5. • Abnormally low bone mass with defects in bone structure
leading to
• Fragile
• greater than normal risk of fracture
6. WHO definition
Bone Mineral Density (BMD) that lies 2.5 SD or more below the
average value for young healthy adult of same sex and race
(T score <-2.5 )
CLASSIFICATION T- SCORE
NORMAL
-1 AND ABOVE
OSTEOPENIA
-2.5 TO -1
OSTEOPOROSIS
LESS THAN -2.5
7. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• 200 million people worldwide have osteoporosis
• In Nepal, prevalence of osteoporosis 22.4%
8. DEMOGRAPHICS
• Male : Female ratio is 1:4
Low Peak Bone Mass
Hormonal changes after menopause
• Men have a higher prevalence of secondary
osteoporosis
17. • In young adults:
– Resorbed bone replaced by equal amount of new
bone tissue
• After age 30–45:
– resorption slowly exceeds formation (exaggerated in
postmenopausal women)
18. • Loss of estrogen
– increases production of Receptor Activator of Nuclear
Factor-ќβ Ligand (RANKL)
– Decreased production of osteoprotegerin
increases osteoclast activation and resorption
20. Signs
Dowagers/ Widows hump
Loss of height
Point tenderness without
neurological symptoms
Multiple fractures thoracic
kyphosis and Loss of height
21. XRAYS
• 1st Investigation
• Not Diagnostic
• Radiological osteopenia :
Bone which appears to be less ‘dense’ than
normal on X-ray
22. • Typical signs of radiological
osteopenia :
– Loss of trabecular definition
– Thinning of the cortices
– Compression fractures of the
vertebral bodies (wedging
or compression of the vertebral
end plates)
– Codfish vertebra
23. SINGH’S INDEX
Developed by Dr. Manmohan Singh (1970, JBJS)
Classified Xrays of Hip
Based on the visibility of the trabecular types seen in
the femoral neck
As osteoporosis progresses these trabeculae get
thinner and eventually disappear
24. Five trabecular types can be present in the proximal
part of the femur:
1. principal compression
2. secondary compression
3. primary tensile
4. secondary tensile
5. intertrochanteric
31. LAB INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS Investigate Secondary
Causes
Dual Energy Xray
Absorptiometry (DEXA)
Scan
(Gold Standard )
Others: (FDA Approved)
Quantitative CT
Quantitative Ultrasound
Liver Function Tests
Renal Function Tests
Thyroid Function Tests
Serum Vitamin D
Serum / 24 Hr Urine Calcium
Urine Bence jones protein
/Bone Biopsy
32. Indications for BMD measurement
(The International Society for Clinical
Densitometry)
• Women ≥ 65 years and Men ≥ 70 years
• Adults > 50 years with Risk Factors
• Adults with fragility fracture
• Anyone being considered for pharmacological
therapy for osteoporosis
33. DEXA
Dual Energy Xray Absorptiometry
• GOLD Standard for
measuring BMD
• High Accuracy
• Sites to be examined in
DEXA :
Femoral Neck
Lumbar Spine
34. DEXA
• 2 photons with different
attenuation profiles
produced
• Patient positioning
• The more dense the bones
(from greater mineral
content), the more energy
is absorbed, and the less
energy detected
35.
36. DEXA
Advantages
High Accuracy
Low Radiation Dose to
patient
Very little Scatter
Radiation to Technician
Takes only about 20 min
Limitations
Cant differentiate Cortical
or Trabecular Bone
Bone spurs (OA) falsely
increase bone density
37. Quantitative CT
• Measures precise Volumetric bone mineral density
• Separate BMD measurement for Trabecular and cortical bone
• Sensitivity of upto 85% and a specificity of 89%
• The detection rate for osteoporosis was 10.9% for DEXA and 45.1% for
QCT, a statistically significant difference
38. Quantitative CT
Advantages
Geometry of bone (
spatial distribution of
bone mass )
Bone Density + Bone mass
Existing previous CT can
be used
Limitations
High Radiation dose
Expensive
39. Fracture Risk Assessment Tool
FRAX®
Developed by WHO
Predicts 10 year probability of
major osteoporotic fractures
Hip, vertebrae, humerus, wrist
40. Non Pharmacological Treatments :
• Exercise
– Both resistance and balance training
– Prevents bone loss but no gain of bone mass
44. DOC for osteoporosis treatment
Reduce the incidence of
new vertebral fractures by up to 50%
hip fractures by 40%
BISPHOSPHONATES
45. DRUG DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY
Alendronate 10 mg daily or 70
mg once weekly
ORAL ONCE DAILY /
WEEKLY
Risedronate 5 mg daily or 35 mg
weekly
ORAL ONCE DAILY OR
WEEKLY
Ibandronate 150 mg monthly ORAL / I.V ONCE A MONTH
ORALLY/ ONCE
EVERY 3 MONTHS
I.V
Zoledronic
acid
5 mg
(pre and post
Hydration )
I.V INFUSION ONCE A YEAR
52. MECHANISM OF ACTION
• Fully human monoclonal antibody to RANKL
• Binds to RANKL, inhibiting its ability to initiate
formation of mature osteoclasts from
osteoclast
54. TERIPARATIDE
PTH ANALOGUE
PTH 1-34
Full Molecule of PTH is 84 AA Osteoclastic
Pth 1-34 Osteoblastic
20 mcg S/C daily
Only drug that improves Bone Architecture (Both Trabecular and
Cortical )
55. SURGICAL TREATMENT GOALS
We are not just treating the fracture
Elderly patient with several comorbidities
Hollistic treatment
56. Use of Biological fixation
Use of Load Sharing Devices than Load bearing
device
Use of Wide Buttress Plates
Longer Nails and Plates
Use of Locking Screws
Augmentation by Bone cement or Bone grafts
57. • According to WHO, can a person travelling
from one country to another for a week be
labelled as having osteoporosis or not in
different countries ?
58. Osteoporosis and Orthopaedic
Surgery
In Cancellous Bone :
• Trabeculae are thinned and reduced in
number
• Thereby bone holding capacity of implant is
reduced
59. • In Cortical Bone :
• There is cortical thinning
(Endosteal thinning>
Periosteal bone formation)
• When a screw is fixed ,
instead of 4-5 threads , only
2 threads are engaged
loosening of screws
Normal
Cortical
Thickness
Reduced
Cortical
Thickness
61. RICKETS AND OSTEOMALACIA
• Different expressions of the same disease
• Inadequate mineralization of bone in children
is called rickets; in adults it is known as
osteomalacia
• Reduced serum 1,25-OHD is the most
common cause
62. Osteoporosis Osteomalacia
Definition
Reduced bone mass,
normal mineralization
Bone mass variable,
reduced mineralization
Age
Postmenopausal (Type I) or
elderly (Type II)
Any age
Etiology
Endocrine abnormality, age,
idiopathic, inactivity, alcohol,
calcium deficiency
Vit D deficiency,
hypophosphatemia, renal tubular
acidosis
Symptoms and signs
Pain and tenderness at
fracture site
Generalized bone pain and
tenderness
Xray Axial fracture predominance
Appendicular
fracture predominance,
Serum Ca Normal Low or normal
Serum PO4 Normal Low or normal
ALP Normal Elevated
63. ETIOLOGY
• VITAMIN D DEPENDENT FORMS (MOST
COMMON )
• VITAMIN D INDEPENDENT FORMS
64. VITAMIN DEPENDENT FORMS
Vitamin D deficiency
Reduced exposure to UV radiation
Low dietary intake
Decreased intestinal absorption
Impaired Vitamin D metabolism
Impaired organ function (Liver cirrhosis/
Renal failure )
Drugs: cytochrome P450 inducers
(Anticonvulsants, Rifampicin)
(increases the metabolism of vitamin D)
65. Impaired Vitamin D metabolism
Impaired organ function (Liver cirrhosis/ Renal
failure )
Drugs: cytochrome P450 inducers increase the
metabolism of vitamin D (Anticonvulsants,
Rifampicin)
67. CLINICAL FEATURES
(RICKETS )
• Tetany or convulsions (due
to hypocalcaemia)
• Failure to thrive
• Listlessness
• Muscular flaccidity
SYMPTOMS
68. • Craniotabes
• Rachitic rosary
• Harrison’s sulcus
• Lower limb deformities such as
– Coxa vara
– Bowing of the femur and tibia may
develop after weight-bearing
• Deformities of knee ( Genu Varum )
• Overall growth may be stunted
SIGNS
71. Thickening and widening of the growth
plate
Cupping of the metaphysis
Bowing of the diaphysis
Widening of metaphysis
Signs of secondary hyperparathyroidism:
subperiosteal erosions at the sites of
maximal remodelling
X-RAYS
(RICKETS)
72. XRAYS
(OSTEOMALACIA)
• The classical lesion of osteomalacia is the ‘Looser zone’
– a thin transverse band of rarefaction in an otherwise normal-looking bone
• Pubic rami, Medial proximal femur and axillary edge of the scapula
– (due to incomplete stress fractures which heal with callus lacking in calcium)
• Vertebral fractures characteristic biconcave appearance or wedge
shaped deformities (indistinguishable from osteoporotic fractures)
73. Indentation of the acetabula producing the trefoil
or champagne glass pelvis
75. TREATMENT
• Vitamin D deficiency :
– administration of vitamin D
– Also indicated in infants who are exclusively breastfed
– adequate daily intake of calcium
• Defective vitamin D metabolism or vitamin D-independent
forms
– treatment of underlying disease
76. Pagets Disease
Localized sites of increased bone turnover
Enlargement and thickening of the bone
Internal architecture is abnormal
Unusually brittle bone
77. Pathophysiology
• Starts At Metaphysis To Involve Diaphysis
• Marked Increase In Osteoblastic And
Osteoclastic Activity
• Accelerated Bone Turnover
78. • Osteolytic Or Vascular Stage
– Large Resorption Filled With Vascular Fibrous Tissues
– Adjacent Area Osteoblastic Activity
– Involves Both Periosteum And Endosteum
– Increased Bone Thickness
• Osteoblastic Stage
– Thickened Bone Becomes Increasingly Sclerotic And
Brittle
79. Clinical Features
Symptoms
• Age Group : >50yrs of age
• Sex : M=F
• Sites : Pelvis and Tibia
– Femur, skull, clavicle and spine
• Mostly asymptomatic
• If symptomatic dull aching pain
84. Treatment
• Non-Surgical :
– IV Zoledronate
• Surgical
– Fracture Fixation
– Arthroplasty For Severe And Painful Osteoarthritis
– Decompression For Nerve Entrapment And Canal Stenosis
88. Effect of High PTH
• Tubular resorption
• Interstitial absorption
• Bone resorption
89. Clinical Feature
• Calcinosis , Stone formation Recurrent UTI
Calcification of soft tissue
• Loss of bone substance
• Subperiosteal erosion, endostoeal cavitation,
• Osteitis Fibrosa cystica
• Hemorrhage and giant cell reaction
93. Treatment
• Conservative
• Adequate Hydration And Decreased
Calcium Intake
• Indications For Parathyroidectomy
– Marked And Unremitting Hypercalcaemia,
– Recurrent Renal Calculi,
– Progressive Nephrocalcinosis
– Severe Osteoporosis.
94. Reference
• Apley & Solomon's System of Orthopaedics and
Trauma – 10e
• Harrison Principle of Internal medicine 21e
• Review article : Diagnosis and Treatment of
Osteoporosis: What Orthopaedic Surgeons Need to
Know
– Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
2019
• Review article : Diagnosis and Treatment of
Osteoporosis
– Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement / European
Journal of Rheumatology 2017
Editor's Notes
A clinical disorder characterized by abnormally low bone mass and defects in bone structure, a combination which renders the bone unusually fragile and at greater than normal risk of fracture in a person of that age, sex and race
harrison
2019 Nepjol S Bagudai
By the end of bone growth, mean bone mass is about 5–10% greater in young men than in young women, due mainly to increased appositional bone formation when androgen levels rise after puberty
Osteoporotic fractures in men under 60 years of age should arouse the suspicion of some underlying disorder – notably hypogonadism, metastatic bone disease, multiple myeloma, liver disease, renal hypercalciuria, alcohol abuse, malabsorption disorder, malnutrition, glucocorticoid medication or anti-gonadal hormone treatment for prostate cancer.
most fractures, especially those of the hip and vertebrae, show exponential increases with advancing age : harrison
riggs
(delayed puberty
low bone mass
that persists into adulthood)
ppi
Asian race
Remodelling
Bone remodelling serves several crucial purposes: ‘old bone’ is continually replaced by ‘new bone’ and in this way the skeleton is protected from the excess accumulation of fatigue damage and the risk of stress failure;
Pain kasto
Stress fracture
codfish
Osteoporotic photo
HARRISON
Patrick AR, Brookhart MA, Losina E, et al. The complex relation between bisphosphonate adherence and fracture reduction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(7):3251–59. doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-2778.
(usually follows a dental procedure in whichh bone is exposed )
(overall risk low compared to the number of hip fractures saved by these therapies)
Craniotabes
Enlargement of the costochondral junctions (‘Rachitic rosary’)
Lateral indentation of the chest (Harrison’s sulcus) may also be present.
Lower limb deformities such as coxa vara and bowing of the femur and tibia may develop after weight-bearing
Deformities of knee ( Genu Varum )
Overall growth may be stunted
Craniotabes
Enlargement of the costochondral junctions (‘Rachitic rosary’)
Lateral indentation of the chest (Harrison’s sulcus) may also be present.
Lower limb deformities such as coxa vara and bowing of the femur and tibia may develop after weight-bearing
Deformities of knee ( Genu Varum )
Overall growth may be stunted
classical – and almost pathognomonic – feature,
which should always be sought, is subperiosteal cortical
resorption of the middle phalanges