Description Of An Artificial Device

Description Of An Artificial Device
By: nada kabouli Wafaa kaffas Mirna Ramadan
Amputation:
Is the absence of part of the upper or lower extremities
Causes of amputation:
1–peripheral vascular disease
2– Trauma
3–malignancy
4 congenital deficiencies
Prosthesis
Is an artificial device that provide replacement for a missing body parts of the lower or upper extremities, is designed to replace the function or
appearance of a missing limb or body part.
Purpose:
1– To provide an individual who has an amputated limb to perform functional tasks, walking which may not be possible without the limb.
2– use during activities or sports, such as swimming, climbing, driving and dancing
3– use to activity of daily living such as eating, taking a shower
Description:
1–Be comfortable to wear
2 –removable (Easy to put and remove) 3–Lightweight,
4–permanently implanted
Considerations when choosing prosthesis:
1– Amputation level
2–cognitive function
3– Financial resources of the patient
4–contour of the limb
5–cosmetic importance of the prosthetics
6– Patient job

Problems may occur when using prosthesis are:
1–causes unequal weight load to lower limbs
2– Cause extra stress or pressure on the other (uninvolved) leg
3– The increased pressure may lead to pain and skin problems
4– Walking with prosthesis on takes extra energy.
5– Need to be adjusted several times
Prostheses are typically manufactured using the following steps:
1–Measurement of the stump.
2–Measurement of the body to determine
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Mastectomy Prosthesis
A Few Things To Know About A Mastectomy Prosthesis
If you're waiting to have a mastectomy for your breast cancer, one of the things you'll want to consider is if you'll wear a prosthesis. In some cases,
reconstructive surgery can be done at the same time as your mastectomy. Other times you'll have to space out the surgeries or you may not want
reconstruction surgery at all. If that's the case, you'll probably want to wear a prosthesis so your figure will be balanced under your clothing. Here are
some things you may want to know about wearing a mastectomy prosthesis.
How They Are Applied
A prosthesis can be slipped into the pocket of a mastectomy bra. This is the easiest way to wear one, especially right after your surgery. The other option

Replacing Amputated Limbs with Prosthetics
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Prosthetic limb is an artificial device that is used to replace the amputated part of the patient's limb. Myo
prosthetic limb takes the signals from the patient's muscles, which are live, to operate the artificial limb that is being used to replace the
amputated part of the arm. Through the mechanical and electrical technologies' applications it tries to copy the movement of the actual limb. In
most cases, the bicep or triceps muscles can be used to retrieve those signals which are to be processed further through circuitry. Other than that,
any other muscle that is active and can give the slight electrical signal can be used to process the signal. Myo prosthetic limb comprises of
electrical portion, that is the circuitry, as well as the mechanical portion that is the actuator and gripper. The signals that are received can be used to
actuate the gripper through which any object can be picked, held and released as per the requirement of the patient. Multiple prototypes were
developed and improved in the previous years. But they needed few improvements to make them work perfectly. The improvements were done this
year. The signal acquisition and gripper actuation were improved which resulted in the more efficient response of the limb. The response of the
gripper was greatly improved as well. The overall reliability of the system was increased significantly and was brought to a level where it could be
represented as a product. The circuitry was

Case Study Of Edentulism
It has been elegantly stated that "the dilemma of being both elderly and edentulous challenges life quality for both patient and the dentist. The former
suffers because of morphological and functional compromises, the latter because of a dearth of safe and predictably successful clinical techniques. The
success of patient's care in future is utmost dependent on the improvement of shared goals for both the edentulous patient and the clinical team. Thus
careful elucidation of goals and strategies are required to reduce or eliminate edentulism, of new and better–quality standards for management of
edentulism, and of innovation in the denture care delivery1.
Edentulism, a condition with no teeth or a state with complete loss of natural teeth, usually results of dental caries or periodontal disease. These
processes do have a deleterious cumulative effect as it reduces the patient's quality of life, his/her self–image and the daily functioning activity. There is
exponential increase in Edentulism after 50 years of age and sharply rises around 60 years of age especially seen in developed countries2. Though the
causes of edentulism are many, total tooth loss can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence, the nutritional status assessment becomes imperative so as to offer timely dietary advice to this expanding population16. Complete denture
wearers seem to adjust their diet toward food items that are less coarse, softer, and easier to chew, and they generally consume less fruits and
vegetables. This change in diet affects nutritional status, and generally, complete denture wearers have a lower energy intake than dentate individuals.
Intake of macronutrients such as protein and fiber are lower and the intake of fat is higher. Furthermore, the intake of micronutrients such as vitamin C,
vitamin E, vitamin A, calcium, and folate are often low in this group of older

Prosthesis Failure
Due to revolution in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities limb salvage became the mainstay of treatment of bone tumors rather than amputation
[1].Modular endoprosthesis have been the most accepted option for reconstruction of bone defects after tumour resection as a result of their functional
and emotional acceptance [2].The Drawbacks of these types of reconstruction are their survival that is not coinciding with the higher survival rates of
bone malignant tumor patients [3, 4]. Most important factors leading to decrease prosthesis survival is loosening and failure of fixation mechanism
[5].Novel fixation mechanism is combination of increasing compressive force on the diaphysial cut ends to promote osseointegration and bone
hypertrophy to

Prosthetics History
Prosthetics: A History and Analysis of Their Impact Think of all the things that are taken for granted each and every day because of how accustomed
the mind becomes to them; two legs for walking, two eyes from which to see, two ears from which to listen, and a mouth from which to talk. While
these abilities may seem basic to most, they mean the world to those who lack these abilities. Thankfully, with advancements in technology and
innovation, prosthesis have been introduced and continually improved to give everyone an equal chance at succeeding and enjoying life. Before
diving into a brief history and analysis of prosthesis, it is important to take into account, what exactly is a prosthesis? It is defined as "A device, either
external or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The use of Bluetooth technology: The use of Bluetooth technology helps double amputee patients to regulate stride, pressure and speed in their
prosthetic legs. (5 Major advancements in robotic prosthetics, 2012)
3.Microprocessor knees: With an onboard computer, patients with above knee amputations now have greater control over activities such as walking,
stopping, and moving up inclines. (5 Major advancements in robotic prosthetics, 2012)
4.Myoelectric Technology: these limbs are controlled by placing muscle sensors against the skin at the site of amputation. This technology allows for
greater, control and precision in five fully functioning fingers. (5 Major advancements in robotic prosthetics, 2012)
5.Targeted muscle reinnervation: Although it is a process still in it's infant stages, amputees are slowly coming to control prosthesis with their minds.
This technology reenergizes the nerves from the amputated limb in a different part of the body. The amputee proceeds to think the action prompting
these nerves to react, which then sends a message to the microprocessor in the robotic limb, which preforms the action. (5 Major advancements in
robotic prosthetics,

Prosthetic Limbs : Past, Present, and Future Essay
Prosthetic Limbs: Past, Present, and Future
Abstract:
The purpose of my research paper is to discover how artificial limbs work in conjunction with the human body, which plastics are used in prosthetic
limbs, and if there are any better possible plastics out there that can be used. The 1.9 million people in
America who have lost limbs find it hard to pay for them, since they're very expensive, so I looked into materials used, which are currently plastics
such as polypropylene and carbon fibers. However, there are still some problems such as slow reaction time so manufacturers and laboratories are
looking into alternate solutions such as carbon nanotubes and microchips. Research is expensive though, so I do not see the cost of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, yearly, there are around 1.9 million Americans living with
From http://mksviews.files.wordpress.com limb loss (War Fuels Prosthetics). However, many companies did not pay much attention to the area of
prosthetics because of the lack of money they would get from it. However, with the start of the Iraq War, many companies are trying to find better and
cheaper ways to manufacture well–crafted artificial limbs due to the demands being placed by soldiers of war who want limbs that function faster and
better. Their demands push the limits of prosthetic technology, which can end up being beneficial to everyone.
Artificial limbs are a type of prosthesis, the artificial extension that replaces a missing extremity, which are used for when people lose their limbs due
to diseases, accidents, or birth defects. (Prosthetic Limbs). There are different types of prosthesis, such as static prosthesis, simple artificial limbs like
peg legs which do not enable the person to be able to have any sense of touch. Dynamic prosthesis, the more popular choice, uses sophisticated
electronics to let the nerve and muscle systems of the human body to be able to sense their artificial limb (Prosthetic Limbs). They can make the nerve
and muscle systems sense feeling because it has electrical sensors in the prosthetic limb to detect the

Prosthetic Limb Research Paper
Andrew Lustig
Professor Mallard
ECE 101
24 October 2012
Can Anybody Lend A Hand? Prosthetic limbs all started with a very simple problem. Do you just give up hope when you lose an arm or a leg, or is
there some other way to make the best of a situation? Hope was not given up by us persistent human beings and that is how artificial limbs were
thought of. Instead trying to get around, we thought of artificial legs to help those who have lost them. Instead of only having one arm, we thought of
artificial arms to be able to have two again. Prosthesis not only brought hope to those who were seriously injured and lost their limbs, but it helped
these people bring their lives back to as normal as it could be. Of course prosthesis did not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So for many years people were content with this simple type of prosthetic limb and it wasn't for about 500 years until it began to progress into
something better. The next "wave" of prosthesis came from Ambroise Pare, a Frenchman born in 1510. He was a surgeon for the French Army and
was prominently known for his treatment to gunshot wounds. He also made great progress in artificial limbs.
"His 'Le Petit Lorrain', a mechanical hand operated by catches and springs was worn by a French Army captain in battle. He also devised an
above–knee prosthesis consisting of a kneeling peg and a prosthetic foot. It had a fixed equinus position, a locking knee and a suspension harness,
features that are still in use today" (1117). This hand was the starting point for the advanced prostheses in existence today as well as the leg he
developed. It was the first successful leg to have the locking knee, suspension harness and the equinus position and it set the bar for other prosthetics to
come. Also Pare was the first to make a prosthesis with joints; "The leg he designed for amputation through the thigh is the first known to employ
articulated joints" (Wilson Jr. 2). The next wave of progression with artificial limbs came from the Civil War, and with anesthetics present, the surgeries
were improved tremendously. Also the United States government paid for prosthesis for war veterans so they became more common. There was

Hanger Limb Research Paper
Robotic Prosthesis
Prosthesis have been around since the early 1400 century. One of the first functioning limb replacement was created around the renaissance times. It
was a replacement hand for a general who lost a hand in war. The hand was constructed from copper and steel.
By the late 1500 century, a French Army barber/surgeon Ambroise ParГ© was to be considered the father ofprosthesis surgery. He was one of the best
when it came to saving enough limb to allow for a prosthetic limb. By this time the advancement in these fake limbs had grown from crude made
hands to fully functioning legs. 'As the U. S. Civil War dragged on, the number of amputations rose astronomically, forcing Americans to enter the field
of prosthetics. james Hanger, one of the first amputees of the Civil War, developed what he later patented as the "Hanger Limb" from whittled
barrel staves.'(Kim M. Norton) For many years a perfect prosthetic was not a thought. Many people that had to have a limb cut off would not have a
very usable fake limb. Most of the time the remnants of the limb where down in the field to soldiers and were not done properly. Since the limbs
were cut off very roughly many people would die do to disease. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The prosthesis has gone from a steel mechanical leg to a fully functioning robotic leg. This leg can walk like a human and make not having a limb
no longer a challenge. A downside to these types of prosthesis is that they are very expensive. And average robotic arm can cost at a minimum of
11,000 dollars according to Aaron Saenz. These arms are a base model to keep in mind. Most of them can't do things like read impulses from your
brain. A new discovery with moving the nerves of an arm to the lower bicep led to the invention of the first fully functional thought controlled robot
prosthesis.(Jon Hopkins' Applied Physics

Able-Bodied Athletes Vs Amputee Analysis
The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) was founded in 1912, and began to control aspects of what gets to be in an official
sports event. The IAAF protects the athletes from faulty equipment to doping opponents. However, in more recent years; the IAAF has "protected" the
able–bodied athletes from amputee athletes.Circumstances that meet this criteria include; Oscar Pistorius, and Markus Rehm (Greenemeier). Both
athletes faced similar situations dealing with disqualification due to presumed advantageous prosthetics and were inevitably denied. However, Pistorius
appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) which found that the evidence the IAAF had presented was inconclusive. The battle between both
parties, their... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can be taken as either an advantage or disadvantage; however, it does not eliminate the probably that the technique of an abled–bodied athlete
would be different. An able–bodied athlete does not get the chance to manipulate their technique to the extent an amputee can, although an amputee
athlete would have to adapt to the prosthetic. Despite having to adapt to that form, an amputee will still differ from an athlete with biological limbs.
Greenemeier also found out that Pistorius had used 17% less energy than elite runners (Greenemeier). The research suggests that this is a large
advantage, as according to the large portion of energy not used by Pistorius, that other able–bodied athletes may have had to use. Pistorius' ability to
preserve energy makes it reasonable to disqualify him, as the retained energy makes maintaining a speed much easier, while the other athletes must
expend the abilities of their muscles instead of the materials a prosthesis may be made from. The research the IAAF showed Greenemeier had revealed
more biological advantages, including: repositioning times, oxygen consumption, energy that is used and returned, and how the body uses a prosthetic
limb (Greenemeier). Nancy Gibbs, a writer for TIMES Magazine, found Pistorius had a faster reposition time where his legs were able to assumes the
original starting position, and his oxygen intake was lower than the non–prosthetic competition (Gibbs). Some may argue he still has to cope with the
loss of energy return from the ankles, however, researchers found that ankles would be less efficient than Pistorius's prosthetics (Gibbs). These lab
results are what the IAAF presented and disqualified Pistorius for. Studies also conducted by Bidlack, a writer in sports law, found that the prosthetic
can even be used as a spring; this action surpasses

Dolphin Tale Movie Reflection
Dolphin tale is a movie about a dolphin whose tail was trapped in a crab trap. The dolphin is rescued and taken away by the local animal rehabilitation
hospital for treatment and rehabilitation. The dolphin's tail is infected, so the hospital has no choice, but to amputate it. The amputation provides the
dolphin with a better chance of survival. The dolphin requires assistance while eating and swimming as well because it is unable to do these actions on
its own. The dolphin is slowly able to move her tail in a side to side motion allowing her to swim. However, this movement causes inflammation in the
dolphin's spinal cord which could lead to paralysis. The idea of a prosthesis is introduced to help the dolphin swim. After many trial and errors the
dolphin successfully uses the prosthesis to move its tail properly in a up and down movement allowing it to swim again without harm. The client
"dolphin" in the movie is physically disabled which inferes with its ability to swim properly on its own. The disability in the movie was portrayed in
terms with the medical model, because the client was unable to make decisions for themselves. The patient is a passive recipient of treatment. It
implies a sick role and a lack or participation or responsibility, requires compliance with doctor's orders (Cole and Tufano, 2008, p. 26). In the movie,
the client receives treatment based on what the clinician believes is the best way to perform treatment. For example, due to an infection

Modern Medical Technology
This paper is a review of the various prototypes, techniques and ideas being experimented with in the modern fields of medical health and technology.
The new technology that engineers are working with are improving every day and the possibilities that they hold are extraordinary. There is an
enormous array of ways they are using technology with health and medical situations, however some of the major ones are 3D printing, creating cells
/"human–like robots" and prostheses/limb and exoskeleton "attachments". 3D printing allows for a very customizable, inexpensive and fairly quick
and easy process for creating a variety of things from organs to devices that aid the user to complete a certain task. Creating cells and "human–like
robots" is another very popular topic being experimented with. The "data" recorded when trying things out with this are able to spark new ideas while
helping a person, or animal, with a medical problem. Another big topic; prostheses and limb/exoskeleton attachments are extremely influential and give
disabled or injured people the ability to do normal things that before, they might have never thought possible. They are becoming much more advanced
all the time and scientists are finding ways to make them more affordable, durable, customizable, etc. all the time. In conclusion, the importance of
medical technology is incredible and throughout this paper, the importance of this field will be stressed even more, with many examples of the work
being done.

New Technologies Of Medicine And Their Effects On...
New Technologies in Medicine and Their Effects on Reimbursement When thinking of the latest technologies in medicine, a lot of different subjects
came to mind, such as, stem cell transplants and 3D printing. I continued looking and thinking about the world of medicine and all the things that
researchers have found and what the human body is capable of. The technology that I found most interesting was movable, mind controlled prosthetic
body parts, in particular the arms and legs. It's amazing to see how far technology has come today in both cognitive neuroscience and biomedical
engineering, and the many miracles that have been discovered through research.
Today, over 100,000 people living in the United States have amputated hands or arms alone that could benefit from this recent technology (Medicine,
2016). There are many reasons behind a person becoming an amputee, such as injury, accident, or the development of cancer in that limb. The most
common reason for amputation is poor blood flow which often causes infection and death of the tissue. There are different types of amputations of the
leg that include above–the–knee and below–the–knee. The arm is referred to in the same way, above–the–elbow and below–the–elbow. The
amputations that are above the knee or elbow joints are riskier and have a greater chance of complications. People with illnesses such as diabetes,
heart disease, or any type of infection also are at higher risk for complications from amputation surgery

Advances In Prosthetics
The Advances in Prosthetics Current prosthetics are beneficial but robotic prosthetics are being produced which will give people better opportunities
to live the life they want live. Robotic prosthesis are meant to work exactly the same as a normal limb by controlling it through a person's thoughts.
Robotics is the study of robots. People use for different kinds of things from space rovers to prosthetics. Prosthetics are artificial devices that are used
in place of defective or missing limbs. What would happen if these two were combined? Robotic prosthetics are made which are made to be almost
an equal as a regular limb. From the early days of Egyptian, Roman, and Greek civilization, prosthetics were first made out of fiber, wood, and ... Show
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When the i–LIMB hand first came out in the United Kingdom on July 2007, people were amazed of this new technology that seemed to be from the
future. The "I–LIMB applies myoelectric technology, where the prefix myo– denotes a relationship to muscle. Myoelectric prostheses are controlled by
placing muscle sensors against the skin at the site of amputation. The electric signals generated by the muscle at an amputee's stump controls a
processor aboard the prosthetic. This myoelectric technology allows for greater control and precision in the five fully functional digits, enabling
recipients to perform everyday tasks such as picking up coins and opening tabbed aluminum cans," (5 Major Advances is Robotic Prosthetics). With
this new enhancement, using a prosthetic will be a lot easier and precise almost like a human hand is. As time goes by, hand prosthetics are getting
quicker and better controlled than

All About a Prosthetic Limb Essay
In prescription, prosthetic limb is a fake gadget that replaces a missing body part. The procedure of making this known as appendage prosthesis. It is a
piece of the field of bio mechatronics, the study of utilizing mechanical gadgets with human muscle, skeleton, and sensory systems to support or
improve engine control lost by trauma, ailment, or deformity. Prostheses are ordinarily used to supplant parts lost by harm (traumatic) or absent from
conception (intrinsic) or to supplement imperfect body parts. Inside the body, manufactured heart valves are in like manner utilization with simulated
hearts and lungs seeing less normal utilization. Other therapeutic gadgets and supports that could be considered prosthetics incorporate amplifiers, ...
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Interestingly, lower limb orthotic gadgets are intended to help, supplement, or increase the capacity of a current more level limb. The main picture
beneath portrays a lingering appendage succeeding removal. The second picture is an illustration of above–knee prosthesis.
Left, above–knee prosthesis with a quadrilateral attachment, a hip joint and pelvic band suspension, endo–skeletal parts with a nonessential froth
blanket and hose, a solitary hub knee, and a vitality putting away foot. Below are classes of knee gadgets, and each producer has numerous
alternatives. More than 200 knees are right now accessible Page # 8
Single–axis, constant friction
Polycentric without fluid control
Weight–activated stance control Manual lock
Above limb

Bearable Prosthesis
In addition to outlining a design methodology, it is also important to establish the criteria to assess the 'bearability' of the prosthesis. For this study, a
bearable prosthesis is defined as the successful coupling between a patient and their device, allowing the user to wear it continuously over a prolonged
period of time, projected to be 3–5 years until it requires replacement. Once the prosthetic device and the body have formed a successful coupling,
which in turn affects the users' cognitive process, creating a new form of behavior where the mind forms a seamless connection to the prosthesis. The
more the user is unaware of the device and feels a sense of control over it, the more comfortable the user feels. To assess the outcome of the
relationship formed, a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These criteria were determined in conjunction to the outcome of patient case studies presented in section 3.1. Invisibility is reliant on both the
materiality and physical fit of the device in order for the user to be unaware of the presence of the device. Materiality is important in that the design
needs to be strong and stable yet still provide a comfortable and soft transition to the body. As such, a comfortable fit facilitates the user's ability to
quickly become accustomed to the presence of the device. A sense of control over the device also contributes to successful coupling. By developing a
reactive design that moves in response to the body and operates in a predictable and visual manner, the resultant output allows the user to learn new
behaviors. It allows the user to feel that they have control over the device, allowing reliable coupling to form at a faster rate. Additionally, the results of
the success of the coupling

Rehabilitation Of Amputees
Rehabilitation Processes of Lower Limb Amputees A lot of new and recent research has begun concerning the rehabilitation of amputees, especially as
the numbers for amputations are only expected to rise. The large majority of amputations arise from two sources which include trauma (45%) and
vascular diseases (54%) such as diabetes and peripheral arterial disease (ZieglerвЂђGraham et. al 2008). With the expectation that diseases such as
diabetes will increase so will the number of people requiring amputations and a large reason for the increasing research to improving our ability to
understanding and working with amputees. After amputees have to make the difficult decision to undergo surgery to remove a limb, they are faced
with an uphill battle... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
TENS involves placing multiple electrodes on the stump which sends electrical impulses along the nerves. The two main theories on why this relieves
pain including causing the brain to release endorphins which help block the perception of pain. Secondly, the electrical impulses may interfere with the
pain signals being sent to the brain which ultimately minimizes the pain. In a study conducted by Mulvey et. al (2013) it was shown that the
stimulation was well tolerated and their pain intensity while moving and resting decreased for 9 of the 10 participants within 30 minutes. One
participant even went on to mention, ''TENS took my pain away in my phantom limb and my stump... It didn't just dull the pain, as I had expected it
would, it actually took the pain away!'' (Mulvey et. al

Importance Of Biomedical Engineering
Scope of the Engineering Profession
The nature and range of work done by Biomedical Engineers
Biomedical engineering is the application of a variety of different engineering principles and concepts in order to advance the biology and health care
fields. Biomedical engineers often work closely with doctors and medical researchers in order to improve on existing medical techniques, often
involving the implementation of technology, or creating solutions to new and arising problems in the medical field.
Biomedical engineers cover a range of fields in the medical profession such as:
Prosthetics, such as dentures and artificial limb replacements.
Surgical devices and systems, such as robotic and laser surgery.
Systems to monitor vital signs and blood chemistry.
Implanted devices, such as insulin pumps, pacemakers and artificial organs.
Imaging methods, such as ultrasound, X–rays, particle beams and magnetic resonance.
Diagnostic Equipment
Therapeutic equipment and devices, such as kidney dialysis and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.
Radiation therapy using particle beams and X–rays.
Physical therapy devices, such as exercise equipment and wearable tech.
Educational Requirements
Biomedical engineers create more efficient processes and improved technology to promote the health, comfort and safety of medical patients. Their
research is instrumental in the development of health systems such as artificial prostheses and body organs. They also design

A Brief Note On Gait Deviation And Postural Asymmetry
It was alarming that in the year 2012, one out of two adults in the United States was suffered from musculoskeletal dysfunctions (Lezin and
Watkins–Castillo, 2016). Gait deviation and postural asymmetry are constantly observed among people with unilateral lower limb amputation,
especially transfemoral amputation. Studies showed, amputees have 52–71% in getting low back pain and transfemoral amputees (TFAs) has 50% more
chance of getting knee osteoarthritis (OA) at the intact leg (Ehde et al., 2001, Kulkarni et al., 1998). It is a major issue needs immediate attention as
OA and low back pain can severely affect a person's quality of life (Woolf and Pfleger, 2003), especially this group of population who has already
owned a primary disability. Due to such, an in–depth review of how does biomechanical disadvantages expose unilateral transfemoral amputation to
these second disabilities and rehabilitation approaches to prevent or delay of the dysfunctions will be discussed here from my perspective as a
physiotherapist. To draw a good rehabilitation program, assessment on TFAs frequently is done via visual analysis of static and dynamic alignment.
Asymmetry static standing posture and gait deviation is frequently seen among TFAs, inclusive of those have completed rehabilitation programmes.
There are 8 phases of in a gait cycle. Transfemoral locomotion is complex and now, the deviations of the prosthetic leg in each gait stage will be
analysed with two assumptions, the prosthesis

Advancements in the Development of Prosthetic Devices
Prosthetic devices are needed by many people throughout the world every year due to injuries and health complications. However, choosing the correct
prosthetic and being able to afford the device can seem a bit challenging. Prosthetic devices are made up of many different components and different
prosthetics are made for different lifestyles. Designing, making, and assembling these pieces can be very costly. In fact, a prosthetic leg can range
anywhere from $5,000 to $50,000, and even the most expensive prosthetics withstands use for only three to five years (Mohney). Regardless of the
current cost, technology is advancing and we are developing new ways to make these devices. Prosthetic devices are improving by becoming more
technologically advanced, cheaper, and more widely available. The history of prosthetics dates back many years to when they were originally made
around 1500 B.C. Prosthetic devices were originally used to take the place of limbs but had no other purpose. Most prosthetic devices during Roman
times were just wooden or steel pegs (Patel). In the 1500s, Ambroise Pare introduced amputation to the medical community, and shortly after,made
artificial limbs to take the place of the arm and elbow earning him the name, the father of prosthetics. In the late 1600s, Pieter Andriannszoon Verduyh
developed the first non–locking prosthesis for below the knee which is the basis for the joints used today. Sir James Syme then introduced ankle
amputation to

Prosthetic Limbs Research Paper
When researching prosthetics, one of the fields I was rather interested in exploring was the technology that goes into the development and design of
prosthetics. The topic is unarguably interesting and becoming more popular for both research and funding purposes. I was curious to see how the
original practice of prosthetics was developed and when they were first used along with how technological advances throughout time have correlated
with developmental advancements in prosthetics. I was quite surprised after learning that the idea of prosthetic limbs was actually introduced an
extremely long time ago. In the year 2000, researchers in Cairo,
Egypt, unearthed what they believe to be the oldest documented artificial body part –– a prosthetic toe made of wood and leather. "The ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The science has recently started to become more advanced due to funding and research. Further, owing to the poor healing capacity of the nervous
system and an aging population contributing to more persons becoming disabled by problems such as stroke and Parkinson's disease, the demand for
prosthetic solutions is growing."2 I read about a meeting that was held that combined 160 different professionals like scientists, engineers, researchers
and many others all with the hope of creating powerful and adaptive prosthetics. The meetings consisted of making the process of production and
performance more efficient. "Materials scientists would kill to be able to produce a material as amazing as biological muscle, which can retract on
command, stretch by about 70% without damage, and heal its own nicks and tears. Now, researchers say they're getting closer with a synthetic material
that can do all these things, though not as well as natural muscle. The advance could one day be useful in robotics and prosthetics."3 So it's clear that
there are efforts being put towards the advancement of prosthetics but also towards the research and possible

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Artificial Patterns
Faculty of Engineering – Rabigh
King Abdulaziz University
Artificial limbs
Moath Alhazmi
1536219
Ahmed Adawi
1539211
Ibrahim Ahmed
1536279
IEN 101 TECHNICAL WRITING
DATE
21/8/1438 17/5/2017
SUBMITTED TO:
Dr.Haitham Bahaitham
Abstract
Most countries in our world now facing a crisis which is it the accident and the wars where people in it lose their limbs and the best solution for that
is using artificial limbs. We need to develop the invention so everyone in the world can use and. One of the strongest positive impact of artificial
limbs is that can help people to live normal again , also the report shows the types of artificial limbs the advantages and disadvantages and the history
and the impact on people is life.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to gratefully and sincerely thank Dr.Haitham Bahaitham for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of the horrific wars it was happening at the time it caused much injury that where artificial limbs started to shine. There were many people
who lost their parts that where they started improving the design. The French army Dr. Amboise Pare, who is considered to be the founder of
artificial limbs and he was the first to invent a leg made of iron in 1529. After the U.S. Civil War in the early 1860sm a large number of doctors have

interest in artificial limbs they were wondering how its work the design they wonder, Prosthesis with a suction pocket and a multi–articulated foot were
designed by Dubois Parolee during this time. After World War II, which pushed the advancement of prosthetic device design even further, the National
Academy of Sciences established the Artificial Limb Program. [3] There became a new emphasis on the movement and functionality of artificial limbs,
resulting in the invention of the above–the–knee and below–the–knee prostheses in 1945 and 1975,

Prosthetic Leg Essay
For a long time, war, disease, injury, natural disasters, accidents and injuries have brought some injury survivors to this world. Since the limbs is an
important organ in human life and labor, the amputation have brought many influence for their life. While, the emergence of a human prosthetic help
them solve many inconveniences.
The oldest knew the prosthetic leg is from 300 BC in Capua, Italy which is made of copper and wood. With the development of science and technology,
Present prosthetic is made of new materials and electronics. 1 Compare to traditional human prosthetic using of mechanical cable control. The new
human prosthetic have multiple degrees of freedom. The new human prosthetic have use the new materials and electronics. It ... Show more content on
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It has been control by many complex signals.
It is hard to control same degrees of freedom from number of mapping. Currently, prosthetic could not have a fully functional with limit size and weight.
Through the EMG patterns to analyze the method of control and coordinated the human prosthetic with other organs are two main problem in future
prosthetics. It also has multiple difficulties in daily life, Such as waterproof. There have small connectors and wires inside the human prosthetics. It
could cause some security risks when it has been used. The safety is one of important issue for producing human prosthetics. We should find optimal
way to avoid it in the future.
The traditional human prosthesis is expensive. It cannot been use in the war–torn where many people have lost multiple limbs. As the development of
technology, it have 2–3D printer to create custom prosthetics for people which is cost considerably lower than before.2 It will be more useful for the
third–world countries. But only reduce production costs is not sufficient. The price for raw material is still expensive. In the future, it may need to find
a cheaper material to replace existing materials. And the new material should does not affect the function of

Prosthetic Limb
GENERAL INFORMATION
The method of making a biocompatible prosthesis is made from a substrate of electro–conductive material whose surface is exposed to a biological
environment, such as living animal tissue or blood, to impart to said material biocompatibility at the site of exposure.
Artificial limbs is a fake part of your body that can replace a limb that you may have lost. They are very useful to many people
Biocompatibility is the capability of a prosthesis implanted in the body to exist in harmony with tissue without causing deleterious changes".
A transtibial prosthesis is an artificial limb that replaces a leg missing below the knee.
A transtibial amputee is usually able to regain normal movement more readily than someone with a transfemoral ... Show more content on
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2. Have traditional technologies been modified or improved through the use of biotechnology?
The history of biomechanical involve many modifications through its creation,it went from wooden legs and arms to newly desired metal. Whether it
be sailing the seas or fighting for your life on the battlefield!
3. What are the major challenges to research and scientific advancement in this area of biotechnology?
The main challenges to research in this area of biotechnology: Artificial Limbs, is finding the right articles that provide the most credible information
as possible. There are thousands of cases but google helps pull out the specific articles I desire from the most view to the least. Although this struggle
is for the reader, the thousands of dollars immunologists pay for equipment and experiments, knowing there will be a 50/50 chance, is a huge set back
for more advanced discoveries, that put many lives at risk or on hold. The major scientific advancements in the area of regenerative medicine and
biomedical engineering are the immunosuppressive anti–rejection medications and advanced biomaterials for prostheses construction. These
advancements prevent immune rejection and repairing of the body giving the owners a new chance of service and

Muscle Prosthetic Essay
The medical world is rapidly evolving. Go back just a 10 to 15 year we were still struggling with studying the human mind. Now we are trying to
figure out how to alter a creature genetics, bring back a mammoth, and grow back limbs. However, before mankind can regrow limbs it still needs to
make better prosthetics. I personally have been fascinated by robotic prosthetics for years because of my great–grandfather. I have done a little research
on the topic, however, there is still a lot to know about it.
I have studied a lot about robotics in general, but robotic induced Prosthetics is a field I want to go in to, but I have not worked on that much. In
relation to Robotic prosthetics, my greatest strength of knowledge is its history. The first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can be physically tiring, cumbersome and unnatural. Myoelectric limbs are externally powered, using a battery and electronic system to control
movement. Each prosthesis is custom made, attaching to the residual limb using suction technology. Once the device has been securely attached, it uses
electronic sensors to detect even the smallest traces of muscle, nerve and electrical activity in the remaining limb. This muscle activity is transmitted to
the surface of the skin where it is amplified and sent to microprocessors, which use the information to control the movements of the artificial limb.
This supports my statement by pinpointing the exact problems that cause stress on the human body. While a person does not need a fully automated
limb and there are limbs that are simply for show or support, but they have issues of their own. Myoelectric limbs are a great alternative to most
limbs they also have drawbacks such as needing to be charged and is very costly to buy and manufacture. However, there is a lot of competition out
there and ever–growing demand for products which may cut

Stump Research Paper
Stump and Prosthesis Care
When an arm or leg is removed, it is important to care for artificial body part that replaces it (prosthesis) and for the remaining end of the arm or leg
(stump). Caring for the stump and prosthesis will help you be comfortable, active, and healthy.
HOW TO CARE FOR YOUR STUMP
Cleaning Your Skin
Wash your skin with a mild, antibacterial soap at least once a day.
Wash your skin after getting dirty or sweaty.
After you have washed your skin, pat it dry. Then let it air–dry for another 5 to 10 minutes.
Do not soak your stump in a warm or hot bath for longer than 20 minutes at a time.
Avoid shaving hair on the stump. Hair that grows out after being shaved is more easily irritated by theprosthesis. ... Show more content on
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This can keep the scar soft and help it heal.
Do not put creams and lotions on your stump unless your health care provider says it is okay.
Do not use lotions that contain petroleum jelly or skin care products with an alcohol base. These products can be harmful to your skin. They can also
damage the lining of the prosthesis.
Consider using an antiperspirant spray on the skin of the stump.

Other Instructions
Every day, look closely at the skin on your stump. Use a mirror with a long handle to check areas you cannot see, or ask a friend or family member to
check those areas. Look for areas that are reddish, swollen, or look irritated. Pay extra attention to places where the stump and prosthesis rub together.
If you were instructed to wear a compression stocking when you are not wearing the prosthesis, make sure to wear it as directed by your health care
provider.
HOW TO CARE FOR YOUR PROSTHESIS
Cleaning Your Prosthesis
Use hot water and antibacterial soap to wash your prosthesis.
Attaching Your Prosthesis
Make sure your prosthesis is clean before you attach it to your stump. All the parts that touch your skin should be clean and

Hip Prosthesis Research
Many researchers experimentally worked on hip prosthesis to determine stresses and fatigue life for different prosthesis materials. A brief description
on this has been presented in this section. Roy Chowdhury et al. [47] developed an acetabular cup of high density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced
with different percentages of kevlar and carbon fibre by compression molding. For testing the tribological performance of those cups, they also
developed a walk simulator.
Styles et al. [51] made an attempt to develop accelerated fatigue–testing procedures to enhance the methodology of hip implant lifetime prediction.
McCormack et al. [52] studied experimentally the damage accumulation in cemented hip prosthesis to develop a methodology to characterize the
pattern of crack initiation and damage accumulation in the intramedullary fixated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
McCormack et al. [53] also studied fatigue of cemented replacements under torsional loads. They found that the pores in the PMMA have less cracks
initiated as compared to PMMA/metal and PMMA/bone interfaces. Nallaa et al. [54] studied the in vitro fatigue in human cortical bone. Jin et al. [55]
reviewed hip joints tribological aspects by considering cartilage substitution, the natural hip joints, as well as tissue engineered articular cartilage.
Mathias and Tabeshfar [56] reduces the necessity for costly and debilitating revisions by developing acetabular cup prostheses with a ceramic on
ceramic bearing surface that could last longer and perform better. Simoes and Marques [57] designed and manufactured a composite femoral prosthesis.
This prosthesis made up of multi–material structure composed of a cobalt–chrome core

Low Extremity Amputation
Abstract–Lower extremity amputation constitute high percentage of limb amputation which significantly reduce the motion ability and quality of life
of the amputees. Therefore the most important goal in the design of prosthesis is to restore function of the lost limb. Most of the commercially
available ankle–foot prostheses are passive and thus cause many gait pathologies for below knee amputees, such as high metabolic demand, poor
shock tolerance and asymmetric gait patterns. Even though several powered prosthetic devices have been designed and proposed to improve amputee
walking experience by exploiting active elements, these designs yet suffer from heavy and bulky actuators which is necessary to produce the power of
propulsion. In this paper,

Artificial Armesis Essay
The National Academy of Sciences established the Artificial limb Program in 1945. The program was created in response to the abundance of World
War II veteran amputees. These veterans had limited options; crude, wooden or metal prostheses. For those who chose none their life was confined to
a wheelchair or a bed. As time passed, new improvements were developed to provide not only comfort to the amputees, but to help them control and
use the limbs better to improve their quality of life. For many years wood was the dominant material for a prosthesis, but over the last 20 years
materials have emerged to give greater comfort and confidence for amputees. Today we continue to see great advances in the construction and design of
these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aluminum is also used as it is a less expensive alternative from steel or titanium. Steel has not been obsolete as it could be used in smaller parts of the
limb. The most common types of plastics in the prosthetics are acrylic, epoxy and polyester. One of the most used material is silicone as not only is it
an excellent padding but also protects the skin from friction.
2.Plastics
Silicone looks more realistic and also may feel like human flesh. This material can be produced to match patients skin color, can include artificial
hair, acrylic nails, moles, freckles and tattoos and covers any metal parts giving a natural feel and look. In addition, there has been a growth in the
use of fibrous materials in prosthetic technology such as Kevlar. Kevlar is a cloth like material that is very though. This material is exceptional
because of its flexibility, yet, it is durable. Thanks to these new materials the prosthetics do not need to be adjusted or replaced over time as the
materials do not stretch, making it long–lasting and well fitted for amputees regardless of age.
TECHNOLOGY
1.Bluetooth
For many years prosthetics were simple in design and gave very limited movement to users. Now a days, Bluetooth technology is being implemented in
prosthetics, permitting amputees to experience a greater stability and better movement. Bluetooth allows limbs to communicate with each other to
coordinate

Above Elbow Amputation Case Study
The Musculoskeletal diagnosis for this case study is a Right Above Elbow amputation. An Above Elbow amputation is an amputation "from the
supracondylar region to the axillary fold"(www.orthrofrocs.com). An individual loosing an arm will be faced with many challenges, more so with
loosing it above the elbow. The ability to preserve the length of thelimb "allows for better movement, and enhances the fit of the prosthesis
"(emedicine.medscape.com). The more proximal the amputation the less functional the stump will be. This amputation will cause the loss of the hand,
wrist elbow, but good shoulder function will continue( Deverix, Papdapoulos, p.656). The most common cause of an amputation above the elbow is
Trauma(Ganz, Gulick, Smurr , & Yancoseck).... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Depending on the reason for an amputation, the amputation can be possibly avoidable with medicine. In termsof a traumatic above elbow amputation
medicine is not typically an option for salvage of the limb. Unless reattachment is possible. Safety precautions are ways to greatly reduce the cause of
a traumatic amputation(posna.org). Furthermore being educated in manner in which to use the machinery appropriately. An Example will be driving
with seat belt on, and not under the influence of drugs and alcohol. In relation to industrial accidents proper use of machinery, and inspection of the
machinery is critical for safety, and avoidance of a traumatic disaster. Occupational Therapist view a client holistically and understand that engagement
in occupation is essential to support health and quality of life(OTPF,2008). The Occupational Therapist Practioner will be concerned with many
aspects of the client factors. In terms of belief, Jing believed he would not be a productive part of society with out his arm. He feared he no women
would want. These feeling can be attributed to the Chinese culture His emotional aspect has been affected. His gesture and facial expression shows the
difficultie of adjusting to the

Modern Day Improvements to Prosthetic Limbs
Prosthetic limbs have been around for centuries, but what is one thing they all have in common? They have all been a nuisance. In recent years
technology of the modern day Prosthesis has ventured to new heights, but they have not perfected an artificial limb yet. With the amount of people in
need of prosthetic limbs, the demand for a perfect prosthesis is tremendous. The perfect prosthesis shouldn't feel or even look like an artificial limb.
Prosthetics should go unnoticed throughout the rest of the amputee's life. Modern prosthetic limbs have become very advanced in the last decade.
They now have the ability to grip objects, have running limbs, and many more wonderful things. Although these prosthetics are great, they are lacking
some key extras that amputees would relish. What amputees really want is their sense of feeling back. They want to reach out with their prosthetic
limb and be able to tell if the stove is on or off. They want to be able to press the gas of an automobile. This sense, that all non–amputees take for
granted, would be a great place to start the improvement of the perfect prosthetic limb. To accomplish such a daunting task, engineers must figure out
an alternative source that could interact with the amputees still intact nerve endings. This way they can use their still functioning nerves to
communicate with their pseudo–nerve and have the ability to move their prosthesis around with complete control of it and its sense of touch. I believe
this has not

Prosthetic Implant Informative Speech
Metal prosthetic implants
Background: 65 second
D: Today, we will be talking about medical metal prosthetic implants, such as hip replacements... 25 seconds
C: First of all, medical implants are devices or tissues that are placed inside or on the body. Many implants are prosthetics, which replace missing body
parts. Metals used in prosthetic implants include: surgical grade stainless steel, cobalt–chromium alloys and titanium alloys. These have a high
resistance to corrosion, which makes them suitable for prosthesis. C: So, when and how are these implants used? 40 seconds
D: Metal prosthetics, such as hip replacements, are recommended when patients experience hip joint deterioration. This can lead to pain, stiffness or
difficulties walking. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The increased concentration of cobalt and chromium ions, indicate metal toxicity, which can result in genotoxicity. Increased levels of cobalt and
chromium ions can causes neurological symptoms, such as deafness, blindness and poor concentration. Some studies have discovered that there are
increased concentrations of these ions in the cerebrospinal fluid. This further indicate that they cause damage to cranial nerves.
D: Do you know if there are any studies about metal implants being carcinogenic to humans? 35 seconds
C: There are multiple studies and research organisations that have warned about the carcinogenic potential of metal–on–metal hip implants. For
example, the Department of Health's Committee on Mutagenicity have stated that "some metal–on–metal hip replacements may be associated with
increased DNA changes, and increased genotoxicity in patients ... [which] may present a potential risk of carcinogenicity in humans." However, there
is not enough evidence to link metal implants to cancer.
Latest Developments: 1 minute
D: Are there any latest developments concerning metal prosthetic implants and reduced toxicity? 1

A Comparative Study Of Prosthetics
Prosthetics has always been mingled with the history of soldiers that fought in battles and warfare. The taking of a limb could have resulted from a
ceremonial sacrifice, a punishment or a battlefield wound. One of the first examples of a prosthesis that was discovered was a fake big toe dating
between 950–710 B.C.E. in Egypt, belonging to a noblewoman. The device was constructed of basic materials, such as wood and metal and held to
the body with a leather attachment. John Marshall claims that "the big toe was particularly important to an Egyptian because it was necessary in order
to wear the traditional Egyptian sandals" ("The History" 2015). Another view on the prosthetic toe was believed that if a body was not whole during
burial... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At this point in history, the prosthesis was becoming more of a piece of work. By the 1800's prostheses were at a higher demand. Alexis Douglas goes
on stating that a German dentist developed a full arm prosthesis that was able to be controlled by the movement of the shoulder and torso, as a Dutch
sculptor designed a device for above the elbow amputees that does a similar effect to the German dentist in 1844. By 1863, Dubois Parmelee invented
the socket method to attach to either arm and leg prostheses that use suction to keep the prosthetic in place. "The split–hook hand, which is still used in
modern day prostheses with a few modifications, was created in 1912, by a man named Dorrance" ("Pelinks4u" n.d.). As time evolved on some
advancements happens sporadically throughout time. From the hand hook and peg leg to the sock suction method and materials from steel, iron,
copper or wood to present day lightweight metals, carbon fiber, and plastics. At the time, prosthetics were made to hide injuries that were sustained in
battles and to hide the embarrassment and unsightly of the lost limb to presently show off what the amputee is wearing a piece of jewelry or being
lifelike and to wear it with pride.
As doctors and engineers work together to improve the appearance and the function of prosthetic limbs, they are making "new

Prosthetic Trauma Lab Report
Introduction For a person suffering from an above the knee amputation, ease of mobility is a paramount concern. The dynamic relationship between the
two legs is a complex and ever changing one. Different activities add different requirements to the smooth functioning of that relationship. With the loss
of one of the limbs, the simple requirements of basic mobility become extremely arduous. Prosthetic devices were developed to return a portion of an
amputee's normal movement. Early on it was noted that although the artificial limb did replace physical presence of the leg, the dynamic relationship
between it and the intact leg was very limited. Since early prosthetic devices could not adequately replicate the functions found in a normal leg, a
stable gait pattern was all but impossible to achieve. It is important for the amputee's gait to be symmetrical as this will ... Show more content on
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The gait of an uninjured person is relatively symmetric due to the active interplay of knee, ankle and hip feedback and interaction. Artificial limbs
attempt to serve the same purpose for above the knee amputees. The manufacturers of the C–Leg device claim that their prosthesis is a significant
improvement to the standard prosthetic still in use. It was found that as walking speeds increased the wearer's gait became more symmetrical. This was
found to be consistent in both prosthetic devices.
While comparing the results, it was found that the increased symmetry at higher walking speeds was due to a shorter contact time of the foot. These
results are echoed in studies conducted comparing other types of prosthetic knee joints [6]. Further analysis showed a distinctive "M" pattern was
found in the graphical representation of the acquired data. At low speeds this

Description Of An Artificial Device

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Description Of An Artificial Device