1. Open Access and Education Policy: Perspectives of a Politician
By Jörg Tauss, MP (German Bundestag)
开放获取与教育政策：一个政治家的观点 / 约尔格·陶斯（德国联邦议员）
The current dominant publication practice in the academic world is out of kilter, in particular from the
point of view of science and research policy. The practice, often described as paradoxical, is as follows:
a research area, as a rule financed by public funds, generates academic results whose commercialisation
is undertaken by a scholarly publisher. The usage rights in the resulting publications are made available
to other scientific and scholarly organisations, for example libraries, which are required to pay for
them, again using public funds. The specialist publishing sector is dominated, both nationally and
internationally, by a small number of large companies whose publication and pricing policies tend to be
somewhat opaque, due to their de facto monopoly. The financial risk faced by these publishers in the
current academic production system is, to say the least, limited thanks to the dual flow of public funds
into the publication cycle. In an expert opinion delivered to the Committee on Legal Affairs of the
German Bundestag, Professor Hilty of the Max Planck Society rightly describes this situation as a
privatisation of public funds.
从科学和研究政策的角度来看，主流的学术出版实务处于失调状态。这种实务常被认为自相矛
盾：通常由公共资助的研究领域所产生的学术成果，由学术出版社掌控其商品化，所产生的出
版物，仍需要由公共资助付费，才能被图书馆等其它科学和学术机构使用。不论国内或国际，
专业出版都由少数大公司掌握，由于事实上的垄断状况，其出版和定价政策往往并不透明。在
当前的学术生产体系里，由于公共资金双向流入出版循环中，这些出版社几乎没有财务危机。
马普学会的希尔蒂教授在德国联邦议院的法律事务委员会陈述专家意见时，将此情况恰当地描
述为公共资金的私有化。
Therefore, against the background of tight public-sector budgets, it is becoming increasingly difficult
for academic institutions to find the money to purchase current publications and thus to adequately
fulfil their responsibility to disseminate information. As a result, more and more libraries worldwide
are looking for alternatives, and not just for reasons of cost.
因此，在公共部门预算紧缩的背景下，学术机构越来越难以找到足够的钱购买出版物，从而充
分履行其传播信息的职责。结果是，全球越来越多的图书馆都在寻找替代方案，原因当然不只
是费用。
In the medium term, this situation is likely to seriously limit the effectiveness of the German and
indeed the global system of education and science. It must be the task of politicians to counter this
threat. Modern copyright law that is in line with the demands of the information and knowledge society
plays a key role here. This law must be couched in unambiguous terms that reflect the interests of
authors, and thus of science and scholarship. It is clear, from this demand, that this is not primarily a
cost-saving exercise designed to relieve public-sector budgets.
从中期来看，这种局面可能严重限制德国乃至全球教育和科学系统的效能，政治家必须对抗这
一威胁。符合信息和知识社会要求的现代版权法，在这里起着关键的作用。版权法必须以明确
的措辞，反映作者也就是科学和学术的利益。从这个要求来看，节省费用以减轻公共部门预算
压力，显然不是修订版权法的主要目标。
The proposed amendments to German copyright law, the so-called 'second basket' of the
implementation of the EU directives currently under discussion, does not take proper account of this
dimension. At best, it can only represent a small intermediate step in view of the altered requirements
of the information and knowledge society. To date, current law favours specialist publishers, who, from
the point of view of education and science policy, make a contribution to added value, which, while
important, should not be exaggerated. Rather, modern copyright law, both science and research-

2. friendly, must look more on those generating current knowledge, and also at modern forms of
distribution.
为实施欧盟指令，德国正在讨论被称为“第二篮”的版权法修正案，但没有恰当地考虑这一方
面。从信息与知识社会需求改变的角度，这个修正案充其量只能作为一个小小的中间步骤。迄
今为止，现行法律有利于专业出版社，而从教育和科学政策的角度来看，出版社虽对增值有所
贡献，但其重要性不应被夸大。在某种程度上，对科学和研究友好的现代版权法，必须更重视
当代知识的产生及传播形式。
At present, academic research findings are made available to no more than a small group, sometimes at
excessive cost. This conflicts with the demands of a knowledge society with future potential, for which
untrammelled access to information and knowledge at a proportionate cost is a precondition. The
monopolised prices currently held by international publishers are disproportionate.
目前，学术研究成果只提供给一小群人，且常需很高代价才能使用，这种情况与知识社会的需
求相冲突。以适当的价格、不受限制地获取信息和知识，是知识社会未来潜能的先决条件。当
今由国际性出版社垄断价格，与之极不相称。
What is needed at this point is a paradigm shift. The principle must be that knowledge produced by
public funds is seen as public property, and is thus made available to the public comprehensively,
unimpeded and at appropriate cost. According to this principle, and irrespective of the selected means
for Open Access publication, the future will see not just the user, but indeed the actual producer of
knowledge bearing the costs in the publication and distribution chain. The Internet is a prime candidate
for the medium of dissemination of academic information, as it opens up new paths for the publication
of research results. Herein lies the great merit and value of the Open Access approach pursued by
research organisations.
现在需要的是范式转移。基本原则是，用公共资金产生的知识必须被视为公共财产，让公众可
获取，在适当的费用下，全面且不受阻碍地使用。依此原则，未来以任何方式进行的开放获取
出版，不单由使用者、更是由知识的实际生产者，承担出版与发行链中的费用。因特网是传播
学术信息的主要潜在媒体，它为研究成果出版开启了新的路径，对研究机构追求开放获取具有
很大的功劳与价值。
The sustainable concepts are obvious. It is regrettable that policymakers are once again looking to
apply outdated approaches in their second round of reforms.
这些想法的可持续性是显而易见的。令人遗憾的是，在第二轮改革中，决策者们再次寻求采用
过时的办法。
The most fundamental task for policymakers today must be to create forward-looking framework
conditions that provide an incentive for tomorrow’s knowledge society — and this must include
copyright law. Without a socalled ‘third basket’ of the implementation of the EU directives that takes
into account the concerns of education, science, scholarship and research, this cannot be achieved.
今天，决策者最基本的任务必须是建立前瞻性的框架条件，为明天的知识社会提供激励机制
——其中必须包括版权法。如果没有实施欧盟指令的所谓“第三篮”，将教育、科学、学术和研
究一并纳入考虑，这是无法实现的。
p.103-104
开放获取 : 机会及挑战, http://tinyurl.com/dck7v9
Open Access : Opportunities and Challenges. A handbook [开放获取 : 机会及挑战] / European
Commission, German Commission for UNESCO. -- Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of
the European Communities, 2008. -- 144 p., 14.8 x 21.0 cm. -- ISBN 978-92-79-06665-8. -- EUR
23459, http://tinyurl.com/3q8wo5

3. Open Access : Chancen und Herausforderungen : ein Handbuch. -- Bonn : Deutsche UNESCO-
Kommission, 2007. -- 136 Seiten. -- ISBN 3-927907-96-0.
http://www.unesco.de/fileadmin/medien/Dokumente/Kommunikation/Handbuch_Open_Access.pdf