1. The Media and Open Access:
媒體與開放近用 :
The Point of View of Public Service Broadcasting / By Verena Wiedemann, Association of German
Public Service Broadcasters
公共服務廣播的觀點 / 維瑞娜‧維德曼, 德國公共廣播聯盟
According to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, it is the task of public service broadcasting
to be a medium and factor in the creation of public opinion. As a medium, we, the ARD (Association of
German Public Service Broadcasters), convey the entire spectrum of opinions in Germany. We inform
our listeners and viewers about current affairs in Germany and abroad, represent the cultural diversity
of every region, and offer a public mirror of our social reality in all of its social, cultural and political
facets. As a factor, we contribute, through our programmes, to the cultural diversity and democratic
dialogue in German society. The conditions of access to our programmes are defined in the public
interest by our legislators, and not by the market. The funding of the contents of and access to our
public service channels takes place via a viewing and listening licence system organised on a public
service basis and with the support of a socially acceptable fee. This allows us to unlock all of our
programmes and make them accessible without additional payment.
根據德國聯邦憲法法院的規定，公共服務廣播的任務是形成公眾輿論的媒體與因素。身為媒
體，德國公共廣播聯盟轉達整個德國的意見。我們告知閱聽眾，德國國內外的時事，各區域的
多元文化，成為公眾的鏡子，反應社會、文化和政治面向的我們真實社會。身為因素，經由節
目, 我們對德國社會多元文化與民主對話作出貢獻。我們的節目面向立法者指定的公共利益, 不
是由市場決定。內容和近用至公共服務管道的費用, 係由社會能接受的閱聽眾牌照費支持。這種
方式, 讓我們可以放手執行所有的節目，無需支付額外的費用。
Digitalisation is rapidly changing the ways in which audio-visual contents can be accessed.
Theoretically, the ARD could open its audiovisual archives and give its users access to the cultural and
political history of Germany, Europe and the world in the form of audio and video files. The ARD’s
current programming could also be made available to our viewers and listeners after the initial
broadcast anywhere and at anytime via electronic retrieval.
數位化迅速變化視聽內容的近用方式，從理論上說，德國公共廣播聯盟可以打開視聽檔案，近
用德國、歐洲和全世界的文化與政治史的視聽檔案。德國公共廣播聯盟製播的節目，除了即時
收聽與收看外，還可以在任何時間於任何地點, 以電子方式重新收聽與收看。
However, things are unfortunately not that easy. All of these options cost money, both in terms of the
technical transmission and in terms of the acquisition of the necessary rights. The ‘right of public
accessibility’, which goes hand-in-hand with the on-demand provision of contents, is a separate right of
the authors. It is not identical to the broadcasting rights in connection with a television programme. If
for example the programmes currently on air are put online for one week, this right of use is still so
close to the time of the initial broadcast on television that it can be taken as being part of the
broadcasting right, which broadcasting institutions acquire in any case. It would however be very
expensive if Open Access were granted to our entire archives, especially since the ARD’s broadcasting
institutions of the German Länder do not even possess retrieval
rights on their older productions.
然而，不幸的是，事情並不那麼容易。所有的這些選項都需要錢，無論整備傳播技術設備和購
置必要的傳播權利，都需要相當的經費，才能與內容提供者共同完成的'公共近用權'，它不等同
於電視節目的播映權。舉例來說, 如果即時播出的節目要放在網路上一個星期，其使用權仍接近
當初在電視上播放的狀態，它是廣播權的一部份，任何情況下, 廣播機構仍需取得授權。開放近
用所有的檔案, 其費用將非常昂貴，特別是德國公共廣播聯盟屬下各邦的廣播機構, 並未擁有舊

2. 節目的檢索權。
As for public access to the contents of public service broadcasting, there must be one basic principle in
the knowledge society: contents for which the public have already paid in the form of licence fees must
be made available to them via all relevant platforms without further payment. This includes
viewing/listening at a time of the viewer/listener’s own choice, e.g. ondemand via the Internet. A
further increase of our programmes’ utility value for our licence-fee payers could be linked to the
release of certain contents for non-commercial use by third parties. In this way ARD’s contents could
possibly contribute directly to the creative cultural process and to the generation of knowledge by third
parties. Therefore, it would be worthwhile for public service broadcasters to consider the Open Access
model of libraries and academic publications. Again the main concern is to create the prerequisites for
enabling users to make optimum use of the resources of the knowledge society.
至於公眾近用公共廣播服務的內容，在知識社會裡, 應有一個基本原則：以牌照費方式, 公眾已
經付過費用的內容，必須能夠以相關的平台取得該等內容, 不需額外付費, 包括閱聽眾選擇從網
際網路閱聽內容。為了進一步增加節目的實用價值, 非商業用途的第三方, 應該可以取用已經被
繳費閱聽眾支持的節目。這樣的話，德國公共廣播聯盟的內容才能夠進入創意文化, 並被第三方
納入, 產生新的知識。因此，值得公共服務廣播考慮, 對圖書館和學術機構採用開放近用模式。
關注的重點是, 創造條件讓使用者能夠儘量利用知識社會的資源。
We therefore need a broad discussion about the conditions on which the ARD should allow access to
and use of the treasures of knowledge and of the cultural heritage stored away in its archives. Should
this access be funded entirely on the solidarity principle (by the general public via licence fees) or
should these services be left in the hands of the free market for commercial exploitation, as is being
demanded by commercial operators? These are fundamental questions for our society, because they
will decide whether public service broadcasting can fulfil its potential to make a substantial
contribution to the opportunities that the knowledge society in the 21st century offers to everyone.
因此，我們需要廣泛討論, 德國公共廣播聯盟檔案庫裡的知識內容及文化遺產, 在什麼條件下可
以近用和使用。此等近用應由單一的原則(公眾經由牌照費)資助，或此等服務應該如商業界的
要求, 交由自由市場的商業機制運作？這些都是我們社會面臨的基本問題，因為他們將決定公共
廣播服務能夠履行其潛力, 在 21 世紀的知識社會的每一個人提供機會。
p. 111-112
Open Access: Opportunities and challenges. A handbook [開放近用 : 機會及挑戰] / European
Commission, German Commission for UNESCO. -- Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of
the European Communities, 2008. -- 144 p., 14.8 x 21.0 cm. -- ISBN 978-92-79-06665-8. -- EUR
23459, http://tinyurl.com/3q8wo5