FIN 336 Milestone Two Guidelines and Rubric Economic Environments and Risk Mitigation Overview: This milestone will help you complete Sections II and III of the final project. Prompt: Develop a report that analyzes one company’s approach to multinational expansion. Include financial factors such as economic environments and market conditions, risk mitigation strategies, and ethical and legal practices. Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed: II. Economic Environments and Market Conditions C. Explain the role of international financial markets and institutions in global environments in evaluating their impact on the company’s risk management strategies. D. Analyze impacts of exchange rate on the company’s performance for determining if a loss occurred because of fluctuations or devaluations of foreign currencies. Provide examples from the past year to support your claims. III. Risk Mitigation: Examine sources of risk and risk reduction methods available to multinational corporations. Use the 2007–2008 annual report and the most current annual report to support responses in this section. B. Discuss risks and financial factors associated with exchange rates and interest rates for assessing how they inform the company’s financial management approaches. C. Discuss diversification in the company’s expansion model for examining advantages or disadvantages, and provide examples and financial information from the past year to support claims. D. Discuss company strategies before and after the 2007–2008 crisis for determining possible reasons for the company’s current financial performance. Provide examples to support your claims. Rubric Guidelines for Submission: Your paper must be submitted as a 1- to 2-page Microsoft Word document with double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, and one-inch margins. Cite appropriate academic references as necessary. Critical Elements Proficient (100%) Needs Improvement (75%) Not Evident (0%) Value Economic Environments and Market Conditions: Financial Markets and Institutions Explains the role of international financial markets and institutions in global environments in evaluating their impact on the company’s risk management strategies Explains the role of international financial markets and institutions in global environments in evaluating their impact on the company’s risk management strategies, but explanation is cursory, illogical, or missing key elements Does not explain the role of international financial markets and institutions in global environments 18 Critical Elements Proficient (100%) Needs Improvement (75%) Not Evident (0%) Value Economic Environments and Market Conditions: Impacts of Exchange Rate Analyzes impacts of exchange rate on the company’s performance for determining if a loss occurred because of fluctuations or devaluations of foreign currencies, and provides examples from ...

1. FIN 336 Milestone Two Guidelines and Rubric
Economic Environments and Risk Mitigation
Overview: This milestone will help you complete Sections II
and III of the final project.
Prompt: Develop a report that analyzes one company’s approach
to multinational expansion. Include financial factors such as
economic environments and
market conditions, risk mitigation strategies, and ethical and
legal practices.
Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:
II. Economic Environments and Market Conditions
C. Explain the role of international financial markets and
institutions in global environments in evaluating their impact on
the company’s risk
management strategies.
D. Analyze impacts of exchange rate on the company’s
performance for determining if a loss occurred because of
fluctuations or devaluations of
foreign currencies. Provide examples from the past year to
support your claims.
III. Risk Mitigation: Examine sources of risk and risk reduction

2. methods available to multinational corporations. Use the 2007–
2008 annual report and the
most current annual report to support responses in this section.
B. Discuss risks and financial factors associated with exchange
rates and interest rates for assessing how they inform the
company’s financial
management approaches.
C. Discuss diversification in the company’s expansion model
for examining advantages or disadvantages, and provide
examples and financial
information from the past year to support claims.
D. Discuss company strategies before and after the 2007–2008
crisis for determining possible reasons for the company’s
current financial
performance. Provide examples to support your claims.
Rubric
Guidelines for Submission: Your paper must be submitted as a
1- to 2-page Microsoft Word document with double spacing, 12-
point Times New Roman font,
and one-inch margins. Cite appropriate academic references as
necessary.
Critical Elements Proficient (100%) Needs Improvement (75%)
Not Evident (0%) Value
Economic
Environments and

3. Market Conditions:
Financial Markets
and Institutions
Explains the role of international financial
markets and institutions in global
environments in evaluating their impact on
the company’s risk management strategies
Explains the role of international financial
markets and institutions in global
environments in evaluating their impact on
the company’s risk management strategies,
but explanation is cursory, illogical, or
missing key elements
Does not explain the role of international
financial markets and institutions in global
environments
18
Critical Elements Proficient (100%) Needs Improvement (75%)
Not Evident (0%) Value
Economic
Environments and
Market Conditions:
Impacts of Exchange
Rate

4. Analyzes impacts of exchange rate on the
company’s performance for determining if a
loss occurred because of fluctuations or
devaluations of foreign currencies, and
provides examples from the past year to
support claims
Analyzes impacts of exchange rate on the
company’s performance for determining if a
loss occurred because of fluctuations or
devaluations of foreign currencies, and
provides examples from the past year to
support claims, but analysis or examples
provided are cursory, illogical, or missing key
elements or contain inaccuracies
Does not analyze impacts of exchange rate
on the company’s performance
18
Risk Mitigation:
Exchange Rates and
Interest Rates
Discusses risks and financial factors
associated with exchange rates and interest
rates for assessing how they inform the
company’s financial management
approaches
Discusses risks and financial factors
associated with exchange rates and interest
rates for assessing how they inform the
company’s financial management

5. approaches, but discussion is cursory or
illogical or contains inaccuracies
Does not discuss risks and financial factors
associated with exchange rates and interest
rates
18
Risk Mitigation:
Diversification
Discusses diversification in the company’s
expansion model for examining advantages
or disadvantages and provides examples and
financial information from the past year to
support claims
Discusses diversification in the company’s
expansion model for examining advantages
or disadvantages and provides examples and
financial information from the past year to
support claims, but discussion or supporting
financial information is cursory or illogical or
contains inaccuracies
Does not discuss diversification in the
company’s expansion model
18
Risk Mitigation:
Company Strategies
Discusses company strategies before and
after the 2007–2008 crisis for determining

6. possible reasons for the company’s current
financial performance, and provides
examples to support claims
Discusses company strategies before and
after the 2007–2008 crisis for determining
possible reasons for the company’s current
financial performance, and provides
examples to support claims, but discussion
or supporting examples are cursory or
illogical or contain inaccuracies
Does not discuss company strategies before
and after the 2007–2008 crisis for
determining possible reasons for the
company’s current financial performance
18
Articulation of
Response
Submission has no major errors related to
citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or
organization
Submission has major errors related to
citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or
organization that negatively impact
readability and articulation of main ideas
Submission has critical errors related to
citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or
organization that prevent understanding of
ideas

7. 10
Total 100%
Classical vs. Cosmological Redshift Overview
OBJECTIVES:
After completing Module 2 activities, you will be able to:
· Describe the differences between transverse, longitudinal, and
surface waves.
· Describe classical and cosmological Doppler effects.
ASSIGNMENTS:
1. Classical vs. Cosmological Redshift Lab Submission
KEY TERMS:
· Doppler Effect
· Redshift
· Blueshift
· Transverse Wave
· Longitudinal Wave
· Surface Wave Classical vs. Cosmological Redshift
Background
In order to understand the difference between classical and
cosmological redshift, there is a good bit of background
material that must be covered for completeness. The first step
will be to recognize the two different types of waves. The nerdy
definition of a wave is an oscillation that carries with it a
transfer of energy. There are three general classifications for
wave type:
1) Transverse waves: Waves where the oscillation (sometimes
referred to as the distortion) is perpendicular to the direction of

8. travel.
2) Longitudinal waves: Waves where the oscillation is parallel
to the direction of travel.
3) Surface waves: Surface waves travel along an interface
between two media, and contain a circular motion as they
propagate outward. A consequence of this type of motion is that
the size of the wave diminishes with distance traveled.
In this example of a transverse wave, the wave propagates
horizontally, and the disturbance in the cord is in the vertical
direction.Fig. 1: In this example of a longitudinal wave, the
wave propagates horizontally, and the disturbance in the cord is
also in the horizontal direction.
As the attraction between nearby molecules is relatively weak in
fluids, below the surface, fluids typically transmit longitudinal
waves. At the surface of a lake, ocean, or large body of water,
water molecules follow a path that is partly longitudinal and
partly transverse. The molecules themselves do not move along
with the wave. They complete a circle each time the wave
passes.
Ocean waves are surface waves, sound is a longitudinal wave,
and light is a transverse wave. For the remainder of this lab we
will only concern ourselves with light waves, which are also
referred to as electromagnetic waves.
The next background topic is the Doppler shift. This is a
distortion that arises when the person or object emitting a wave
is in motion with respect to the person or object receiving the
wave. Note that the emitter, the receiver, or both can be moving
as long as they are not at rest with respect to one another. Here
is a diagram showing how the Doppler shift works for sound
waves:
Fig. 2: Sounds emitted by a source moving to the right spread
out from the points at which they were emitted. The wavelength
is reduced and, consequently, the frequency is increased in the
direction of motion, so that the observer on the right hears a
higher-pitch sound. The opposite is true for the observer on the

9. left, where the wavelength is increased and the frequency is
reduced.
Following is a similar diagram for light waves. Notice the
similarities between the two diagrams. It doesn’t matter if the
wave is transverse or longitudinal. It doesn’t matter if the wave
needs a medium to travel through (sound) or not (light). The
Doppler effect arises simply because the emitter and receiver
are in motion with respect to one another.
Fig. 3: When a celestial body, such as a star, moves away from
us, it moves away from the waves it creates, and the waves
appear to expand from the perspective of the observer. When it
moves toward us, it moves toward from the waves it creates,
and the waves appear to contract from the perspective of the
observer. (Image credit: modification of work by NASA/SDO)
Now it is time to talk about redshift. Note that the term redshift
is a generic term that is used in place of Doppler shift. I believe
this has come about because our observations suggest that the
Universe is expanding, and all of the galaxies that we see are
redshifted (getting further away from us) except for our nearest
neighbor M31 (also called the Andromeda galaxy).
There are two types of redshift: classical and cosmological. Put
simply, classical redshift is motion through the environment
while cosmological redshift is motion with the environment. A
good example of this is a moving sidewalk.
If you walk along a regular sidewalk, you are moving through
the environment. This means that your motion is classical. If
you are standing on a moving sidewalk (such as you would find
in an airport), the sidewalk carries you from one place to
another. This is motion with the environment and as such is
cosmological. Note that if you are on a moving sidewalk and
walking along the sidewalk then your motion is a combination

10. of classical and cosmological. This is what we observe in the
Universe, and it is important to understand the relative
contribution of both.
Fig. 4: A moving sidewalk at Indira Gandhi International
Airport (Links to an external site.), Delhi (Links to an external
site.), India (Links to an external site.)
Figure attributions:
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2: © Dec 19, 2017 OpenStax. Textbook content
produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution License 4.0 (Links to an external
site.) license. Download for free
at http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected] (Links to an external
site.).
Fig. 3: Modification of work by NASA/SDO
Fig. 4: By Vineetmbbs - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22664725
For this lab, you’ll use the following lab write-up as a template.
Record your answers to each question and activity this
document, and upload as a .doc or .pdf document to the
following module item for grading:
“Classical vs. Cosmological Redshift Lab Submission”
1) Write a paragraph or two summarizing what you learned from
the background information. Include anything you found
interesting, and propose how you think this information would
be helpful in astronomy and astrophysics.
2) Consider the following formula:
Here z is the redshift and the lambdas represent the observed
and emitted wavelengths for the light in consideration. What

11. does a redshift of zero mean? What does a redshift of one mean?
How many times longer is the observed wavelength than the
emitted wavelength if the redshift is seven?
3) Consider the following link:
https://lco.global/spacebook/distance-and-lookback-time/
The lookback time tells us how long the light has taken to reach
us. Why is this not equal to the current distance to the galaxy?
In order to calculate the current distance to the galaxy, several
assumptions about the Universe must be made. How fast is the
Universe expanding? Has it always been expanding at this rate?
These are questions beyond the scope of this lab.
4) In astrophysics we assume that there is no preferred spot in
the Universe and that the laws of physics are the same
everywhere in the Universe. As a result, we would expect
objects to be moving randomly throughout space.
Let’s assume that all of the galactic motion in the Universe is
classical in nature. What would we expect to see as far as
redshift and blueshift are concerned? Would this change in any
significant way with distance? Why or why not?
Now assume that all of the galactic motion in the Universe is
cosmological in nature. What would we expect to see as far as
redshift and blueshift are concerned? Would this change in any
significant way with distance? Why or why not?
5) In reality the galactic motion in the Universe is a mixture of
the two. Consider looking at galaxies with several different
redshift values. Consider the following two cases:
a. Classical motion dominates over cosmological motion. The

12. magnitude of the random velocity is greater than the magnitude
of the recessional velocity. Now what would we expect to see as
far as redshift and blueshift are concerned? Would this change
in any significant way with distance? Why or why not?
b. Again repeat, but now assume that cosmological motion
dominates over classical motion. The magnitude of the
recessional velocity is greater than the magnitude of the random
velocity.
6) Consider that light was emitted from a galaxy with a
wavelength of 2.50 * 10-10 meters. What would be the observed
wavelength for the following redshifts?
a. 0.05
b. 0.25
c. 0.60
d. 1.0
e. 2.0
f. 4.0
g. 8.0
7) Assume that visible light is in the range of 400 nanometers to
700 nanometers. Which of the above would result in
observations being made in the visible light spectrum?
8) Write a two paragraph conclusion of what you have done.
Include any results that may have surprised you.