2. 2
Toothpaste
Ingredients of toothpaste
1-Abrasives
Functions: Remove plaque and stain from teeth
Polish the tooth surfaces and give a pleasing appearance to teeth.
Examples: Calcium carbonate, Calcium pyrophosphate,
dicalcium phosphate, Sodium metaphosphate, Silica, Zirconium silicate
2- Thickening / Binding agents
Functions: Bind to water and control the viscosity of the toothpaste, Prevent
the toothpaste from drying out and Prevent the solid and the liquid substances
from separating
Examples: Sodium carboxy-methyl cellulose, Carrageenans (seaweed
derived), xanthan gums, Alginates
3-Humectants
Functions: Prevent loss of water and thus preventing drying of toothpaste
Examples: Glycerol, Propylene glycol (PEG), Sorbitol
4-Solvents
Functions: Allowing all the contents to dissolve and make a uniformly thick
paste.
Examples: Water
3. 3
5-Surfactants
Functions: Detergents, A foaming agent, which enables uniform distribution
of toothpaste, improving its cleansing power
Examples: Sodium lauryl sulphate, Sodium N-lauroyl sarcosinate
6-Sweeteners
Functions: Provide it a mild sweet taste
Examples: Sodium saccharin, Sorbitol, Glycerin
7-Flavoring agents
The essential oils which have the primary action of masking the bad taste of
surfactants and other agents and also to give a pleasant flavor
Examples: Spearmint, Peppermint, Eucalyptus, Menthol, Cinnamon,
Wintergreen
8-Coloring agents
Functions: Provide an attractive color to the toothpaste
Examples: Titanium oxide and chlorophyll
9-Preservatives
Functions: Prevent the growth of microorganisms.
Examples: Alcohols, Benzoates, Formaldehyde, dichlorinated
phenols, methylparaben, ethylparaben
10-Therapeutic agents
4. 4
Anticaries agents-a
Sodium fluoride, Sodium monofluorophosphate, Stannous fluoride, Xylitol
plaque agent-Anti-b
1-Triclosan (acts on the cell membrane of the microorganisms and causes cell
death)
2- Zinc (Zn2+
) and stannous (Sn2+
) ions (inhibit the glycolytic sequence in oral
anaerobic bacteria)
3- Certain enzymes such as amyloglucosidase and glucose oxidase (They
inhibit the growth of micro-organisms by activating the antibacterial
lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate system in saliva)
4- Essential oils such as thymol, menthol, eucalyptol and methyl salicylate
(altering the bacterial cell wall)
calculus agents-Anti-c
Pyrophosphates (tetrasodium pyrophosphate, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate or
disodium pyrophosphate).
They reduce the protein binding capacity of the tooth surface, hence delaying
plaque formation
dentinal hypersensitivity-Anti-d
5. 5
Potassium ions (blocking the open dentinal tubules, thereby blocking action
potential generation in intradental nerves)
Tooth whitening-e
Prevent staining of the teeth and help in the elimination of extrinsic and to
some extent intrinsic stains on the teeth
Dimethicones: has higher abrasion value
Types of toothpaste in Egyptian market
Brush up kids
hydrated silicaAbrasive
sodium Carboxymethyl CelluloseThickening / Binding agent
purified waterSolvents
sodium lauryl sulphateSurfactants
sodium saccharin, sorbitolSweeteners
sodium benzoatePreservatives
Sodium monofluorophosphateTherapeutic agent
Close up
Diamond Attraction Power White ToothpasteCloseup
6. 6
This toothpaste has revolutionary Blue Light Technology. When you brush
with it, you see the unique blue foam in action. After brushing, the blue is
gone and your teeth are visibly whiter than ever before.
Hydrated Silica ,MicaAbrasive
Cellulose Gum, PVM/MA
Copolymer
Thickening / Binding agent
PEG-32Humectants
Aqua WaterSolvents
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, LecithinSurfactants
Sorbitol, Sodium Saccharin,
Glycerin
Sweeteners
Limonene,AromaFlavoring agent
CI 74160, CI 77891Coloring agent
Sodium FluorideTherapeutic agent
Other agents
whiten and strengthen teeth,Trisodium Phosphate
,Promotion of Blood circulation
antioxidants, modulators of
immune function, and regulators of
cell differentiation and proliferation
Tocopheryl Acetate
Close up White Now
As Diamond Attraction Power White + DMDM Hydantoin( preservative)
Closeup Milk Calcium Toothpaste
As Diamond Attraction Power White+Hydrolyzed Milk Protein( to help
strengthen the enamel) + Eugenol(a natural breath freshener and flavoring
agent and analgesic).
Close Up Active Gel
As Diamond Attraction Power White+Citric Acid (a preservative).
Freeze-Close Up Fire
as Diamond Attraction Power White+zinc sulphate (inhibit the glycolytic
sequence in oral anaerobic bacteria), sodium hydroxide(regulate the pH
levels , neutralize cavity causing acids ), coloring agents Cl 12490, Cl 74160,
Cl 77019, Cl 77891, Cl 77510.
up ever fresh-Close
7. 7
As Close Up Fire-Freeze+cocamidoproylbetaine(mild cleanser, a medium-
strength surfactant, as well as a foam).
Closeup Deep Action toothpaste
red gel toothpaste As Close Up Fire-Freeze
Close-Up Anticavity Fluoride Toothpaste
Hydrated SilicaAbrasive
Cellulose GumThickening / Binding agent
PEG-32Humectants
WaterSolvents
Sodium Lauryl SulfateSurfactants
Sorbitol, Sodium Saccharin,Sweeteners
FlavorFlavoring agent
RedColoring agent
AlcoholPreservatives
Sodium Monofluorophosphate
(0.8%)
Therapeutic agent
16. 16
Himalaya sparkling white
Miswak: helps prevent gum inflammation and reduces gum bleeding Papain
and Bromelain: Enzymes present in Papaya and Pineapple, safely whiten teeth
Almond Shell: natural astringent, tightens gums
Menthol: helps maintain long lasting fresh breath
Himalaya sensitive toothpaste
Almond - Menthol - Miswak – Spinach
Himalaya complete care toothpaste
Miswak,Babool Neem ,Pomegranate
Himalaya active fresh toothpaste
Himalaya's active fresh toothpaste is packed with refreshing herbal
ingredients that ensure long-lasting fresh breath. Menthol is a natural
refreshing agent, prevents mouth odor, while clove and fennel are effective
natural astringents that tighten gums. Miswak inhibits the build-up of
dental plaque and therefore is beneficial in the prevention of tooth decay. It
17. 17
reduces gum inflammations and prevents gum bleeding. Its astringent
property strengthens gums, too. Cardamom contains chemical constituents
like terpenes, which significantly inhibits the growth of oral microbes,
leading to healthy gums and fresh breath.
Miswak
Calcium carbonate, silicaAbrasive
Sodium Carrageenate, Sodium
Carboxy Methyl Cellulose,
Thickening / Binding agent
sodium saccharin, sorbitol,Sweeteners
Meswak (Salvadora persica)
Extract, sodium benzoate
Therapeutic agent
Parodontax
parodontax™ Extra Fresh&parodontax™ Clean Mint
hydrated silica, cocamidopropyl
betaine,
Abrasive
polyacrylic acidThickening / Binding agent
25. 25
Components in mouth washes, spray, gel, solution and paint
Main components
1- Chlorhexidine
Cationic bis-guanide that kills microbes.
Chlorhexidine activity is dependent on the pH of the environment, and the
optimal range is 5.5-7.0. Activity is reduced in the presence of serum, blood,
pus and other organic matter.
At low concentrations CHX affects the change in the osmotic balance of the
bacteria cell. This leads to the release of potassium, phosphorus and other low
weight molecules. The process, taking place in an environment of sub lethal
concentration of chlorhexidine, leads to a loss of as much as 50% of
potassium ions; it may be reversible, on condition of removing the compound.
At high concentrations CHX causes cell death by cytolysis. It leads to the
release of the main intracellular components, including nucleotides, to
changes of the cell’s protein structure and precipitation/coagulation of
cytoplasmic proteins
Many reports describe cytotoxic effect of chlorhexidine to human gingival
fibroblasts,human periodontal ligament cells, human alveolar bone cells and
human osteoblastic cell line which is time- and dose-dependent.
Dose: 10ml of 0.2% CHX in 1:1 dilution
Twice daily oral rinsing for 30 second in the morning and evening after 30
minutes of tooth brushing.
CHX rinses should not be combined with tooth brushing. The reason for that
CHX, a cation, interacts and forms salts of low solubility and antibacterial
26. 26
activity with anions, such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium
monofluorophosphate (MFP). CHX and MFP are not compatible in clinically
relevant concentrations in vitro. A 30-minute interval between SLS and CHX
rinsing gave a significantly reduced antiplaque effect of CHX, whereas after 2
hours the neutralizing effect of SLS disappeared.
Mode of
Action
Effective
against
Recommend
ed use
Short or
long term
Side effects
Chlorhexi
dine
Cationic bis-
guanide that
kills
microbes.
Broad spectrum
antimicrobial.
Studies have
shown that
spraying
toothbrush with
chlorhexidine
can reduce
bacterial load
Most
effective
mouthwash
for reducing
plaque and
gingivitis.
Don’t use
after fluoride
or lauryl
sulphate
containing
toothpastes
as these limit
its effect.
Use twice
daily for
short term
Can cause
staining of teeth,
increased
calculus, taste
alteration,
burning mouth.
Not
recommended
for those
undergoing
chemotherapy,
xerostomia and
ulcers
Benzyda
mine
hydrochlo
ride
Thought to
effect the
production of
pain
initiators,
disrupt
inflammatory
cycle and
stabilise cell
membranes
Anti-
inflammatory,
anti-microbial
and anaesthetic
Often used
with
Chlorohexidi
ne.
Well
tolerated for
chemotherap
y patients
and
ulcerative
Long term
if it doesn’t
contain
alcohol or
chlrohexidi
ne
Often contains
alcohol and
chlorhexidine
27. 27
conditions
Cetylpyri
dinium
chloride,
sodium
benzoate,
ticlosan
CPC -
Disrupts cell
membranes
and
metabolism
of bacteria
SB- breaks
down fats
which
weakens
plaque
attachments
T-
potentiates
effect of
mouthwash
Reduce plaque
weight and thus
reduce
gingivitis
although this is
contradicted in
other studies.
So I would
conclude that
although there
is some effect it
is not clinically
significant
Just an
addition to
normal
cleaning
routine. I am
not sure that
it is a
clinically
significant
addition to
oral care
especially if
it replaces
any of the
time that you
would use
for brushing
or flossing
Long term.
As an
adjunct to
brushing
and before
brushing
Unknown but
avoid if it
contains alcohol
for long term
use.
Oxygenati
ng
mouthwas
hes
Kill
microbes that
are
dependant on
absence of
oxygen
Bacteria
Good for
ulcers,
around
erupting
wisdom
teeth, on a
pikster into
deep
periodontal
pockets
Often
contain
alcohol
Can reduce
staining of
chlrohexidine if
used before
alcohol
It is a
solvent,
preservative
and
antiseptic
antimicrobial
(bacteria, fungi
and viruses)
Do not use
high alcohol
concentration
mouthwashes
> 20%
Don’t use
long term
Implicated in
oral cancer.
Ulceration,
xerostomia, pain
and epithelial
detachment at
28. 28
high
concentrations
and prolonged
use
Iodine
Effects cell
membrane
and
penetrates
Bacteria, fungi
and viruses,
protozoa
Effective in
reducing
plaque and
gingivitis
Reduces
severity and
duration of
radiation
gingiviis
Some allergies
exist, do not
swallow. Care in
use with thyroid
patients
Peroxidas
e
4 enxymes
(lysozyme,
lactoferin,
glucose
oxidase and
lactoperioxid
ase) act on
the bacterial
metabolism
Bacteria
Effective in
halitosis, dry
mouth and
gingival
irritations
Xerostomia
and after
radiation
therapy.
Where ever
saliva flow
is reduced
Low PH (5.5)
which means it
is slightly acidic
which is not
ideal
fluoride
Reduces
bacterial
activity and
also
increases
enamel
resistance to
acid attack
Bacteria
Can be daily
or weekly
use. Spit out
excess
Useful
when there
is a high
caries
incidence,
chemothera
py patients
and
radiation
therapy
patients
Not
recommended in
children under 6
because of risk
of swallowing
Chlorine
dioxide
Breaksdown
cell
membranes
of bacteria
and also
effects fungi
Fungi, bacteria
and viruses
Very
effective in
halitosis and
periodontal
disease
Applicable
in many
cases.
originally
for bad
breath but
No side effects.
Does not contain
alcohol.
However the
manufacturers
are very
29. 29
Other components
HYBENX’s formula of sulfonated phenols is
specifically blended to maximize its effectiveness
without causing harm to healthy mucosa. This unique
formulation provides controllable and instantaneous
super-desiccation, loosening, and coagulation of any
debris as it devitalizes infectious tissues.
HYBENX
antimicrobial preservative-2-Bromo-2-
Nitropropane-
1,3-Diol
has both astringent and hemostatic propertiesAl chloride
a popular medicinal plant that contains various
powerful antioxidant compounds, inhibit the growth of
harmful bacteria,effective at reducing dental plaque
buildup .Application of Aloe vera, either as a patch or
gel, has been shown to aid in the recovery of mouth
Aloe vera
and viruses has recently
been very
helpful in
gum disease
secretive about
how they
stabilize this
product without
preservatives or
alcohol
essential
oils..
thymol,
eucalyptol
, menthol
and
methyl
salicylate
Needs to be
in an alcohol
solution.
Claim to
destroy
bacterial
cells, inhibit
their
enzymes,
anti-
inflammatory
and are anti-
oxidants
Bacteria
Adjunct to
brushing
Some
studies find
them
effective
but without
the alcohol
there is no
point
Don’t use if you
have dry mouth,
mucositis, dental
erosion, or allow
children to use
them
30. 31
ulcers (canker sores)
Aminoacridine Hydrochloride is a slow acting
disinfectant. It exerts germicidal action against
bacteria and fungi.
Aminoacredine
0.05%
chemical compound that are used in healing and
arresting pain because they are anti-inflammatory in
nature
Anthrquinone
A naturally-occurring bee product. Propolis extract is
known to possess antimicrobial activity
against Streptococcus mutans, Gram-positive cocci,
facultative anaerobic bacterium commonly found in
the human oral cavity and a significant contributor to
tooth decay. propolis is shown to inhibit synthesis of
prostaglandins, activate the thymus gland, aid the
immune system by promoting phagocytic activity,
stimulate cellular immunity, and augment healing
effects on epithelial tissues. Additionally, propolis
contains elements, such as iron and zinc that are
important for the synthesis of collagen.
Bee propolis
is used as a pH adjuster and preservativeBenzoic acid
Plant contains chemicals called tannins that can help
improve mouth and throat irritation, by reducing
swelling (inflammation.
bilberry root
a naturally alkaline compound that used as
and,fungicideandantiseptic, buffer,preservativea
use as a mixture of calcium peroxide and sodium
perborate as oxidizing agents to remove stains and
plaque from both teeth and composite filling material.
Borax: (sodium
tetraborate, sod
borate)
Antioxidant, a preservativebutylated
hydroxyl
toluene
used in dental products as a secondary dentine
deposition agent, a potential antimicrobial/antiplaque
agent
Ca hydroxide
a quaternary ammonium salt that acts as an antiseptic
Cetalkonium isagainst a variety of bacteria and fungi,
an antimicrobial agent and it has shown to be effective
against both gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and
s based on theThe activity of cetalkonium ifungi.
creation of a positive charge which permits a bio-
adhesive property to negative surfaces. This property
allows cetalkonium to disrupt the cell membrane,
inactivate enzymes and denature proteins.
Cetalkonium
chloride
31. 31
One of the most common herbs used as antiseptic and
anti-inflammatory
chamomile
Potent chlorinated phenolic disinfectant, antiseptic and
bactericide. It has bactericidal activity against Gram-
positive and Gram-negative bacteria and is effective
against fungi . Chlorocresol is used for Infections,
Preservative
Chlorocresol
The choline salt of salicylic acid, used as an analgesic,
antipyretic.It relieves mild to moderate pain and
reduce fever and inflammation or swelling
Choline
salicylate
obtained from the inner bark of several tree species
from the genus Cinnamomum. Cinnamon is used
mainly as an aromatic condiment and flavouring
additive
Cinnamon
a mixture of closely related organic compounds
derived from coconut oil and
dimethylaminopropylamine. it is used as a surfactant
Cocomido
propyl betane
Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Plaque Effects of
Commiphora Myrrh herb
commiphora
extract
AbrasiveDicalcium
Phosphate
Dihydrate
polydimethylsiloxane, is a silicon-based polymerDimethicone
a tree. The dried leaves and oil are used to make
medicine. Acts as an antibacterial and anti-fungal
agent.
Eucalyptus
inflammatory.-it is antiseptic and antiOil of clovesEugenol
As eugenoleugenyl acetate
Used for essential oil production. The root extracts
have been shown to have antibacterial, antifungal.
Extract
geranium 5%
essential oilGeranium oil
can help in preventing and curing Ssorenessin
gum,teeth,tongue and mucous membranes
Glycerin
Green tea contains polyphenols .Catechins showed an
in vitro bactericidal activity against odor-producing
periodontal bacteria, P. gingivalis, and Prevotella spp,
Green tea also inhibited adherence of P. gingivalis to
oral epithelial cells at a concentration below
0.25 mg/mL .Catechins and its derivatives could
reduce periodontal breakdown by inhibiting
collagenase and cysteine proteinase activity of P.
gingivalis . EGCG has an inhibitory effect on protein
green tea
extract
32. 32
tyrosine phosphatases (PTPase) activity in P.
intermedia
An evergreen member of the Hedera genus in the
family Araliaceae.
The leaves are antibacterial, antiseptic, astringent
hedera helix
a natural physiological constituent of connective
tissue. Made up mostly of collagen, it is one of the
major components of the human body. HA is the most
abundant high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan of
healthy soft periodontal tissues.4
It is active in tissue
regeneration and influences the migration of
fibroblasts and fibrinogenesis, thus making the healing
of tissue easier. It performs 3 synergistic effects: anti-
inflammatory, accelerates the healing process and
provides a protective barrier.
Hyaluronic
acid 0.1%
Jasmine oil is an essential oil derived from the white
flowers of the common jasmine plant. Jasmine oil
made from various species of the plant has been found
to have antibacterial properties. Its antiseptic effects
have been extensively studied and found to fight
various bacteria
jasmine extract
Linum Usitatissimum (Linseed) Seed Oil is an edible
oil expressed from the seeds of Linum Usitatissimum.
Linseed oil is also called flax seed oil.act as a
surfactant
Linseed
Methyl Acetate is an ester of methyl alcohol and acetic
Solventacid.
Methyl acetate
is an organic ester naturally produced by many species
It is used as aof plants, particularly wintergreens.
flavoring agent and analgesic and antiseptic
Methyl
salicylate
a heterocyclic phenol and derivative of quinoline with
acts as a biocide to eliminateantiseptic, disinfectant,
bacteria and fungi
Oxyquinol
0.1%
is derived from the peppermint plant used as flavoringPeppermint
An antiseptic syrupy mixture made by heating 90 parts
of phenol, 10 parts of salicylic acid, and 20 parts of
lactic acid to liquefaction and then adding 1 part of
menthol.
Phenosalyl 10
%
Polidocanol is a hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene
glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions
is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group. It has a role
as a nonionic surfactant.
poldocanol 1%
33. 33
synthetic, high-molecular-weight, crosslinked
polymers of acrylic acid. These poly(acrylic acid)
polymers are crosslinked with divinyl glycol. They are
synthesized via precipitation polymerization in ethyl
an excellent bioadhesive inacetate and then dried.
applicationsbuccal
Polycarbophil
surfactantPolysorbate 80
potassium salt of sorbic acid, It is a white salt. It is
primarily used as a preservative
Potassium
sorbate
is the benzoate ester that is the propyl ester of 4-
It has a role as anhydroxybenzoic acid. Preservative,
antifungal agent and an antimicrobial agent.
Propyl paraben
Blackcurrants ( L) are small dark berries from bushes
that are extensively grown in Europe and consumed in
a variety of products, although the primary product is
juice. Blackcurrants have been extensively studied and
are known to have very high antioxidant capacities,
polyphenolic and vitamin C concentrations
ribes nigrum
Rose essential oil is a type of essential oil commonly
used in aromatherapy. Sourced from the Rosa
damascena plant, it contains the flower's aromatic
compounds. Because these compounds are thought to
possess healing properties.
Rose Oil
Used as an analgesic, antipyretic . It relieves mild to
moderate pain and reduce fever and inflammation or
swelling.
salicylic
Elderberry refers to several different varieties of the
Sambucus tree, which is a flowering plant belonging
to the Adoxaceae family
The most common type is Sambucus nigra, the flowers
and leaves have been used for pain relief, swelling,
inflammation
sambucus nigra
extract
it is used as alkalinizing agentSodium citrate
Sulfacetamide is a sulfonamide antibiotic.[18]
Sulfonamides are synthetic bacteriostatic antibiotics,
that are active against gram-positive and gram-
negative bacteria. It blocks the synthesis of
dihydrofolic acid by inhibiting the enzyme
dihydropteroate synthase. It is a competitive inhibitor
of bacterial para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). PABA is
required for bacterial synthesis of folic acid and it is an
essential component for bacterial growth.
Sulphacetainide
34. 34
The polyphenolic groups in the tannic acid are
responsible for its astringent action. This astringent
action is caused by its ability to precipitate protein.
The ability to precipitate protein is partly due to the
high molecular weight of gallotannin.
Tannic Acid_
2.5%
Tea tree oil comes from the leaves of Melaleuca
-Its antiFlavoring and antiseptic agentalternifolia
microbial activity toward a wide array of bacteria
allows it to promote healing.
Tea tree oil
Polysorbate 20) is a mild nonionic surfactanttego SML
tego® Sorb A 30 is a highly effective, fast acting and
long lasting odor absorber based on the zinc salt of
ricinoleic acid which is pre-activated by an amino acid
Tegosorb
Krameria is the only genus in the Krameriaceae
family, The biological action of Krameria caused by
the astringent rhataniatannic acid, which is similar to
tannic acid, contains high concentrations of tannins.
Astringent chemicals, such as tannins, can reduce
inflammation by shrinking tissues and pus.
Tincture.
Krameria
is a topical steroid. It reduces the actions of chemicals
in the body that cause inflammation, used to relieve
the discomfort of mouth sores and is about eight times
as potent as prednisone, treat mouth ulcer
Tri-amcinolone
acetenoid 0.1%
Polysorbate 80 acts as a surfactantTween 80
is an herb. It is native to Europe andUsed as flavoring
parts of Asia but also grows in North America.
Medicine is made from the root.
Valerian 5%
In fact, topical vitamin C delivers 20 times more
dant,is a potent antioxivitamin C than oral intake!
inflammatory,-an anti,promotes collagen production
has a positive effect on reducing hyperpigmention at
levels of 5% and above
Vitamin C
Grapes are the fruit of grapevines. Vitis vinifera and
Vitis labrusca are two common grapevine species.
Grape contains flavonoids, which can have antioxidant
effects; Grape leaf might reduce inflammation and
have astringent effects
vitis vinifera
This medication is a mineral used to treat or prevent
low levels of zinc alone and together with oral
rehydration therapy (ORT). It is also used as a topical
astringent and enhances the immune response,
allowing for a better clearance of the pathogens.
Zn sulphate