etica para los enfermeros

1. Nursingethics
Nursingethics isa branch of appliedethics thatconcernsitself withactivitiesinthe field
of nursing.Nursingethicssharesmanyprincipleswith medical ethics,suchasbeneficence,non-
maleficence andrespectforautonomy.Itcan be distinguishedbyitsemphasisonrelationships,
humandignity andcollaborative care.
Contents
[hide]
 1 Developmentof subject
 2 Distinctive nature
 3 Some themesinnursingethics
 4 See also
 5 References
 6 External links
Developmentof subject[edit]
The nature of nursingmeansthatnursingethicstendstoexamine the ethicsof caringratherthan
'curing' byexploringthe everydayinteractionbetweenthe nurse andthe personincare.[1][2]
Early
workto define ethicsinnursingfocusedmore onthe virtuesthatwouldmake agood nurse,which
historicallyincludedloyaltytothe physician,ratherthanthe focusbeingonnurse'sconductin
relationtothe personinthe nurse'scare.[2]
However,recently,the ethicsof nursinghasalso
shiftedmore towardsthe nurse'sobligationtorespectthe humanrightsof the patientandthisis
reflectedinanumberof professionalcodesfornurses.[3]
Forexample,thisismade explicitinthe
latestcode fromtheInternational Councilof Nurses.[4]
Distinctive nature[edit]
Althoughmuchof nursingethicscanappear similarto medical ethics,there are some factorsthat
differentiateit.Brier-Mackie[5]
suggeststhatnurses'focusoncare and nurture,ratherthancure of
illness,resultsinadistinctive ethics.Furthermore,nursingethicsemphasizesthe ethicsof
everydaypractice ratherthan moral dilemmas.[2]
Nursingethicsismore concernedwith
developingthe caringrelationshipthanbroaderprinciples,suchasbeneficence andjustice.[6]
For
example,aconcerntopromote beneficence maybe expressedintraditionalmedicalethicsbythe
exercise of paternalism,where the healthprofessional makesadecisionbaseduponaperspective
of actinginthe patient'sbestinterests.However,itisarguedbysome thatthisapproach acts
againstperson-centredvaluesfoundinnursingethics.[7]

2. The distinctioncanbe examinedfromdifferenttheoretical angles.Despite the move toward
more deontological themesbysome,therecontinuestobe aninterestin virtue ethics[8]
innursing
ethicsandsome supportfor an ethicof care.[6]
This isconsideredbyitsadvocatestoemphasise
relationshipsoverabstractprinciplesandtherefore toreflectthe caringrelationshipinnursing
more accuratelythan otherethical views.Themesthatemphasize the dignityof the patientby
promotinga respectful andcaringattitude fromnursesare alsocommonlyseen.
Some themesinnursingethics[edit]
Nursesseektodefendthe dignityof those intheircare.[9]
Beingable torespondto
the vulnerability of patientsinaway thatprovidesdignifyingcare isa keyconceptin the field.[10]
In termsof standard ethical theory,respectingdignitycanalsobe alignedwithhavingarespectfor
people andtheirautonomouschoices.People are thenenabledtomake decisionsabouttheirown
treatment.Amongstotherthingsthisgroundsthe practice of informedconsent thatshouldbe
respectedbythe nurse.[7]
Althoughmuchof the debate liesinthe discussionof caseswhere
people are unable tomake choicesabouttheirowntreatmentdue tobeing incapacitated or
havinga mental illness thataffectstheirjudgement.A suggestedwaytomaintainautonomyisfor
the personto write an advance directive,outlininghow theywishtobe treatedinthe eventof
themnot beingable tomake an informedchoice,thusavoidingunwarrantedpaternalism.
Anothertheme is confidentiality andthisisanimportantprinciple inmanynursingethical codes.
Thisis where informationaboutthe personisonlysharedwithothersafterpermissionof the
person,unlessitisfeltthatthe informationmustbe sharedtocomplywithahigherdutysuch as
preservinglife.[7]
Relatedtoinformationgivingisthe debate relatingto truthtellingininteractions
withthe personincare. There isa balance betweenpeople havingthe informationrequiredto
make an autonomousdecisionand,onthe otherhand,notbeingunnecessarilydistressedbythe
truth.Generallythe balance isinfavourof truth tellingdue torespectforautonomy,but
sometimespeoplewillasknotto be told,or may lackthe capacity to understandthe
implications.[11]
Finally,the role of empirical ethics hasbecome prominentinrecentyears.[10]
By givingconsiderationtothe themesabove,the nurse canendeavourtopractice inan ethical
way.Unfortunately,this keyoutcome innursingpractice issometimeschallengedbyresource,
policyor environmentalconstraintsinthe practice area,[9]
whichcanleadtomoral distress.[2]
See also[edit]
Nursingportal
 Bioethics
 Bullyinginnursing
 Clinical governance

3.  Healthcare
 Human experimentationinthe UnitedStates
 Medical ethics
 Patientadvocacy
 Philosophyof healthcare
References[edit]
1. Jump up^ Hunt, G. (1998). CraigE, ed. RoutledgeEncyclopedia of Philosophy 7.London:
Routledge. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-0-415-18712-1.
2. ^ Jumpupto:a b c d
Storch,J.L. (2009). "EthicsinNursingPractice".InKuhse H & SingerP. A
Companion to Bioethics.ChichesterUK:Blackwells. pp.551–562. ISBN 9781405163316.
3. Jump up^ McHale, J & Gallagher,A (2003). Nursing and Human Rights.Butterworth
Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-5292-6.
4. Jump up^ "The ICN Code of Ethics forNurses" (PDF).International Council of Nurses.2006.
Retrieved 2009-06-27.
5. Jump up^ Breier-Mackie,Sarah(March–April 2006). "Medical Ethicsand NursingEthics:Is
There ReallyAnyDifference?".Gastroenterology Nursing 29(2): 182–3. Retrieved 2
February 2012.
6. ^ Jumpupto:a b
Tschudin,Verena(2003). Ethics in Nursing:thecaring relationship (3rd
ed.).Edinburgh:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-5265-0.
7. ^ Jumpupto:a b c
Rumbold,G(1999). Ethics in Nursing Practice.Balliere Tindall. ISBN 0-
7020-2312-4.
8. Jump up^ Armstrong,Alan(2007). Nursing Ethics: A Virtue-Based Approach.Palgrave
Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-50688-6.
9. ^ Jumpupto:a b
Baille L,GallagherA.& WainwrightP.(2008). Defending Dignity (PDF).
Royal College of Nursing.
10. ^ Jumpupto:a b
Gastmans,C. (2013). "Dignity-enhancingnursingcare:A foundational
ethical framework". Nursing Ethics (SAGEPublications) 20(2): 142–
149. doi:10.1177/0969733012473772.
11. Jump up^ Tuckett,A. (2004). "Truth-TellinginClinical Practice andthe Argumentsforand
Against:a reviewof the literature".Nursing Ethics (SAGEPublications)11 (5):500–
513.doi:10.1191/0969733004ne728oa. PMID 15362359.

4. External links[edit]
Nursing ethics
Nursing ethics is a branch of applied ethics that concerns itself
with activities in the field of nursing. Nursing ethics shares many
principles with medical ethics, such asbeneficence, non-
maleficence and respect for autonomy. It can be distinguished by
its emphasis on relationships, human dignity and collaborative
care.
Contents
[hide]
 1 Development of subject
 2 Distinctive nature
 3 Some themes in nursing ethics
 4 See also
 5 References
 6 External links
Development of subject[edit]
The nature of nursing means that nursing ethics tends to examine
the ethics of caring rather than 'curing' by exploring the everyday
interaction between the nurse and the person in care.[1][2] Early
work to define ethics in nursing focused more on the virtues that
would make a good nurse, which historically included loyalty to the
physician, rather than the focus being on nurse's conduct in
relation to the person in the nurse's care.[2] However, recently, the
ethics of nursing has also shifted more towards the nurse's
obligation to respect the human rights of the patient and this is
reflected in a number of professional codes for nurses.[3] For

5. example, this is made explicit in the latest code from
theInternational Council of Nurses.[4]
Distinctive nature[edit]
Although much of nursing ethics can appear similar to medical
ethics, there are some factors that differentiate it. Brier-
Mackie[5] suggests that nurses' focus on care and nurture, rather
than cure of illness, results in a distinctive ethics. Furthermore,
nursing ethics emphasizes the ethics of everyday practice rather
than moral dilemmas.[2] Nursing ethics is more concerned with
developing the caring relationship than broader principles, such as
beneficence and justice.[6] For example, a concern to promote
beneficence may be expressed in traditional medical ethics by the
exercise of paternalism, where the health professional makes a
decision based upon a perspective of acting in the patient's best
interests. However, it is argued by some that this approach acts
against person-centred values found in nursing ethics.[7]
The distinction can be examined from different theoretical angles.
Despite the move toward more deontological themes by some,
there continues to be an interest in virtue ethics[8] in nursing ethics
and some support for an ethic of care.[6] This is considered by its
advocates to emphasise relationships over abstract principles and
therefore to reflect the caring relationship in nursing more
accurately than other ethical views. Themes that emphasize the
dignity of the patient by promoting a respectful and caring attitude
from nurses are also commonly seen.

6. Some themes in nursing ethics[edit]
Nurses seek to defend the dignity of those in their care.[9] Being
able to respond to the vulnerability of patients in a way that
provides dignifying care is a key concept in the field.[10]
In terms of standard ethical theory, respecting dignity can also be
aligned with having a respect for people and their autonomous
choices. People are then enabled to make decisions about their
own treatment. Amongst other things this grounds the practice
of informed consent that should be respected by the
nurse.[7] Although much of the debate lies in the discussion of
cases where people are unable to make choices about their own
treatment due to being incapacitated or having a mental
illness that affects their judgement. A suggested way to maintain
autonomy is for the person to write an advance directive, outlining
how they wish to be treated in the event of them not being able to
make an informed choice, thus avoiding unwarranted paternalism.
Another theme is confidentiality and this is an important principle
in many nursing ethical codes. This is where information about the
person is only shared with others after permission of the person,
unless it is felt that the information must be shared to comply with
a higher duty such as preserving life.[7] Related to information
giving is the debate relating to truth telling in interactions with the
person in care. There is a balance between people having the
information required to make an autonomous decision and, on the
other hand, not being unnecessarily distressed by the truth.
Generally the balance is in favour of truth telling due to respect for

7. autonomy, but sometimes people will ask not to be told, or may
lack the capacity to understand the implications.[11] Finally, the role
of empirical ethics has become prominent in recent years.[10]
By giving consideration to the themes above, the nurse can
endeavour to practice in an ethical way. Unfortunately,this key
outcome in nursing practice is sometimes challenged by resource,
policy or environmental constraints in the practice area,[9] which
can lead to moral distress.[2]
See also[edit]
Nursing portal
 Bioethics
 Bullying in nursing
 Clinical governance
 Health care
 Human experimentation in the United States
 Medical ethics
 Patient advocacy
 Philosophy of healthcare
References[edit]
1. Jump up^ Hunt, G. (1998). Craig E, ed. Routledge Encyclopedia of
Philosophy 7. London: Routledge. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-0-415-
18712-1.
2. ^ Jump up to:a b c d
Storch, J.L. (2009). "Ethics in Nursing Practice".
In Kuhse H & Singer P. A Companion to Bioethics. Chichester UK:
Blackwells. pp. 551–562. ISBN 9781405163316.

8. 3. Jump up^ McHale, J & Gallagher, A (2003). Nursing and Human
Rights. Butterworth Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-5292-6.
4. Jump up^ "The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses" (PDF). International
Council of Nurses. 2006. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
5. Jump up^ Breier-Mackie, Sarah (March–April 2006). "Medical
Ethics and Nursing Ethics: Is There Really Any
Difference?". Gastroenterology Nursing 29 (2): 182–3. Retrieved 2
February 2012.
6. ^ Jump up to:a b
Tschudin, Verena (2003). Ethics in Nursing: the
caring relationship (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Butterworth-
Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-5265-0.
7. ^ Jump up to:a b c
Rumbold, G (1999). Ethics in Nursing Practice.
Balliere Tindall. ISBN 0-7020-2312-4.
8. Jump up^ Armstrong, Alan (2007). Nursing Ethics: A Virtue-Based
Approach. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-50688-6.
9. ^ Jump up to:a b
Baille L, Gallagher A. & Wainwright P.
(2008). Defending Dignity (PDF). Royal College of Nursing.
10. ^ Jump up to:a b
Gastmans, C. (2013). "Dignity-enhancing
nursing care: A foundational ethical framework". Nursing
Ethics (SAGE Publications) 20 (2): 142–
149. doi:10.1177/0969733012473772.
11. Jump up^ Tuckett, A. (2004). "Truth-Telling in Clinical
Practice and the Arguments for and Against: a review of the
literature". Nursing Ethics (SAGE Publications) 11 (5): 500–
513.doi:10.1191/0969733004ne728oa. PMID 15362359.
External links[edit]