1. The document discusses characteristics of adverbs and their syntactic functions, including their classification into simple, compound, and derivational adverbs. It also discusses rules for forming derivational adverbs from adjectives. 2. Adverbs can function as modifiers of adjectives, other adverbs, pronouns, predeterminers, numerals, and noun phrases. They can also function as clause elements. 3. Key characteristics of adverbials that distinguish them from other clause elements are their wide range of semantic roles, ability to occur multiple times in a clause, range of realization forms, possible positions in clauses, and distinctive grammatical functions.

1. http://www.sarasuati.com
Tema 15:
Expresión de Modo,
los medios y el
instrumento.
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2. Ta
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Br
Bi
able of con
Characteri
1.1. Syntact
1.1.1. Mod
1.1.2. Mod
1.2.3. Mod
1.2.4. Mod
The adverb
2.1. Outline
2.1.1. Proc
2.2. Propen
2.3. Range o
2.4. Range o
2.4.1. Initi
2.4.2. Med
2.4.3. End
2.5 Gramm
Table o
The expres
3.1. Manner
3.1.1. Adv
3.1.2. Sem
3.2. Item Su
3.3. Style di
The expres
The expres
5.1. Adjunc
5.2. Subject
rief summar
ibliography_
E
Exp
tents
istics of the
tic functions
difier of adjec
difier of adv.
difier of Prono
difier of Noun
bial elemen
e of semantic
cess ________
nsity of mult
of realizatio
of possible p
ial position. __
dial position.
d position.____
matical funct
of adverbials__
ssions of ma
r adjuncts. _
verbial clauses
mantic mixture
ubjuncts ___
isjuncts____
ssions of me
ssions of ins
cts as instrum
ts as instrum
ry ________
__________
Expresión de Mo
presión de M
adverb. ___
s of adverbs
ctive. _______
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oun, predeterm
n Phrase (NP)
t _________
c roles. ___
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iple occurre
on forms. __
positions in t
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ions. _____
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anner._____
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es. _________
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eans.______
strument. __
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ments _____
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Topic 15:
odo, los medios
Topic 1
odo, los med
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to.
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Iván Matella
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anes’ Notes
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3. Topic 15:
Expresión de Modo, los medios y el instrumento.
Iván Matellanes’ Notes
3
1. Characteristics of the adverb.
The adv functions as the head of an adv Phrase, with or without
modification. Because of its great heterogeneity, the adv class is the most
vague and puzzling of the traditional word classes. Indeed, it is tempting
to say that the adv is an item that does not fit the definitions for other word
classes. As a consequence, some grammarians have removed certain types of
items from the class entirely and established several additional classes rather
than retain these as subgroups within a single adv class.
Morphologically, we can distinguish three types of adv, of which
two are closed classes (SIMPLE & COMPOUND), and one is an open class
(DERIVATIONAL):
(a) SIMPLE ADVS (just, only, well). Many simple advs denote position and
direction (back, down, near, …).
(b) COMPOUND ADVS (somehow, somewhere, hereby, whereto –these last two very
formal-).
(c) DERIVATIONAL ADVS. The majority of derivational advs have a suffix –ly,
by means of which new advs are created from adjs (or participial adjs):
Odd → oddly; Interesting → interestingly
Other, less common, derivational suffixes are:
-wise: clockwise
-ward(s) : northward(s)
-fashion: schoolboy-fashion.
-ways: sideways
-style: cowboy-style.
Rules for forming derivational (or open-class –ly) advs from adjs:
a. Adjs ending in cons + -le form advs by replacing the –le by –ly:
Simple → simply; EXCEPTION: whole → wholly
b. In adjs ending in cons + -y, the y is usually replaced by –i
before –ly:
Dry → drily/dryly 1
; Sly → slily/slyly
c. Adjs ending in both –ic and –ical have corresponding advs
in –ically:
Economic/economical → economically; EXCEPTION: public → publicly.
1
In some cases the –y is kept in the adv
CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE ADVS
1. Morphologically:
- Simple advs
- compound advs
CLOSEDCLASS
- Derivational
advs.
OPEN
CLASS
FormationRules
C<-le> → C<-ly>:
Simple → simply
C<-y> → C<-i>
/___<-ly>:
dry → drily
Adjs <-ic> & <-ical>
→ <-ically>
Economic/economical
→ economically
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4. Topic 15:
Expresión de Modo, los medios y el instrumento.
Iván Matellanes’ Notes
4
d. –ed particles form advs in –edly with the pronunciation
/IdlI/:
marked /ma:r
kt/ → markedly /ma:r
kIdlI/
e. Adjs in –ary form advs in –arily with shift of stress, in AmE,
to the antepenultimate syllable:
‘Secon,dary → ,secon’darily (AmE) or ‘secondary
There are two types of syntactic functions that characterize the
traditional advs, but an adv need have only one of this:
(a) Clause element adverbial:
He quite forgot about it.
(b) Premodifier of adj & adv:
They are quite [happy / happily married]
An adv may function in the clause itself as adverbial, that is, as an element
distinct from subject, verb, object and complement. As such, it is usually an
optional element and hence peripheral to the structure of the clause.
Perhaps, my suggestion will be accepted.
John always loses his pencils.
The functions of adv as the clause element advbl will be examined in
section 2.5. As an introduction, I merely outline its four grammatical
functions:
a. ADJUNCTS and SUBJUNCTS are relatively integrated within the
structure of the clause:
Adjuncts:
Slowly they walked back home; He spoke to me about it friendly
Subjunct:
We haven’t yet finished; Would you kindly wait for me?
b. By contrast, DISJUNCTS and CONJUNCTS have a more peripheral relation
in the sentence. Semantically, Disjuncts express an evaluation of
what is being said either with respect to the form of the
communication or to its meaning.
Frankly, I’m tired; They are probably at home.
Conjuncts express the speaker’s assessment of the relation btw two
linguistic units:
She has bought a big house, so she must have a lot of money.
V<-ed>→ [IdlI] /
___ <-ly>
marked /ma:r
kt/ →
markedly /ma:
r
kIdlI/
Adjs<-ary>→ <-arily>
w/stress shift
‘Secon,dary→
,secon’darily (AmE) or
‘secondary
2. Syntactic Function:
- Clause element advbl
- Premodifier
of adj & adv
Adjuncts &
subjuncts.
Disjuncts &
conjuncts
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5. Topic 15:
Expresión de Modo, los medios y el instrumento.
Iván Matellanes’ Notes
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1.1. Syntactic functions of adverbs. Adverb as modifier.
1.1.1. Modifier of adjective.
An adv may premodify an adj. Most commonly, the modifying adv is
a scaling device called an intensifier, which cooccur with gradable adjectives.
We first distinguish two sets of intensifiers, with a possible third one:
(a) AMPLIFIERS scale upwards from an assume norm:
A very funny film as compared with a funny film.
(b) DOWNTONERS have a generally lowering effect, usually scaling
downwards from as assumed norm:
It was almost dark as compared with It was dark.
(c) As in the treatment of adjs, it may also be possible to distinguish another
class of adj modifiers called EMPHASIZERS, which add force to the adj:
She is really beautiful ; He looked all confused
Unlike intensifiers, emphasizers cooccur with nongradable adjs, but
the effect is often similar to that of intensifiers.
You are certainly welcome.
The function of many emphasizers is similar to that of disjuncts:
The play was indeed excellent (emphasizer) = Indeed, the play was excellent (adjunct).
1.1.2. Modifier of adv.
An adv may premodify another adv. Similar sets of intensifiers are used
for advs and adjs. As with adj, the only postmodifiers are enough and
indeed.
I expected them pretty soon. [PREMODIFIER]
He spoke clearly enough; She spoke very clear indeed. [POSTMODIFIER]
Advs modifying other advs can only be INTENSIFIERS.
1.2.3. Modifier of Pronoun, predeterminer and numeral.
Intensifying advs (including Downtoners) can premodify:
(a) Indefinite pronouns:
Nearly everybody came to our party
(b) Predeterminers:
Virtually all the students participated in the discussion.
He received about double the amount he expected.
(c) Cardinal numerals:
Over/under two hundred deaths were reported.
INTENSIFIERS
Syntactic Fns of Advs
Adv as modifier
1. Modifier of Adjectives
- Amplifiers
- Downtoners
- Emphasizers
2. Modifier of Adverbs
3. Modifier of pron, predet
& numeral.
- Indefinite prons
- Predeterminers
- Cardinal numerals
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6. Topic 15:
Expresión de Modo, los medios y el instrumento.
Iván Matellanes’ Notes
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(d) NP w/the indefinite Art can be intensified when a(n) is equivalent
to the unstressed cardinal one.
I didn’t have more than a dollar on me.
They will stay for about a week.
(e) W/ordinals and superlatives, a definite det is obligatory for
premodification.
She gave me almost the largest piece of cake.
(f) Modification can apply to larger units:
The acceleration fell to less than ten minutes per second.
1.2.4. Modifier of Noun Phrase (NP)
A few intensifiers may modify NPs and precede the determiner
in doing so. The most common adv of these kind are quite and rather (esp BrE):
We had quite a party; It was rather a mess.
Though not advs but predeterminers such and what have a similar function:
He is such a fool; What a mess they made!
With kind of and sort of there are several possible constructions in
informal style:
This must be [sort of a joke (informal)/a sort of a joke (more informal) / a joke, sort
of (most informal)]
Other of-phrases precede the determiner:
I had a bit of a shock; They gave me a hell of a time (informal)
In familiar style, the wh-words as interrogatives can also premodify an NP:
[who / what / where] [ on earth / (in) the hell (informal) ] …
There are some advs which can also be modified by NPs:
The lake is two miles across
We dug ten feet down
I met her a week [ before / earlier ]
2. The adverbial element
The adverbial element (Advbl) differs considerably from the other
elements of the clause structure (Subj, V, Obj and Compl). Differences are
especially notable:
1. Range of semantic roles.
2. Propensity of multiple occurrence in the same clause.
3. Range of realization forms.
- NP w/indef art can be
intensified by [a(n) =
unstressed one]
- ordinals and
superlatives. Def det is
obligatory.
- Larger units.
4. Modifier of NP.
- Quite and rather
- Kind and sort of
- of-Phrases: a bit of,
a hell of
- Who, what and where
- NPs modifying Advs
ADVERBIAL
Characteristics
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7. Topic 15:
Expresión de Modo, los medios y el instrumento.
Iván Matellanes’ Notes
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4. Range of possible positions in the clause.
5. Distinctive grammatical Fns.
2.1. Outline of semantic roles.
I shall distinguish seven main categories of semantic role, in most
cases with further subdivisions as shown below:
SPACE
Position With interrelated subdivisions, goal (to)
and source (from)Direction
Distance He lay on his bed
TIME
Position With interrelated subdivisions, forward
span (until) and backward span (since)Duration
Frequency
Relationship He was there last week
PROCESS
Manner Instrument
Means Agentive
RESPECT They are advising me legally
CONTINGENCY
Cause Result
Reason Condition
Purpose Concession She died of cancer
MODALITY
Emphasis Restriction
Approximation She was probably wrong
DEGREE
Amplification Measure
Diminution She is increasingly working harder
The semantic role I am interested in is process, as it evolves manner, means
and instrument. I will give a brief description of it.
2.1.1. Process
Here, it is possible to distinguish four subclasses: MANNER (casually, with
deference, carefully, slowly, like John, just as John does …); MEANS (by bus, in Mathematics,
through insight …); INSTRUMENT (with a fork, using a dictionary, by means of
interrogation …); AGENTIVE (by John, with passive). Since the last three subclasses
seem to overlap, it is necessary to demonstrate their independence by a
occurrence test (See section 2.2), and it may well be that the distinction
tends to be made in actual Lg use only when such cooccurrence obtains.
Consider the four adverbials in each of the following sentences:
The student was politely [A1] assessed by the teacher [A2], impressionistically [A3]
by means of an interview [A4].
In this sentence, A1 is manner, A2 is Agent, A3 is Means and A4 is
instrument. But although the distinction may seem especially close only
between means and instrument, manner is not always distinguished clearly
1. Semantic role
- Space.
- Time.
- Process
- Respect
- Contingency
- Modality
- Degree.
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8. Topic 15:
Expresión de Modo, los medios y el instrumento.
Iván Matellanes’ Notes
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from them. In principle, the distinction is clearly enough: Manner is
relatively subjective and hence gradable (quite polite, very careful); Means and
instrument are objective and hence nongradable (*very surgically).
2.2. Propensity of multiple occurrence in the same clause.
Types of advbl elements are much more numerous than types of
Object and Complement, and they are much less dependent upon the clause.
The grounds on which Advbl types (treated as grammatically distinct) are
established: Their tendency to cooccur in non-coordinate and non-
appositive structures w/out contradiction or unacceptability:
Next Tuesday [A1] I shall probably [A2] visit her mother in London [A3] briefly [A4]
to see if she is feeling better [A5] ,unless she telephones me before that [A6].
That these six adverbials are each expressing a different relation is shown not
merely by their acceptable cooccurrence, but by testing the unacceptability of
treating any pair as either coordinate or appositive:
* I shall visit her mother in London [A3] and to see if she’s feeling better [A5].
* I shall probably [A2], ie briefly [A4] ,visit her mother.
2.3. Range of realization forms.
The Advbl element can be realized by a great variety of linguistic
structures:
a. Adv Phrase with close-class adv as head:
She telephoned (just) then.
b. Adv phrase with open-class adv as head (See section 1.):
She telephoned (very) recently.
c. Noun Phrase:
She telephoned last week.
d. Verbless clause:
She telephoned though obviously ill
e. Nonfinite clause:
She telephoned [while waiting for the plane / to ask for an interview / angered at
the delay]
f. Finite clause:
She telephoned after she had seen the announcement.
Statistically, there are two forms in which the vast majority of Advbl
elements are expressed: Prepositional Phrases, on the one hand, and the
closed-class items (as well, still, of course).
2. Multiple occurrence.
3. Realization.
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9. Topic 15:
Expresión de Modo, los medios y el instrumento.
Iván Matellanes’ Notes
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2.4. Range of possible positions in the clause
There is a sharp difference btw Advbls and other elements in the relative
freedom with which Advbls can be put in different positions in the
sentence. The selection of one position rather than another is influenced by
several factors, but most important among them is the information structure
of the sentence.
2.4.1. Initial position.
Initial position is that preceding any other clause element:
Suddenly, the driver started the engine.
But in direct questions, it is the position immediately before the
operator or wh-element:
Seriously, do you believe in ghosts?
Anyhow, since when has she been ill?
In subordinate or coordinated clauses, it is the position following the
conjunction.
(I had scarcely got into the taxi) when suddenly the driver started the engine.
Degree advbls are unlikely at initial position. With respect to grammatical
functions, disjuncts and conjuncts are usually found in initial position.
Semantically, Expressions of time are strongly associated with initial
position.
2.4.2. Medial position.
Medial position can be described as the position immediately after
the subject and, when present, the operator.
The driver suddenly started the engine.
The driver has suddenly started the engine.
Did the driver suddenly start the engine?
The advbls at medial position are for the most part rather short adv
Phrases, especially solitary advs. Semantically, medial position is especially
associated with modality and degree advs.
The war is increasingly been rejected by the population
4. Position.
Initial
- Gramm. Fns:
Disjuncts
Conjunct
- Semantically:
Expr of time
Medial
- Short AdvP.
- Semantically:
Modality
Degree
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10. Topic 15:
Expresión de Modo, los medios y el instrumento.
Iván Matellanes’ Notes
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2.4.3. End position.
End position is the position in the clause following all obligatory
elements.
The light was fading rapidly.
He put the vase in the cabinet without a word.
It is by no means rare to find more than one advbl in this position.
She kept writing letter feverishly [A1] in her study [A2] all afternoon [A3].
Most semantic roles can be expressed at final position, though it is quite
strange to find modality. Grammatically, Final position is the place for
obligatory adjuncts unless there is an optional adjunct, in which case it
would usually be this that appeared at final position.
2.5 Grammatical functions.
There are four broad categories of grammatical function: Adjunct,
subjunct, disjuncts and conjunct.
1. Only ADJUNCTS resemble closely other sentence elements as Subj,
Complement and Obj. Like them, adjuncts can be the focus of a
cleft sentence.
It was because of his injury that Hilda helped Tony.
Like Subj, obj and compl, adjunct can be elicited by question forms
Why did Hilda help Tony? (Because of his injury)
2. We apply the term SUBJUNCT to advbls which have, to a greater or
lesser degree, a subordinate role in comparison with other class
elements (they cannot be either the focus of a cleft sentence or elicited
by question forms). They can have a peripheral role regarding the
whole sentence, in which case they are wide in orientation. They
may also refer to some specific items within the sentence, in
which case they are narrow in orientation.
Architecturally, it is a magnificent building. [WIDE ORIENTATION]
Leslie greeted the stranger casually.(=His greeting was casual) [NARROW ORIENTATION]
End
- More than one
- Semantically:
Most semantic roles
- Grammaticality
Obligatory adjuncts
Option adjuncts
5. Grammatical Fns.
- Adjuncts:
Resemble to Subj,
compl and obj. (cleft
and Qs forms)
- Subjunct:
Peripheral role
regarding the whole
sentence
Wide orientation:
role regarding
the whole
sentence.
Narrow orientation:
refer to specific
items w/in the
sentence.
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11. Topic 15:
Expresión de Modo, los medios y el instrumento.
Iván Matellanes’ Notes
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3. Like subjuncts, DISJUNCTS are grammatically distinct from adjuncts
inasmuch as they cannot be either the focus of a cleft sentence or
elicited by question forms. They represent some comment
disconnected from the sentence. They are classified into Content
disjuncts, which comment on utterance truth conditions and
Style disjuncts, which comment on style.
Frankly, I am tired [STYLE DISJUNCTS]
Is Mary at home, perhaps? [CONTENT DISJUNCTS]
4. Like subjuncts and disjunct, CONJUNCTS are grammatically distinct from
adjuncts inasmuch as they cannot be either the focus of a cleft sentence
or elicited by question forms. They conjoin two parts of the
utterance.
He was exceedingly intoxicated – Hopelessly drunk, in other words.
Table of adverbials
ADVERBIAL
ADJUNCT
Predication
Obligatory He lived in Chicago
Optional The queen arrived in a blue grown
Sentence She kissed her mother on the platform
SUBJUNCT
Wide
orientation
Viewpoint Architecturally, it is a magnificent building
courtesy He kindly offered me a ride.
Narrow
orientation
Item
Subject Bitterly, he buried his children
VP She is really an intelligent child
predication He has just stopped talking
Intensifier They totally believe in the leader’s integrity
Emphasizers I simply don’t believe it.
Focusing I was simply taking my dog for a walk.
DISJUNCT
style
Modality and manner I don’t’ want the money, confidentially
respect Personally, I find metal-music too arid.
content
Truth condition Is Mary at home, perhaps?
Value judgment Obviously, nobody expected us to be here today.
CONJUNCT
Listing I saw John and Mary
Summative He lost his watch and his car broke down: all in all, he had a bad day.
Appositive She has some assistance – for instance, a secretary.
Resultive He was irritable and unjust, and so became increasingly unpopular
Inferential You haven’t answer my question; In other words, you disapprove of my proposal
Contrastive He invited several friends, or better, several people that she thought were friends
transitional I want to tell you about my trip, but, by the way, how is your mother.
- Disjuncts: Represent
some comment
disconnected from the
sentence
Content disjuncts:
comment on
utterance truth
conditions.
Style disjuncts:
comment on style.
- Conjuncts: Conjoin
two parts of the
utterance.
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12. Topic 15:
Expresión de Modo, los medios y el instrumento.
Iván Matellanes’ Notes
12
3. The expressions of manner.
3.1. Manner adjuncts.
Manner adjuncts are realized by:
- Prepositional Phrases: She uttered the words with cold deliberation.
- Noun Phrases: However, they are usually expandable to constitute PpP.
We can consider the NP as having an omitted Pp:
They were walking single file through the woods (“in single file”)
- Adverb Phrases: He glance at her (very) lovingly.
- By clauses: The forms concerned imply comparison as distinct from
direct reference to manner or mode.
I try to cook vegetables as the Chinese do. (“in the Chinese way”)
Manner adjuncts are almost always placed at the end of the
sentence, since they usually receive the information focus. Indeed, no other
position is possible if the manner adjunct is obligatory.
They treated his friend badly / * They badly treated his friend
However, they are sometimes placed after the V (& after the obj if present).
They spoke English well in the exam.
In the passive, they are also possible before the main V.
Discussions have been tentatively begun.
They shouldn’t be placed btw the V and the Direct Obj.
An adv manner adjunct can usually be paraphrased by in a … manner
or in a … way with its adj base in the vacant position. When an adv form
exists, it is preferred to the corresponding periphrastic Prepositional
form. Hence: He always writes carelessly is more usual than: He always writes in a
careless [manner / way]. However, the periphrastic form is preferred where
the adjunct requires modification. Successive –ly advs are avoided, partly
for stylistic reasons and partly because the sequence of advs leads to
expect the first to be a modifier of the second.
? He always writes deliberately carelessly [BUT: “in a deliberately careless way”]
? He spoke stupidly frequently [BUT: “He frequently spoke stupidly”]
EXPRESSIONS OF
MANNER
1. Manner Adjuncts.
- PpP
- NP
- AdvP
- Clause
Manner adjuncts
placed at the end of
the sentence
Paraphrase by in
a … manner.
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13. Topic 15:
Expresión de Modo, los medios y el instrumento.
Iván Matellanes’ Notes
13
3.1.1. Adverbial clauses.
Advbl clauses may also indicate manner. They are specially used
with dynamic Vs. There are two main types:
a) Clauses of SIMILARITY:
- as-clause: She looked at him as she had seen a ghost.
In informal literary style: Initial as-clause is followed by so
(introducing the main clause): As the flowers need the rain, so I need you.
- Also like when it expresses pure similarity:
It was like I imagined it would be.
- Subordinators can be promodified by just and exactly.
Please, do exactly what I am doing.
- Non-finite clause: Do it as instructed.
- Verbless clause: He did it as unaware of the danger.
b) Clauses of COMPARISON:
- Usually introduced by as if, as though:
She looks as if she’s getting better; I treated him as though he was a stranger
- Non-finite clauses: He behaves as if hiding something important.
- To-infinite clause: She looked at me as if to say it was over .
- Verbless clause: You shouldn’t behave as though unaware of her state.
3.1.2. Semantic mixtures.
Some adjuncts express a blend of manner with some other relation:
I. Manner with result and sometimes intensification.
The soldiers wounded him badly [In such a way and to such an extent that it
resulted in his being in a bad condition – MANNER, INTENSIFIER AND RESULT]
II. Manner with time duration.
I stopped the car suddenly [In such a way that it took very short time. MANNER & TIME]
Such items are likely to be exclusively time adjuncts when they appear in
initial or medial position.
3.2. Item Subjuncts
They only appear in initial or medial position.
She has constantly opposed his arguments [in a consistent way in the opposition]
But Notice:
She has opposed his arguments consistently. [The argumentation was consistent –
MANNER ADJUNCT]
1a. Advbl clauses.
Clauses of Similarity
Clauses of Comparison
1b. Semantic Mixture.
Manner and result
and intensification
Manner and time duration
2. Item subjuncts.
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14. Topic 15:
Expresión de Modo, los medios y el instrumento.
Iván Matellanes’ Notes
14
3.3. Style disjuncts
The advs used as style disjuncts include some of modality and
manner:
Candidly
Honestly
Seriously
Confidentially
Approximately
Briefly
Frankly
Simply
Generally
Style disjuncts of manner can be also realized by PpP and by clauses
(finite and non-finite clause).
In short, he is mad but happy.
Putting it frankly, he has little market value. To put it briefly, I do not love you.
4. The expressions of means.
The means are expressed by adjuncts of means. These may be
realized by:
- Prepositional Phrases:
By-Phrase: I go to school by car.
On-Phrase: I got to work on the 9.15 train.
- Noun Phrases: However, they are usually expandable to constitute
PpP. We can consider the NP as having an omitted Pp:
I’d like to sent this parcel air mail (“by air mail”)
- Open-class Advs:
I approached the situation philosophically (By means of philosophical means)
- Manner adjuncts can be elicited by how-questions:
How are you traveling to London? By train
Means adjuncts are normally placed at the end of the sentence: He is
traveling to London by tube.
3. Style disjunct.
EXPRESSIONS OF
MEANS
- PpP → by-/on-Phrase
Adjuncts of means
- NP
- Open-class Advs
- elicited by how-Qs
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15. 5.
5.
Ad
Lo
5.
w
. The ex
1. Adjun
djuncts of i
- Pr
- Op
- Th
They
ndon by Ibe
2. Subje
Subje
ith which
The Co
This kn
E
xpressio
ncts as in
instrument
reposition
With-ph
Also ind
without th
pen-class
But it can
hey can be
How are yo
are norma
eria.
ects as in
cts have t
h an agent
omputer has
knife has cut
Expresión de Mo
ons of i
nstrumen
t are realiz
nal Phrase
hrase: She
icating so
e key.
s Advs: she
n also be
elicited by
ou traveling t
ally placed
nstrumen
the role of
t perform
s solved the
the tableclot
Topic 15:
odo, los medios
nstrum
nt.
ed by:
es:
broke the m
ome nega
e examined i
seen as m
y how-que
to London? B
d at the e
nts
f instrume
ms the act
problem (=I
th (=I cut the
s y el instrumen
ent.
mirror with a s
ative use
it microscop
manner (i
estions:
By Iberia.
end of the
ents when
tion expre
solved the p
e table cloth w
to.
stone.
: She manag
pically (=with
n microsco
e sentence
they refe
essed by t
problem with
with this kni
Iván Matella
ged to open
h a microsco
opic detail)
. He is trav
er to the
the V.
h the compu
ife)
anes’ Notes
15
the case
ope).
).
veling to
thing
uter)
1. A
2
EXPRESSI
INSTRUM
Adjuncts of In
- PpP → w
- Open-cla
- Elicited b
2. Subjects as
IONS OF
MENT
nstrument
with-Phrase
ass Adv
by how-Qs
s Instrument
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16. Topic 15: Brief summary.
Iván Matellanes’ Notes
16
Brief summary
- THE ADV: The semantic roles of manner, means and instrument are expressed by many grammatical
structures, from which the ADV and the ADVBL ELEMENT are the most often used.
- The ADVERBIAL ELEMENT differs considerably from the other elements of the clause structure in:
SPACE He lay on his bed
TIME He was there last week
PROCESS
Instrument Manner
Agentive Means
RESPECT They are advising me legally
TT
MODALITY She was probably wrong
DEGREE She is increasingly working harder
- MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS: three types of advs:
♦ Simple Advs: just, only, well … ♦ Compound Advs: somehow, somewhere, hereby, whereto
♦ Derivational Advs: majority of derivational advs have a suffix –ly, but also clockwise, Northwards, sideways and cowboy-style.
OPEN
CLASS
CLOSED
CLASS
- RULES FOR DORMING DERIVATIONAL ADVS from adjs:
♦ C<-le> → C<-ly>: Simple → simply. ♦ C<-y> → C<-i> /___<-ly>: dry → drily.
♦ <-ic> & <-ical> → <-ically>: Economic/economical → economically
♦ V<-ed>→ [IdlI] / ___ <-ly>: marked /ma:
r
kt/ → markedly /ma:
r
kIdlI/
♦ Adjs<-ary>→ <-arily> w/stress shift: ‘Secon,dary→ ,secon’darily (AmE) or ‘secondary
- SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS:
♦ Clause element adverbial: ADJUNCTS, SUBJUNCTS, DISJUNCTS & CONJUNCTS → He quite forgot about it.
♦ Modifiers of adj, adv, Prons, Predeterminers, Numerals & NP.
Modifier of Adjs: Advs can premodify an adj, and the modifier adv is a scaling device called INTENSIFIER.
♥ Amplifiers scale upwards from an assume norm → A very funny film.] [Amplifiers & Downtoners w/nongradable Adjs
♥ Downtoners have a generally lowering effect, usually scaling downwards from as assumed norm → It was almost dark.
♥ Emphasizers, which add force to the adj → She is really beautiful. [w/gradable Adjs]
Modifier of Advs: Advs can also premodify advs. Similar set of INTENSIFIERS are used.
♥ Premodifiers → I expected him pretty soon. ♥ Postmodifiers: Only enough → He spoke clearly enough.
Modifier of NP: A few INTENSIFIERS may modify NPs and precede the determiner.
♥ Most common: quite and rather →It was rather a mess. ♥ Of-phrases → I had a bit of a shock
♥ Kind of & sort of → This must be sort of a joke (=very informal).
Modifier of other word-classes: A few INTENSIFIERS may modify NPs and precede the determiner.
♥ Indefinite Prons → Nearly everybody came to our party. ♥ Predeterminers → Virtually all the students participated.
♥ Cardinal Numbers → Over 200 deaths were reported ♥ Ordinals and superlatives → She gave me almost [the
largest / the second] piece of cake
1
1A
1B
2
- THE SEMANTICS ROLE THEY PLAY:
- Manner: Mode of action; way of performing anything; sort, kind of, style → I slowly press the button.
- Means: How a result is obtain or an end is achieved → I went to the University by bus.
- Instrument: That by means of which any work is performed → I pierced her ear with a knife.
- PROPENSITY OF MULTIPLE OCCURRENCE IN THE SAME CLAUSE: Advbl elements are much more numerous than types of Object and
Complement, and they are much less dependent upon the clause. Different advbl clauses can cooccur in a same sentence.
→ Next Tuesday, I shall probably visit my mother in London to see if she is feeling better, unless she telephones me before that.
- ADVBL ELEMENTS CAN BE REALIZED BY A GREAT VARIETY OF LINGUISTIC STRUCTURES.
♥ Adv Phrase with close-class adv as head: ♥ Verbless clause:
She telephoned (just) then. She telephoned though obviously ill
♥ Adv phrase with open-class adv as head: ♥ Nonfinite clause:
She telephoned (very) recently. She telephoned to ask for an interview
♥ Noun Phrase: ♥ Finite clause:
She telephoned last week. She telephoned after she had seen the announcement.
- RANGE OF POSSIBLE POSITIONS IN THE CLAUSE.
Initial Position (that preceding any other
clause element)
Medial Position (immediately after the
subject and, when present, the Op)
Final Position (following all obligatory
elements)
Disjuncts and conjuncts Short adv Phrases Most semantic roles
Expressions of time Semantically modality & degree advs Obligatory and optional adjuncts
- GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS.: There are four broad categories of grammatical function: ADJUNCT, SUBJUNCT, DISJUNCTS and CONJUNCT.
ADVERBIAL
ADJUNCT
Predication
Obligatory He lived in Chicago [Resemble to other sentence elements (Subj,
Compl & Obj) because they can be the focus of
a cleft sentence & elicited by Qs forms]
Optional The queen arrived in a blue grown
Sentence She kissed her mother on the platform
SUBJUNCT
[Peripheral
role regardiη
the whole
sentence]
Wide
orientation
Viewpoint Architecturally, it is a magnificent building peripheral role regarding the whole
sentencecourtesy He kindly offered me a ride.
Narrow
orientation
Item He has just stopped talking refer to some specific items within the
sentenceFocusing I was simply taking my dog for a walk.
DISJUNCT
style Personally, I find metal-music too arid comment on style [comment disconnected
from the sentence]content Is Mary at home, perhaps? Utterance truth conditions.
CONJUNCT I saw John and Mary [They conjoin two parts of the utterance]
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17. - E
- E
- E
B
Cen
Qui
1. C
Qui
2. T
Qui
3. 4
Qui
3
4
5
EXPRESSION
EXPRESSION
EXPRESSION
ibliogra
n edu, Editorial
irk, R et al A co
Characteristic
irk: 7.46-47, 56
The Advbl elem
irk: 8.1, 2, 5, 11
4. & 5. Express
irk: 8.78-84, 92
- MANNER AD
♦ PpP →
♦ NPs co
♦ Adv cla
- C
- C
- ITEM SUBJU
- STYLE DISJ
- PPP: [By-ph
- NP: We can
- OPEN-CLAS
- ADJUNCTS A
♦ Prepos
♦ Open-c
NS OF MANN
NS OF MEAN
NS OF INSTR
aphy
MAD;
omprehensive gr
cs of the Adv:
-70
ment:
1-22, 24
sions of Manne
-98, 124-126; E
DJUNCTS are al
She uttered the
onsidered as ha
auses → He gla
LAUSES OF SIMIL
♥ As-clause →
[Non-fin
♥ Like when it
♥ Subordinate
LAUSES OF COM
♥ Usually intro
[Non-fin
[Verbles
[To-infin
UNCT only appe
UNCTS → Perso
hrase → I go to
n consider the N
SS ADVS → I ap
AS INSTRUMENT
sitional Phrase
class Advs: she
NER:
NS are expre
RUMENT are
rammar of the E
er, means and
EditorialMAD
most always p
e words with co
ving an omitte
ances at her (ve
LARITY
→ She looked a
nite clause: Do
t expresses pu
e sentences can
MPARISON
oduced by as if,
nite clause: He
ss clause: He Y
nite clause: She
ear in initial or
onally, I find me
o school by car]
NP as having an
pproached the s
TS:
s: with-phrase →
e examined it m
Topic 15
essed by adju
e expressed
English language
d instrument
placed at the en
old deliberation
ed Pp → They w
ery) lovingly. (=
at him as she ha
it as instructed
re similarity →
n be premodified
, as though →
behaves as if h
You shouldn’t be
e looked at me
medial positio
etal-music too a
; [On-phrase →
n omitted Pp →
situation philoso
→ She broke th
microscopically
5: Brief summ
uncts of me
by adjuncts
e.
nd of the sente
n.
were walking sin
=in a loving ma
ad seen a ghos
d.] & [Verbless
→ It was like I im
d by just and ex
She looks as if
hiding somethi
ehave as thoug
as if to say it w
n → She has co
arid
→ I got to work o
→ I’d like to sent
ophically (By m
he mirror with a
y (=with a micros
mary.
eans.
s of means.
ence
ngle file through
anner; =in a lovi
st.
clause: He did
magined it woul
xactly → Please
f she’s getting be
ing important.]
gh unaware of h
was over .]
onstantly oppo
on the 9.15 trai
t this parcel air
means of philoso
stone; Indicati
scope)
h the woods.
ing way)
it as unaware
ld be.
e, repeat [exact
better
her state.]
osed his argume
in]
mail (“by air ma
ophical means)
ng negative us
of the danger.]
ctly, just] what
ents [in a consis
ail”)
se → She opene
Iván Matellanes’
]
at I am doing.
stent way]
ed the case wit
Notes
17
thout the key
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