The document discusses sustainable surface water management in cities. It provides examples of cities around the world that have invested in sustainable drainage systems (SUDS) for different reasons, such as polluted lakes or flooding. It then outlines the timeline of SUDS implementation in the UK and discusses examples of early SUDS projects in Scotland that had problems as well as better showcase projects. Finally, it discusses performance assessment of SUDS projects in collaboration with universities and their hydrological, water quality, and social impacts.

1. Sustainable Surface Water
Management in Cities
Professor Chris Jefferies
Urban Water Technology Centre
University of Abertay, Dundee
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

2. Sustainable Water Management in Cities
1. Drivers
2. Implementation – Timeline
3. Implementation – examples of good and bad practice
4. Performance assessment with university collaboration
5. Implements for encouraging SUDS
6. Concluding Remarks
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

3. ^
SUDS Drivers in Cities
Many cities worldwide are investing in sustainable drainage. Each
has a different justification (driver)
• Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh City – dying fish.
• China – Wuhan – polluted lakes and loss of fish.
• Brazil - Belo Horizonte – flooding and community.
• USA – Austin Texas – Long term community interest.
• Germany – Berlin – quality of water for swimming in lakes.
• Colombia – Bogota – wetland and species conservation
• Scotland – Dundee – protection of environmental quality.
Basin in Ho Chi Minh City to preserve lake water quality
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

4. SUDS Drivers in Cities
Many cities worldwide are investing in sustainable drainage. Each
has a different justification (driver)
• Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh City – dying fish.
Down pipes from roof
Disconnected
• China – Wuhan – polluted lakes and loss of fish.
• Brazil - Belo Horizonte – flooding and community.
• USA – Austin Texas – Long term community interest.
• Germany – Berlin – quality of water for swimming in lakes.
• Colombia – Bogota – wetland and species conservation
• Scotland – Dundee – protection of environmental quality.
Wuhan - Infiltration and irrigation garden in high
rd
density housing. This area has a Chris Jefferies, University oftable level Scotland
Sustainable Cities Forum 3 June 2010
very high water Abertay Dundee,

5. SUDS Drivers in Cities
Many cities worldwide are investing in sustainable drainage. Each
has a different justification (driver)
• Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh City – dying fish.
• China – Wuhan – polluted lakes and loss of fish.
• Brazil - Belo Horizonte – flooding and community.
• USA – Austin Texas – Long term community interest.
• Germany – Berlin – quality of water for swimming in lakes.
• Colombia – Bogota – wetland and species conservation
• Scotland – Dundee – protection of environmental quality.
Belo Horizonte - Flood attenuation pond in park Dundee, Scotland
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay

6. Barton springs – highly valued – must be protected
SUDS Drivers in Cities
Many cities worldwide are investing in sustainable drainage. Each
has a different justification (driver)
• Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh City – dying fish.
• China – Wuhan – polluted lakes and loss of fish.
• Brazil - Belo Horizonte – flooding and community.
• USA – Austin Texas – Long term community interest.
• Germany – Berlin – quality of water for swimming in lakes.
• Colombia – Bogota – wetland and species conservation.
• Scotland – Dundee – protection of environmental quality.
Austin filters – very expensive protection of groundwater
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

7. SUDS Drivers in Cities
Many cities worldwide are investing in sustainable drainage. Each
has a different justification (driver)
• Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh City – dying fish.
• China – Wuhan – polluted lakes and loss of fish.
• Brazil - Belo Horizonte – flooding and community.
• USA – Austin Texas – Long term community interest.
• Germany – Berlin – quality of water for swimming in lakes.
• Colombia – Bogota – wetland and species conservation.
• Scotland – Dundee – protection of environmental quality.
Berlin – street Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris

8. Bogota – wetland (Humedal)
SUDS Drivers in Cities
Many cities worldwide are investing in sustainable drainage. Each
has a different justification (driver)
• Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh City – dying fish.
• China – Wuhan – polluted lakes and loss of fish.
• Brazil - Belo Horizonte – flooding and community.
• USA – Austin Texas – Long term community interest.
• Germany – Berlin – quality of water for swimming in lakes.
• Colombia – Bogota – wetland and species conservation.
• Scotland – Dundee – protection of environmental quality.
Bogota – treatment SUDS protectingUniversity of Abertay Dundee, Scotland
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Chris Jefferies,
wetland

9. SUDS Drivers in Cities
Many cities worldwide are investing in sustainable drainage. Each
has a different justification (driver)
• Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh City – dying fish.
• China – Wuhan – polluted lakes and loss of fish.
• Brazil - Belo Horizonte – flooding and community.
• USA – Austin Texas – Long term community interest.
• Germany – Berlin – quality of water for swimming in lakes.
• Colombia – Bogota – wetland and species conservation.
• Scotland – Dundee – protection of environmental quality.
Caption text Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris

10. ^
Implementation of SUDS in UK
• 1997-8 Policy developed in Scotland.
• 2003 EU Water Framework Directive legislation.
• 2006 SUDS Required in all new developments.
• 2006 SUDS Design Manual.
• 2006 Scottish Water Technical Regulations released.
• 2010 SUDS being adopted by Scottish Water.
• 2010 Legislation in England.
• 2010 SUDS for Roads Manual (Scotland).
• 2011 SUDS used in all of UK.
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

11. SUDS Numbers
• Uptake was rapid in Scotland;
– 1997 – 79 systems; 2001 – 767 sites; 2004 – all new developments.
1200
2001 Data
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Ponds
P Paving
Infiltration
Soakaways
Drains
W etlands
Basins
Swales
Filter
Trenches
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

12. SUDS Numbers
• Uptake was rapid in Scotland;
– 1997 – 79 systems; 2001 – 767 sites; 2004 – all new developments.
S UDS s ites in S c otland by date, where k nown (01/01/2002)
2000
1800
1600
Number of SUDS s ites
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Ja n - Ja n - Ja n - Ja n - Ja n - J a n - Ja n - Ja n - J a n - Ja n - Ja n - J a n - Ja n - Ja n - J a n -
95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
Date
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

13. ^
Implementation - Examples
Next I will discuss three categories of SUDS in Scotland
• Early sites in Scotland which had some problems.
• DEX – a nationally significant showcase site.
• Dundee – an alternative approach.
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

14. January 1998
There were some early
implementation disasters
Poor site management
without sediment control
September 1998 February 1999
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

15. There were some early wrong solutions
Surface water system with discharge
consent and underground filter system
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

16. And some over-enthusiasm not popular with residents
1999
Pond serving 20 houses, later converted to a detention basin
2003
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

17. Dunfermline Eastern Expansion Area (DEX)
• Wilcon Homes (Scotland) Lead developer – now part of Taylor
Woodrow.
• Major mixed use development totalling 354 Hectares.
• Periphery of one of Scotland’s ancient burghs.
• Ageing sewerage and stressed watercourses.
• Regional SUDS strategy was adopted.
• Seven retention ponds, many detention basins, swales, filter
drains and porous surfaces.
• The Treatment Train Concept was guiding principle
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

18. The middle of the development in 2004
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

19. 2008
2000
1997 Superstore Progressive development at DEX
Wetland Ponds
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

20. The sub – networks are designed as conventional
systems
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

21. Conventional systems collectively drain to
the SUDS ponds
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

22. Treatment Train starts with permeable paving
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

23. Treatment Train starts with permeable paving
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

24. Treatment Train includes detention basins
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

25. Treatment Train ends with a pond
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

26. SUDS at DEX has required different specialists to collaborate.
Detention basin in a roundabout.
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

27. Dundee has adopted the philosophy that the water must
be visible as much as possible
Conveyance
Swale
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

28. Dundee has adopted the philosophy that the water must
be visible as much as possible
Roadside
Swales
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

29. ^
Performance assessment
Undertaken with the collaboration of four universities
• Hydrological – predictable performance
– Reduction of percentage runoff
– Attenuation of peak flows
– Reduction of flow volumes
• Water Quality – surprisingly good performance
– Reduction of peak concentrations
– Good pond outlet qualities
– Source control systems particularly effective
• Social Acceptability
– Seen as positive
– Fewer barriers than initially feared.
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

30. Hydrological Behaviour
Typical Hydrograph at a pond
High peak, low volume
55% reduction;
Low peak, large volume
39% reduction
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

31. Field study of soil in a basin
Contaminant concentration in two soil layers
TPH TPH
Copper Copper
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

32. Field study results in a highway basin
Contaminant concentration in two soil layers
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

33. Field study results in a highway basin
Contaminant concentration in two soil layers
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

34. Water Quality at Linburn Pond
Linburn pond: TSS (mg/l) at inlets (11/4/02 @ 16:35 to 11/4/02 @ 21:55)
320
conc (mg/l) 240
160
Monitoring results
80
- Linburn Pond
0 inflow TSS
11/04/02 11/04/02 11/04/02 11/04/02 11/04/02 11/04/02 11/04/02 11/04/02
16:35 17:18 18:01 18:44 19:27 20:11 20:54 21:37
NE TSS(mg/l) N1A TSS l(mg/l) N1B TSS (mg/l) E TSS (mg/l)
Linburn pond: TSS conce ntrations and flows at outlet (11/04/02
@ 05:25 to 06/05/02 @ 13:00)
60
600
TSS (mg/l)
Monitoring results
flow (l/s)
40
400
20 200 - Linburn Pond
0 0 outflow TSS
11/04/02 15/04/02 19/04/02 23/04/02 27/04/02 01/05/02 05/05/02
05:25 05:25 05:25 05:25 05:25 05:25 05:25
TSS (m g/l) flow (l/s)
Pollutant Budget
Very difficult due to number of inflows and duration of study needed.
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

35. Water Quality at Halbeath Pond
Inlet Quality Outlet Quality
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

36. Social - Perceived Advantages
Perception of SUDS
Attracts w ildlife
60.00%
Adds to the aesthetic value of the
50.00% area
Percentage of repsonses
Recreation/Amenity facilities
40.00%
Pet w alking area
30.00%
Avoidance of floods
20.00%
Creation of a new habitat
10.00%
None
0.00% Educational for children
1
Perceived advantages of SUD ponds Re-establishes the lost contact
w ith nature
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

37. Social – Barriers to SUDS
Barriers to SUDS application
19.6% Adoption of maintenance
20.0%
18.5%
17.5% Developers & Planners
18.0% reluctance to apply SUDS
15.2% Landtake
16.0%
14.0% Not enough knowledge,
Percentages of responses
training & experience amongst
SUDS specialists
12.0% 10.8% Water authorities reluctance to
accept SUDS
10.0% Cost
8.0% 6.8%
Public perception & public
education
6.0% 4.0%
3.8% Safety
Safety
4.0% 2.2%
Bad practice examples
2.0% 1.1%
0.5%
Improper planning &
0.0% landscaping
1
Increased rainfall due to
Barriers as indicated by professionals Climate Change
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

38. Results from monitoring - Adoption Issues
• Management train which reinforces and follows the natural
pattern of drainage should be used where possible.
• Desilting is required 2 months prior to vesting.
• Preference will be detention ponds, then detention basins and
finally underground storage.
• For most applications, detention ponds (1xVt) will be used.
Only where there are more risks of pollution will retention
ponds (4xVt) be used.
• SUDS will normally only be adopted after the development has
been completed and all properties connected.
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

39. Results from monitoring - Sedimentation
• Sediment problems found from construction phase runoff.
• Most filter drains and infiltration trenches were affected by
construction sediment.
• Long term sedimentation rates very slow, particularly where
there is a treatment train.
• There is little sedimentation where the contributing catchment
is fully developed.
• It is very unlikely that SUDS sediment from non-industrial
locations will become badly contaminated.
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

40. Detention basins remove sediment effectively
O ct 1999 D ec 2001
O ct 2000 Feb 2002
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

41. Will sediment be contaminated?
This basin serves highway in USA with 300,000 vehs. per day
No perceived contaminated sediment problem.
UK requires a
different
approach but
still the
sediments are
not
contaminated
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

42. Maintenance and costs
• Much maintenance is carried out is to keep up a good
appearance.
• Maintenance roles have not been clarified – neither in England
or in Scotland.
• Asset and maintenance costs are principal concern.
• Whole life Costing tool under development by HRWallingford.
• Scottish Water will be adopting joint detention basins and ponds
from a date yet to be set under strict conditions.
• They must be designed & detailed to ‘Sewers for Scotland’ –
which is at consultation stage.
• Outlet detailing and treatment train is the key.
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

43. DEX Maintenance Activities
DEX Ponds Maintenance Activities Grass Cutting Costs 1999 - 2003
Filter Drain Silt Removal Inspection
Maintenance 2% 8% Wetland Halbeath
2%
In/Out
30% 28%
Maintenance
Litter Picking
2%
27%
Algae Removal
/ Straw Bales
6%
Pruning /
Trimming
Pond 7
Aquatic Plant
10% 19%
Aftercare
4% Pond 6
Grass Cutting Linburn
Fence / Sign
Weeding
13% 13%
Erection
22%
10%
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

44. DEX Maintenance Activities
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

45. Frequency of Maintenance Activities for a Pond (Months). Similar
data will be available from UKWIR soon
Low Medium High
Routine Maintenance
Inspection, Reporting & Information 36 6 1
Management
Litter / minor debris removal 12 1 .25
Grass Cutting 36+ 12 4
Pruning Nil 3 1
Weeding beside Retention Ponds 36+ 12 4
Silt Removal 24 12 6
Algae Removal in first five years 6 4 2
Aquatic Vegetation Management 120 48 12
Corrective Maintenance
Intermittent Facility Maintenance (Excluding Varies Varies Varies
Sediment Removal)
Sediment Dewatering & Removal for Retention 600 300 120
Ponds: Main Pool
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

46. Outcomes of performance assessment
• Confidence about which SUDS work in the local conditions.
• Design parameters applicable for local conditions.
• Identification of many operation and maintenance issues.
• A clear understanding of ownership issues.
• Young graduates who were knowledgeable about SUDS.
• Well documented showcase examples of SUDS developed.
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

47. ^
Implements for encouraging SUDS
I will finally address some different organisational benefits for
SUDS. Examples from;
• Emschergenossenschaft, Germany – financial instrument
• Glasgow, Scotland – Strong multi-stakeholder partnership.
• Water Vision Documents – from Netherlands.
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

48. Emschergenossenschaft Fee concept
• Emschergenossenschaft is a main drainage authority in
Germany
• Local streams are very polluted due to discharge of excess
surface water.
• Land is low lying and there were high pumping costs.
• Reduction in connection fee for disconnecting surface water
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

49. Disconnection fee diagram (EG)
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

50. Emschergenossenschaft Fee concept
Housing companies now look for ways to disconnect.
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

51. Glasgow – a partnership approach to SUDS
• Glasgow is a major urban area in Scotland.
• Approximately 200 unsatisfactory combined sewer overflows.
• Chronic water pollution in receiving main river.
• $Billions - cost of implementing conventional solutions.
• Below ground solutions cannot be implemented without above
ground solutions.
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

52. Glasgow – a partnership approach to SUDS
• Joint implementation of above/ below ground solutions
• Formal partnership formed to underpin drainage solutions
MGSDP (Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic Drainage
Partnership).
• Partnership includes;
– Four local municipalities.
– Scottish Water Company.
– Environmental Regulator.
– Major development organisations (with public finance).
– NGOs.
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

53. Water Vision
for Johnstone 2007
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

54. The Water Vision: Assisting Water and
Planning
• A document to raise awareness to ALL Stakeholders.
• It shows options how Johnstone’s stressed watercourses might
be improved.
• It is a co-ordinated vision that can be put into practice.
• It shows Stakeholders where they ‘fit in’ to the bigger picture &
help with choosing solutions that benefit all
• Opportunity to establish a Common Goal.
• It helps co-ordinate resources for cost effective solutions.
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland

55. Sustainable Surface Water
Management in Cities
Thank You
Sustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010 Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland