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1. Economic Return to Farmland in Ukraine and its Incidence
April 13, 2016
By: Oleg Nivievskyi, Denys Nizalov, Project “Capacity Development for Evidence-Based Land
& Agricultural Policy Making in Ukraine” at The Kyiv School of Economics
(http://land.kse.org.ua)
This column is a joint product of Capacity Development for Evidence-based Land and
Agricultural Policy-Making in Ukraine Project and Project “The Cost of State” (http://cost.ua/).
Infographics is available at here.
Farmland rental prices in Ukraine are more than 10 times lower than they could be in case
land and other factor markets distorts are mitigated. Such distortions include poor access
to capital, farmland sales moratorium, fragmentation of land ownership etc. A
straightforward conclusion is that opening up the sales market for agricultural land would
benefit not only those who would decide to sell their land, but other landowners as well.
There is widely shared opinion in Ukraine that farmers pay too low rental price to the farmland owners.
This conclusion is largely drawn by comparing the rental prices in Ukraine and other (neighboring)
countries (Figure 1). Moreover, this is precipitated by the fact of famous fertility of Ukrainian black soils,
thus the perception is that the value of land should correspond to its quality. The comparison with other
countries, however, does not take into account the current economic conditions in the sector and in the
country. We show that indeed the current farmland rental prices are more than 10 times lower than they
could be in case land and other factor markets in Ukraine are not distorted. Such distortions include
farmland sales moratorium, fragmentation of land ownership and poor access to capital.
Figure 1. Farmland rental prices in Ukraine and other countries in the EU, EUR/ha
Source: StateGeoCadastre, Eurostat

2. Perception of farmland rental prices in Ukraine
The major driver of rental prices all over the world is farming profitability. In other words, rental prices
follow farmers’ incomes. Now, taking into account that farmers performed relatively good over the last
decade there is an expectation of rising farmland rental prices. Indeed, they are going up (see the Figure
2). However, this increase was driven primarily by increase in normative value of land and increased
competition among the producers.
Unfortunately, so far, the discussions on what the rental price in Ukraine could be if the restrictions to sell
land are removed, do not turn into evidence based discussion, but rather opinions and speculations. Using
simplified economic framework and available empirical evidence we demonstrate below that: 1) the
current rental prices do not correspond to economic return (rent) being generated by farmland, and 2) by
how much the current rental prices in Ukraine could increase provided various impediments and market
imperfections are removed.
Figure 2. Agriculture rental prices and normative values, UAH/ha
Source: authors’ presentation based on the data of State Land Cadaster
Simplified economic framework
Building upon the work of Ferguson et.al (2006) and Ciaian and Swinnen (2010), Nivievskyi, Nizalov
and Kubakh (2016) demonstrate that given the constraints on the credit market, the marginal value
product of land is higher than the marginal cost of land. Now the question is how large is this difference.
To answer this question, we rely on the parameters for crop production function in Ukraine, estimated by
Deininger et al (2013). Using farm-level data they found that on average about 35% of the crop output is
generated by farmland, and the rest is by such other factors, as fertilizers, labor, fuel, etc. Thus, as the
average value of crop output per hectare in Ukraine was about 1300 USD in 2014, the economic return to
land (economic rent) is about 455 USD per hectare. This economic rent is distributed between the land
owner (in a form of rental payment), tenant (profit) and state (land tax or single tax). In the situation of
well-functioning factor markets, rental price should be reaching 455 USD per hectare, but in a reality, it is
only 37 USD per hectare or 11 times less than the potential.
The actual distribution of economic rent from agricultural land depends on a relative bargaining power of
land owners vs. tenants, credit and other constraints on the factor markets, and availability of off-farm
employment for the land-owners. In Ukraine, the combination of these factors establishes three distinctive
cases:

3. 1. Land is cultivated by land owners. According to our estimates based on the StateGeoCadastre
data, about 29% of cultivated agricultural land is farmed by owners. In this case, a lion share of
economic rent belongs to the owner and a small portion is transferred to the state in the form of
land or single tax. However, a relatively small number of owner-cultivated farms exists in
Ukraine as owners lack access to capital, lack ability to cultivate (about 50% of owners are old
age), or are employed in other sectors of economy. Additionally, the largest possible own plot per
family is rather low, thus unable to benefit from economies of scale.
2. Private land is rented to commercial farms. About 60% of cultivated agricultural land is
farmed by tenants who rent land from individual owners. With an average rental payment being
about 37 USD in 2015 (State GeoCadastre), producers retain the rest of the economic rent as a
part of their profit and pay tax in the form of either land or single tax. The relatively low rental
payment to land owners can to some extent be explained by a relatively low bargaining power of
landowners as the land is highly fragmented and many owners lack ability to cultivate land by
themselves. Yet another factor that keeps the rental prices low is related to high cost of
maintenance for rental contracts and low protection of tenant’s rights.
3. State and communal land is rented to commercial farms. Almost 9% of agricultural land is
cultivated by tenants who rent this land from state or local authorities. Yet another 2% is provided
to a permanent use. The average rental payment in 2015 was about 64 USD (State GeoCadastre),
which is higher than payment for private land. The primary reason for this difference is that land
parcels are larger and are rented for a longer period of time. However, this level of rental payment
can also be higher if land is rented in more competitive and transparent way (e.g. via auction).
To conclude we showed that farmland rental prices in Ukraine are more than 10 times lower than they
could be in case land and other factor markets distorts are mitigated. Such distortions include poor access
to capital, farmland sales moratorium, fragmentation of land ownership etc. A straightforward conclusion
is that opening up the sales market for agricultural land would benefit not only those who would decide to
sell their land, but other landowners as well. More importantly, transferring land to more effective users
will increase the productivity of farms and increase the economic return to land as non-effective land
owners and land users will leave the sector. To realize these benefits, the country should open up the
farmland market and improve access to capital for agricultural producers.
References
[1] Ciaian, P., d. Kancs and J. Swinnen (2010), EU Land Markets and the Common Agricultural Policy,
CEPS Paperback, CEPS, Brussels.
[2] Deininger, Klaus, Denys Nizalov and Sudhir Singh (2013), Are mega-farms the future of global
agriculture? Exploring the farm size-productivity relationship for large commercial farms in Ukraine –
World Bank Policy Research working paper WPS 6544/ KSE working paper,
http://go.worldbank.org/A5D4SB2IU0
[3] Ferguson, S., Furtan, H., & Carlberg, J. (2006). The political economy of farmland ownership
regulations and land prices. Agricultural Economics, 35, 59–65. /doi/10.1111/j.1574-
0862.2006.00139.x/full
[4] Nivievskyi, Oleg, Denys Nizalov and Sergei Kubakh (2016). Restrictions on farmland sales markets: a
survey of international experience and lessons for Ukraine, Capacity Development for Evidence-Based
Land & Agricultural Policy Making in Ukraine Project (available at http://land.kse.org.ua)