereas others have
negative connotations attached, and can affect society. Anti– Semitism relates to a hostility against
Jews. This can be seen through the history of the Jewish people, and the many persecutions, trauma
and racism they have fought over thousands of years. Some has been documented, and others passed
down from generation to generation. This has a damaging effect on the Jewish people as individuals,
and others in the community who are affected by this on– going exploitation. A current and recent
issue was the Charlottesville riots in America, where a group of white supremacists went after the
Jews. They chanted through a university in Virginia, "Jews will not replace us", because they are
scared that the Jewish people are going to take over the media, jobs, education and manipulate the
minds of everyone throughout the society, that is why they are the only 'white people' that are
constantly targeted by the white supremacists.
This specific public issue contributes to oppression at all three levels, which includes the personal,
cultural and political dimensions. Oppression, which is a control of inferior groups within society by
an influential group (Mullaly 2010), can occur on many different

What Is My Homophobic Perspective
Would you go for it if there is chance for you to go overseas and see what really the word is all
about, or would you rather staying in your comfort zone where you are not even able to see how
much biased you are? In most cases, we make sense of things through our ability to see and to think;
in other words, our perspectives are the mechanisms that we label things such as, good, bad, helpful
or dangerous. Expanding one's perspective is very essential to expand the way s/he analyze things,
and doing this requires experiencing new things, interacting with people from different backgrounds
and having empathy toward them. Doing study abroad in the United States has made me realize that
I wasn't an open–minded person, but a person who is biased ... Show more content on
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We are all blinds of our nonsenses until we leave the place where everybody almost have the same
ideology with us and realize another word exists outside of our comfort zone. As a student whose
perspective about unfamiliar people has changed through study abroad, I strongly recommend
everybody to do that because listening other people's stories is our only hope to get rid of the hatred
inside of us and to start liking each other even though we don't look familiar. Once we do that the
world will become a more liveable place where kids can be

Short Note On Emma Lazarus
Emma Lazarus, a nineteenth century Jewish American poet, was born on July 22, 1849 in New York
City. Her parents, Moses and Esther Nathan Lazarus, had seven children. She was the fourth of the
seven to born, with five sisters and one brother. Emma was born into one of the oldest and most
prestigious Hebrew families in New York. The Nathan Lazarus family was descended from the early
Jewish settlers in America. By the time Emma was born, they had been established in Manhattan for
four generations. The Lazarus family, descended from Sephardic Jews, were wealthy, earning their
fortune in the sugar refining business. Being born into a wealthy family provided Emma with the
resources to acquire a strong, rich, and classical education. In 1866, at the age of seventeen, her
poems and translations were first published by her father, who was a very influential man at that
time (Young, 1995). Two years later, she sent her writing to Ralph Waldo Emerson, a respected
American poet and literary essayist and lecturer of the 19th century. He was impressed by her work,
and soon became her mentor, and friend (Young, 1995). During her lifetime, he became a great
resource of guidance and motivation.
Emma Lazarus was a well known author during her lifetime. In 1874, she was recognized as an
author of note (Young, 1995). She published more than 50 poems in popular magazines, such as
Lippincott's, The Century, and The Critic. In 1871, she published a book of poetry called Admetus
and Other

Assignment 8 Jewish Identity
Woodise Pierre
April 8th 2015
Assignment 8: Jewish Identity
A.What is the criteria for being Jewish? What does it mean to be Jewish?
When looking at Judaism, one has to go far back to biblical times to fully understand its origins. It
started with the Hebrew people in the country of Israel. The bloodline of Abraham, Issac, and Jacob
is what constitutes people as being Jewish. Being classified as a Jew, or a Jewish citizen has more to
do with family ties, then what you believe in. The standard for being considered Jewish is that you
have to be born to a Jewish mother. Some sects of Judaism like to include being born to a Jewish
father as part of being Jewish. It can be looked at as more of a nationality or an ethnicity than a ...
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They still practice within the Jewish faith, and they have not adopted outside rituals, that go against
Jewish law.
E. Do an internet search on Simeon Bar Kochba and Zevi Shabbatai and Lubavitch Hasidism. Did
the Jews who believed in these movements continue to be considered Jewish?
Those who followed Bar Kochba, Shabbatai Tzv, and Lubavith strongly believed that they were the
messiah. These people were rabbis, many of the Jewish faith strongly believed in the words that
they were saying. They truly thought that they were the messiah. Many Jewish people still consider
those who followed Bar Kochba and Shabbatai Zevi are still Jewish. They are called kidnapped or
misguided children. They should not lose their inheritance, and not be considered Jewish. The same
does not go for Lubavitch, those who followed him are said to be a disgrace to the Jewish

My View Of My Jewish Identity
In my experience emerging in a country where most people look and act a certain way, while I am
the outlier thanks to my different looks and traditions, has made me a minority. Being born in
Mexico City from a Jewish family that immigrated from Poland two generations ago, and then
going to college in Texas, has made me feel the differences of being lets say, "different". When I
started going to elementary school I went to the mostly catholic American School, where most kids
would bully me based on my looks and traditions. The kids would call me stereotypical Jewish
insults such as greedy, big nose and the one that I felt was the worst Christ killer. Everyday when I
went to school I was reminded of my Jewish identity, even though most of the things they called me
where not true I was still reminded that I was a minority amongst them and my only possible role in
that situation was to take the heat. Another moment when I was clearly reminded of my Jewish
identity while attending elementary school was, when the religious holidays approached. My mother
had to go to the school in advance to ask if I could miss school those particular days, they generally
said that I could miss one, maybe two days. When I came back to school from those holidays the
kids would always ask me ignorant questions such as why do I not believe in the real god and why
do I wear that hat (kippah) when I go to pray. I would generally simply differ the questions by
answering that my parents would force me

An Example Of The Jewish Experience Of Modernity
Conor Murphy
Dr. Clasby
HIST273
April 9, 2017
Argumentative Paper #3
Wengeroff's life is an example of the Jewish experience of modernity in that it shows the way
Jewish life throughout Europe has changed over time. Unlike her ancestors, Pauline Wengeroff is
able to have an actual life that isn't dominated by constantly living in fear and she is able to have
some semblance of familiar ties and an identity. The modern period in Europe began around the
16th century. This was around the time when Catherine the Great took power in Russia, marking the
beginning of modernity by allowing some degree of tolerance rather than the anger and despair that
had come before. Through her actions, Jews were able to live their lives without being ... Show
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For example, Jewish people were allowed to speak Yiddish in Poland and the language was
respected and regarded as a real language, as opposed to Germans who regarded Yiddish as a
nonsense language. German Jews did not like the fact that the texts written by their ancestors were
translated into German, but they had no choice but to adapt.
Napoleons policies were a continuation of the ideals and principles that the French Revolution was
built on. His policies and decisions were extremely beneficial for the Jewish people because his
policies for the Jewish community in France and the Empire promoted their assimilation into
France. The French revolution liberated the Jews but did not probably integrate into the country.
Napoleon then took up policies and saw what assimilation could be beneficial and through the
Jewish community in France became Europe's most assimilated during the
1800s. He gave them government protection and allowed to practice freely and openly and even
wanted to give them their state in 1799 when he went to Palestine. After he became Emperor though
he did recent some of the rights and converted a Sanhedrin against the wishes of the
Jewish people. The tsarist policy was mostly a good thing for the Jews. After the partition of
Poland, which was concluded in 1795, Poland itself was divided up between Russia, Austria, and
Prussia. Each section would have its own way of developing

Causes Of The Holocaust
Nobody has the right to criticise or diminish the suffering of others when they have not endured the
same pain themselves. So why is it that there are still people in our world today who are heartless
enough to repudiate the facts from the mass murder and systematic annihilation of the Holocaust;
debatably the most cold–blooded crime in human history?
How can anyone be be so ignorant to believe that this event was either exaggerated or simply didn't
happen? How can anyone ignore the mountains of irrefutable evidence; the supported statistics, the
eyewitness testimonies, the books, the films, the photos and the harrowing interviews of survivors?
How can they think that these are embellished, magnified or fiction? This conspiracy theory is
contributing to the unfading problem of prejudice, and those who believe in it are playing a part in
the machinery of Anti–Semitism. The cynic's fallacy of history and acceptance of racism, makes
them worthy of comparison to the SS slaughterers themselves.
What I do not understand is how, after the extent of human suffering the Holocaust victims endured,
how anyone could be so heartless as to question their hardships? The Holocaust was the systematic
victimisation and annihilation of an estimated six million Jews by the Nazi collaboration during
World War Two. This included the innocent deaths of 91% of Polish Jews, 110000 Jewish children,
two thirds of the entire Jewish population, 200000 disabled persons. The list goes on. It is arguably

Quotes On Dehumanization In Night
Although Eliezer survived the bloodcurdling Holocaust, countless others succumbed to the Nazi's
inhumanity. The Nazi's progressively reduced the Jewish people to being little more than "things"
which were a nuisance to them. Throughout Night, dehumanization consistently took place, as the
Nazis oppressed the Jewish citizens. The Germans dehumanized Eliezer, his father, and other fellow
Jews for the duration of the memoir Night, which had a lasting effect on Eliezer's identity, attitude
and outlook. Wiesel displays the Nazi's vicious actions to accentuate the way by which they
dehumanize the Jewish population. The Nazis had an abundance of practices to dehumanize the
Jews including beatings, starvation, separation of families, crude murders, forced labor, among other
horrific actions.
Even though Eliezer was able to persevere, he was dehumanized by the Nazi's in an atrocious and
cold–blooded fashion. When a human is emotionally and physically stripped of their pride, it
weakens his or her will to live. The Nazis targeted the Jews' humanity, and slowly dissolved their
feeling of being an independant human. Elie Wiesel states "He took his time between lashes, only
the first really hurt...twenty–four...twenty–five. It was over. I had not realized it but I had fainted."
(Wiesel 62). In the case of the Jews doing anything askew, they were to be punished in barbaric
ways. This whipping by the Nazi's had a drastic affect on Eliezer's identity, because before his
punishment Eliezer had not yet altered his inquisitive mindset. Eliezer was at the wrong place at the
wrong time, and as a result he was thrashed and trounced on by one of the German soldiers. This
traumatized Eliezer and brought fear upon him, changing his attitude.
The Nazi's not only dehumanized Eliezer, but they reduced his father from a human being into a
"thing" that was merely a nuisance. The Nazi's believed that they were on a higher level than the
Jews, so they tried to take whatever dignity the Jews had remaining. Wiesel proves this when stating
"he slapped my father with such a force that he fell down and then crawled back to his place on all
fours" (Wiesel 39). The instant that the officer hit Eliezer's father, Eliezer was in utter shock. His

Jewish Identity in The Mandlebaum Gate Essay
Explore conflicting accounts of Jewish Identity in The Mandlebaum
Gate.
The Mandlebaum Gate is a novel by Muriel Spark set in the territories of Jerusalem and Jordan
during the Eichmann Trials. Within the novel there is a character "Barbara Vaughan" who is a
Gentile Jewess. She travels within Israel and Jordan on a pilgrimage to see the holy shrines and has
various adventures and encounters during her trip. It is clear from the first few pages of the novel
that Jewish identity is a key theme and continues to be as such throughout.
The first chapter "Freddy's Walk" immediately helps to set the scene as we see him travelling
through the "amazing alleys of the Orthodox
Quarter of Israel's Jerusalem"[1] During this chapter ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As soon as Barbara reveals her identity Freddy immediately begins to take note of "the Jewishness
of her appearance, something dark and intense beyond her actual shape and colouring"[6] and seems
to feel uncomfortable with her until he is able to share "an
English giggle" with her about the wine served in Jerusalem, which is always lukewarm. This
reaction to Judaism by Freddy suggests it is something to be ashamed of or uncomfortable with,
although as the novel progresses it seems as though Freddy is more at ease with Jews.
It has been suggested that the inclusion of seemingly straightforward characters such as Freddy
Hamilton, who act against there typical stereotypes is a device to "maintain a sense of disruption"
[7]. This disruption heightens the sense of conflict which radiates from Barbara
Vaughan's tumultuous, confused identity.
The second chapter of "The Mandlebaum Gate" is titled "Barbara
Vaughan's Identity". Within this we are introduced to Barbara's inner quandary which centres on her
origins and how they position her in the world, the "split identity of Barbara Vaughan reverberates
throughout the novel"[8]. Whilst travelling within Jerusalem she is constantly questioned about her
Judaism. When asked about her origins Barbara

The Role Of Anti-Semitism In Jewish Identity
Anti–Semitism played a significant role in shaping the Jewish identity–specifically, the Anti–
Semitism that snowballed into the infamous events that were the actions of the Christian community
and the Holocaust. Primary components of the Jewish identity were unwelcomingly sculpted by the
hands of those who participated in Anti–Semitism; the Anti–Semite way of thinking created effects
on Jews from years ago that seem to have translated to the Jewish identity of the modern day.
The article associated with the video defines Anti–Semitism as prejudice against or hatred of Jews.
The first event of the two involved Christianity alienating the Jewish community. They ostracized
Jewish people in every regard and made up lies about them. In turn, the Jews attempted to
assimilate–this assimilation a result of the Jewish identity being a product of Anti–Semitism.
Though the Jewish people made these attempts to assimilate, the article and video state that Anti–
Semites believe that assimilation does not erase the racial differences between the two groups–this
form of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They may argue that because Jewish people made it through the events that Anti–Semitism brought
upon them, they would try to forget everything and move on. This idea is mostly true, Jewish people
did try to forget the severe injustice they had experienced and did try to move on, but choosing to
make attempts to forget does not change the reality of what occurred; how can Anti–Semitism not
have had an impact on Jewish identity when the premise it is founded upon is prejudice and hatred
against Jews? Jewish people of older generations who experienced Anti–Semitism firsthand, and
Jewish people of today who are knowledgeable about what their ancestors endured cannot simply
ignore the hate and prejudice Anti–Semitism brought upon

Hath Not a Jew Eyes? The Identity of Shylock and Purpose...
Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice continues to receive criticism because of the many
controversial topics integrated within an already debatable plot. One such reproach is whether the
play demonstrates factors of anti–Semitism or persists as a criticism of the anti–Sematic tendencies
of Christians during Shakespeare's time. The factor of genre plays an essential role in how the play
is interpreted when regarding anti–Semitism, particularly when viewed as either a romantic comedy
or a genre that better encompasses the financial, moral, and religious conflict that is so prominent
throughout the play. For instance, when analyzed as a comedy, Shylock's malevolence may not
exactly be reviewed as comical, but nevertheless seems peculiar and ... Show more content on
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Shylock distinctly chastises others and reveals he can be incredibly bigoted, such as when he
proclaims towards Antonio: How like a fawning publican he looks! I hate him for he is a Christian,
but more for that in low simplicity he lends out money gratis and brings down the rate of usance
here with us in Venice. If I can catch him once upon the hip, I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear
him (Shakespeare 1.3.42–47) Shylock makes it clear that his hatred for the other characters is
perpetuated by the sole fact that they are Christians. This vicious cycle of hatred between Shylock
and the Christian characters is maintained by the alleged "ancient grudge" that has been established
between the two religions. Likewise, for Shylock to request a pound of flesh as his bond from
Antonio is a horror all in itself. Shylock does not attempt to make any reasonable request, such as
receiving Antonio's money and riches or a demand that results in the degradation of Antonio; rather,
he desires the ultimate prize of taking Antonio's life. Shylock is also considered to be quite greedy
and selfish, as observed when he discovers his daughter has robbed him of his riches and stolen
away with a Christian man: My daughter, O my ducats, O my daughter! Fled with a Christian! O my
Christian ducats! Justice, the law, my ducats, and my daughter, A sealed bag, two sealed bags of
ducats, Of double ducats, stol'n from me by my

Jewish Migration And The Holocaust
While researching texts written about Jewish Diaspora, I came across many documentary
publications on Holocaust. This tragic part of Jewish history is very well documented as opposite to
the Jewish Migration. I found few authors who published articles and books on Impacts of the
Holocaust on Jewish Migration. My goal in this research paper is to explore the topic of Jewish
Migration by connecting it to the Holocaust. To achieve this goal, I have organized my paper in the
chronological order. I have tried to analyse reasons and barriers of the Migration of Jewish during
the ten year period. It starts with Hitler coming to power and ends with establishment of the State of
Israel. In my conclusion I tried to understand how modern world responds to Holocaust. The
Holocaust is one of the most tragic pages in the history of mankind and one of the greatest tragedies
of the Jewish people "many children of survivors, who experienced their parents' silence and
avoidance of discussing the past and their family's fate, felt this as a personal threat" (Dalia Ofer10).
Holocaust was a cold–blooded and pre deliberate decision to destroy a nation. It was estimated that
during the Holocaust about 60% of the total Jewish population of Europe was destroyed according
to official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust. It is not possible to establish the exact number
of victims among the Jewish people due to the lack of reliable data on the extent of the genocide
("Refugees."). Jews were

What Is The Persecution Of The Jews And The Holocaust?
The persecution of the Jews throughout world history caused them to become a diaspora nation
because the Jews were exiled from their holy land in Israel and fled to find refuge in other countries
all over the world. The constant persecution and migration of the Jews have raised questions among
historians as to how the ancient civilization of the Jews were able to survive for centuries unlike the
powerful Ottoman and Mongol empires. David N. Myers, who is a Professor at UCLA, answers the
question of how the Jews were able to survive for centuries in his book, Jewish History: A Very
Short Introduction, where he argues that the key to Jewish survival lay in the fact that they were able
to balance between assimilation and anti–Semitism. In this essay, I will argue on behalf of David N.
Myers side and explain that assimilation was key to Jewish survival because as a diaspora nation the
Jews needed to adapt to the local populations customs to associate in every day activity with their
neighbours and spread their own Jewish culture to ensure their cultural survival. The expulsion of
Jews during the Babylonian conquest and the destruction of the Second Temple turned the Jews into
a diaspora nation because they were exiled from their holy land in Israel. Myers argues that when
the Jews migrated to other countries under foreign rule the Jews developed mechanism of adaptation
that allowed them to shift from each society where they absorbed the language, culture, and social

Essay on The Jewish Partisans of The Holocaust
Resistance during the Holocaust, both Jewish and non–Jewish, is a daunting task to cover.
Information abounds in relation to this which leads to the problem of putting all of it into one paper.
Due to this, I will only cover the specifically Jewish Partisan fighters. The movements are divided
into two groups of Eastern and Western Fighters. Partisans fought in almost every European country
including but not limited to Belgium, Poland, Russia, France, Italy, Greece, and Lithuania. "A
partisan is a member of an organized body of fighters who attack or harass an enemy, especially
within occupied territory; a guerrilla." The Jewish partisans were mostly teenagers, both male and
female, of which ten percent were women, but also included all ... Show more content on
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They helped distribute anti–Nazi propaganda and produced fake documents, fought in major battles
against the Germans, and smuggled people, arms, money, and food in and out of camps, ghettos, and
German occupied territories. Their main objective though was to harass the Nazis in hit–and–run
maneuvers. They did this by blowing up trains, assassinating major Nazi officials, and hitting Nazi
convoys. They also helped start major uprisings such as the Warsaw Ghetto uprising and the Sobibor
revolt. Partisan casualties were usually low in number due to the method of fighting used. They
were also successful due in part to the fact that they knew the lay of the land, where German
soldiers did not. A basic timeline of Partisan activities follows something close to the following. The
first known Jewish resistance was in Belgium in 1939 with the Jewish Solidarity. These Jews joined
the Belgium Army of Partisans in 1940 when Germany first started occupying Belgium. The
resistance movement grew even larger when French and Greek Jews joined resistance movements in
1940 and '41, respectively. The Eastern partisan groups sprang up beginning in June of '41 after the
Germans invaded the Soviet Union. The partisans continued to fight right up to the end of the war in
'45. As I mentioned at the beginning, Jewish partisans are placed into two categories: Eastern and
Western. There was no major resistance in Germany, due to the fact that everything was highly
scrutinized by Hitler's

Personal Narrative: My Jewish Identity, Math, And Me
At the beginning of sixth grade, I met my two future best friends, and I did not like them. I found
one boring, the other frustrating and hard to understand. I couldn't connect with the first, and I didn't
want to bother trying to get to know the second. Not long after, however, we became inseparable. So
now it's the three of us– my Jewish identity, mathematics, and me. Technically, I'd met them both
before, and even then we'd had our differences. In fourth grade, I threw a temper tantrum twice a
week because I didn't want to go to religious school. In fifth grade, I confidently told my math
teacher that two times three was equal to five. Soon enough, though, I discovered that first
impressions could be wrong.
I first encountered what I like to call "joyful Judaism" at the Union for Reform Judaism's Eisner
Camp that summer. I learned new, fun melodies for songs that I'd written off as uninspiring and
outdated. I attended services where everyone would get up and dance without being told. I learned
to rejoice in tzedakah, or charity; tikkun olam, or repairing the world; and gemilut chasadim, or acts
of loving kindness. Most importantly, I learned not to just ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
As we spent more time together, it became evident that I was drawn to them both for the same
reasons. Both teach me that I have full control. Jewish law states that we are not inherently good or
bad, but rather, that our choices define us. Similarly, in math, so long as I stay within the basic rules,
I can move around and manipulate the numbers however I choose. These friends empower me with
infinite potential to grow. I am taught lo alecha hamlacha ligmor v'lo atah ben chorin lehibatel
mimena– though I am not required to complete the holy work (or the complicated math team
problem), I am not free to ignore it. They both encourage me to do all that I can in the time that I
have, but they understand and respect my

Analyzing Intercultural Communication : An Intercultural...
Films are considered to be a very valuable tool when examining intercultural communications,
because they depict the way people and cultures communicate their identities. In The Woman In
Gold, Maria Altmann, a Jewish refugee teams up with a young but determined lawyer, Randy
Schoenberg (Reynolds), to reclaim the painting of her aunt, and with it, a part of her heritage. The
painting, completed by the very famous Gustav Klimt, was stolen from her home during World War
II. It was then displayed at the Belvedere, becoming what the movie refers to as the "Mona Lisa of
Austria." Due to its immense importance to the Austrian society and the personal connection to Mrs.
Altmann, the battle for the masterpiece is both an intercultural and an interpersonal conflict for the
characters. In many ways, The Woman In Gold, serves as a good example for the theories and
concepts of intercultural communication. The Martin and Nakayama text defines political history as
history that focuses on political events. But in the case with Maria Altmann, the holocaust was more
than just 'political history.' It was also a religious and ethnic history, in that it affected all of the
Jewish communities and shaped Jewish history in general. It even served as a cultural and a
diasporic history, after it changed Europe and provoked a massive migration of refugees. In short,
the war was not just an independent political event that "just happened", but an event that shaped
Mrs. Altmann's idea of self. The war

Gluckel of Hameln’s Memoirs
Gluckel of Hameln's memoirs Gluckel of Hameln was a Jewish woman from Hamburg who lived in
the seventeenth century. She wrote her lengthy memoirs in Yiddish. Her memoir is regarded to be
one of the most important documents for European Jewish history written by a Jewish woman. The
diary or the memoirs are addressed to her fourteen children. In 1690, Gluckel became a widow after
the death of her husband and the memoirs were a therapeutic way to heal her wounded heart. The
diary was used to take away her sad thoughts and to get her through her sadness. She states "I am
not writing this book in order to preach to you, but, as I have already said, to drive away the
melancholy that comes with the long nights ..."However, in her diary she ... Show more content on
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In her memoir in book five she gives credit to some of the women like Esther Mattie who she
describes as, "A pious, honorable woman who ...always went to fairs." Gluckel also recognizes
widows like Baruch of Berlin, who she says "... still remained fully in business after her husband's
death." The information reflects how the Jewish businesswomen took seriously their work by
travelling to the fairs abroad to sell their goods. This was atypical to the German Christian wives
who stayed within the city walls and played their role in the retail sector. Unlike the German
Christian wives, the Jewish wives were not viewed to be flattering by becoming dominant members
of society and be fully engaged in the male dominant labor force. The Jewish wives were viewed as
subordinates in the society who were assumed to become active and bring home an income. The
Jewish women travelled to the fairs to sell their merchandise and this did not undermine the
woman's reputation. Unlike their Christian partners, women who earned much brought additional
marriage proposals, because it indicated the woman's commitment to her husband and family. The
memoirs serve as a reminder to her children to know the value of hard work. The memoir shows the
distinction between hard work of the German Jewish women and the German Christian women in
the 17th and 18th century. The memoirs have placed the main focus on the comparison of German
Jewish women's lives and that of German Christian women's lives. Using

The Jewish Community
For many members of the Jewish community, the nature of their identity has been a question that
has shaped their position in the modern world. Does the term Jew only consider a group of religious
followers? Or does the classification of Jew have much broader nationalistic implications? The Jews
of the Habsburg Empire during the 18th and 19th centuries, and more specifically in the crown land
of Galicia, began to reexamine their political identities. As German Liberalism grew in popularity
some members of the Galician Jewry began to see Jews, not only as a religious group, but as a
nationality in its own right. These ideas stemmed from the reformist policies of Joesph II,
Enlightenment ideals, and a brief revolutionary period. It was ... Show more content on
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Upon its annexation into the Habsburg Empire, Galicia had a Jewish population of 215,477. Jewish
Historian William O. McCagg Jr. asserts that in 1785, Jews made up nearly nine percent of the
Galician population, and nearly seven–teen percent of the Capitol region of Lwów. Galicia's Jewish
population surged after years of Jewish expulsion across the Empire. Many exiled Jews migrated to
Galicia from Germany and Vienna. These past expulsions left large portions of the Galician
population with a sense of loss. They had no true home, and were not fully welcomed in Galicia.
They did not speak the same language as their Polish counterparts, and lived in small isolated
communities. This disenfranchisement would later lead to their larger identity crisis and to the surge
of Jewish Nationalism. Another critical factor that would push the Galician Jews down the road to
Nationalism was the Habsburg State's legislative response to the Jewish presence in the crown land.
This facet of the Jewish question is more convoluted, and will take a more in–depth examination in
order to fully understand both the motives of the Habsburg State and its subsequent effect on the
Jewish people. The Monarchy of the Habsburg Empire implemented a series of reformative policies
that would push the Galician Jews to assimilate with the secular population. This was done in an
attempt to strengthen the Empire's economy, by better harnessing the Jewish

Jewish Identity In Ancient World Summary
On March 7, Dr. Lawrence Wills presented a lecture entitled "The Origin of the Jewish Identity in
Ancient World". The purpose of this lecture was to identify where the terms Jew and Judaism came
from. In his lecture, Dr. Wills also spoke on how the same term could be used as an insult or as
appreciation. However, in order to understand Dr. Lawrence Wills lecture, one must look at the
historical aspect of it first, especially if they are not familiar with the history. In order to understand
the origin of the Jewish Identity, it is important to look at the history behind the term. In the fourth
century BCE, Alexander the Great conquered Jerusalem. One of the provinces in Jerusalem was
called Yehud, the region was soon referred to as loudaia and the inhabitants were referred to as
loudaioi. Respectively, loudaia and loudaioi translate to Judea and Judeans. The inhabitants were
referred as such because of the tendency to name inhabitants after the area in which they lived; for
example, Egyptians live in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The term became further complicate when Hasmonean kings conquered Samaria, Galilee, and
Idumea and imposed their law on the nations that they conquered. As a consequence, those with no
history of Judean rule became loudaioi. As a result of this new conquest, those that were now
loudaioi were still different from the original loudaios because they were original a part of a
different ethnic group. This also caused conflict when Herod the Great first came to rule; he was the
descendent of Idumeans, so there was much dispute of whether or not he was actually loudaioi. The
second source of confusion happened when people converted. The question of who was loudaioi and
who was not was a tricky topic. This varied between every new case and it depended on those in
question. Conversion was significant because it contributed to the translation of loudaioi into

The Jewish Self Identity Essay
Mary Margaret Hyer
Professor Melvin Arrington
Honors 101
11 December 2014
The Jewish Self–Identity Throughout history, there has not been a more persecuted ethnoreligious
group than the Jews; examples of their persecution can be traced back to Biblical times. Because of
their mistreatment by other ethnic and religious groups, the Jewish people have formed a self–
identity that is unlike any other cultural group in this world. There are three components that make
up the Jewish self–identity: antisemitism and its effects, the image of the self–hating Jew, often a
result of antisemitism, and the events and repercussions of the Holocaust. Some scholars would
argue that antisemitism is a result of the New Testament's portrayal of the Jewish people as the
reason for Christ's crucifixion. In fact, in the Gospel of Acts, the Bible blatantly states, "The people
of Jerusalem and their rulers did not recognize Jesus, yet in condemning him they fulfilled the
words of the prophets that are read every Sabbath. Though they found no proper ground for a death
sentence, they asked Pilate to have him executed" (Acts 13:27–28). The term "Jewish decide", an
idea that states that the Jewish people as a whole are responsible for the death of Christ, was coined
as an act of antisemitism; this decide term was often expressed as the ethnoreligious slur, "Christ–
killer." Antisemitism has evolved over time, and its development has been categorized into six
stages: "(1) Pre–Christian

Shield Of David: Modern Jewish Identity And Judaism
The Star of David (✡), known in Hebrew as the Shield of David or Magen David (Hebrew ‫ד‬‫ִו‬‫ָּד‬ ‫ֵגן‬‫;ָמ‬
Biblical Hebrew Māḡēn Dāwīḏ [maːˈɣeːn daːˈwiːð], Tiberian [mɔˈɣen dɔˈvið], Modern Hebrew [ma
ˈɡen daˈvid], Ashkenazi Hebrew and Yiddish Mogein Dovid [ˈmɔɡeɪn ˈdɔvid] or Mogen Dovid), is a
generally recognized symbol of modern Jewish identity and Judaism.[1] Its shape is that of a
hexagram, the compound of two equilateral triangles. Unlike the menorah, the Lion of Judah, the
shofar and the lulav, the Star of David was never a uniquely Jewish symbol.[2]
During the 19th century the symbol began to proliferate amongst the Jewish communities of Eastern
Europe, ultimately being used amongst the Jewish communities in the Pale of Settlement. A
significant

Similarities Between The Holocaust And The Holocaust
All around us people are being discriminated for what they look or act like, the color of their skin,
religion, and language. During the civil rights movement the citizens of the United States were
fighting over equality.Unfortunately, a few people might have said they didn't want African
Americans in their country and that opinion spread to other people and the world of the African
Americans was completely turned upside down. There is a similar story sorta like the civil rights
movement and it was called the Holocaust. The Holocaust was where at one point the Jewish
religion was considered "racist" and needed to be treated differently from other religions. Although,
the holocaust and the civil rights movement based around two different groups of people and what
happened to those people both talk about discrimination of both groups. In each of these two events
two different groups of people were being targeted as "different." In the holocaust the Jewish people
were called "different"; all because one man thinks that the Jewish religion shouldn't exist everyone
else begins to feel that way. As time went, on this man, Adolf Hitler, may the jews feel nonhuman
and that they have no identity in the world. On the other hand, in the civil rights movement, it was
African Americans who were considered "different." During this time many Americans were
fighting over equality in the United States. many African–Americans were bad and they needed to
be tortured and I didn't need to

Jewish Identity Crisis

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Jewish Identity Crisis