Cognitive Interviews

Cognitive Interviews
The area of cognitive psychology that this article focuses on, is the impact that cognitive interviews
have on false memories and beliefs. A false memory appears when a person recalls memories of
events that did not actually happen to him or her. Nonetheless, a study conducted by S.J. Sherman
and M.B. Powell, consisted of exposing people to false events using instructions taken from a
cognitive interview, a method of interviewing and questioning people about events they may have
witnessed (Sharman et al., 2013). In this specific study, researchers examined the integration that
cognitive interviews may have on making participants feel more confident towards the validity of
their childhood experience, regardless or not whether it actually happened ... Show more content on
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The first study had resulted in the opposite of what l would assume would only support the theory of
false memories being instilled into subjects. In addition, I also noticed how the wording of certain
questions, may have had an influence on whether or not subjects recalled events that never
happened. It was only when participants were being told to recall certain events, rather than being
asked, that they were allowed room to expand their imagination, thus going as far as to vividly
describe an event that never occurred. The second study divided the theory of the fabrication of
memories, and suggested that some people may be immune to believing false memories. What l
found to be interesting about the second study, was that researchers divided their subjects into two
groups, with one of their groups being individuals with a highly superior autobiographical memory
– yet, investigators were still able to
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The Cognitive Dissonance Theory
The roaring years of the 1950s did not only bring about racial segregation and international
liberation. For the world of the communication researchers, it also brought about the birth of one of
the most notable behavioral theories known to date – the Cognitive Dissonance Theory.
As mentioned by Bryant & Smith in their Historical Overview of Research in Communication
Science (2010, p. 13), majority of the theories and research that supported the communication
discipline was heavily borrowed and translated from other fields of study. Such is the case of Leon
Festinger, a Russian–Jewish immigrant from Stanford who specialized in social psychology.
Through a published work, he introduced communication scholars to the relationship of behavior,
attitude, and beliefs through his Theory of Cognitive Dissonance.
First proposed in the year 1957, Festinger argued that a human being's ... Show more content on
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This, I believe, is its most important contribution. The theory, although initially a product of social
psychology, has become a flexible platform for all forms of communication research. It can be
applied to a myriad of communication sciences, ranging from political, to interpersonal, and even to
the effectiveness of journalism and advertising. This theory provides scholars with plausible
hypotheses and rationales regarding various communication phenomena, aiding in the prediction
and explanation of behaviors. This being said, the steady pace, movement and the continuous use of
the theory is proof that belief in the theory of cognitive dissonance is alive and well today. In fact,
with the rise of the Millennials and the rapid and exponential use of social media, cognitive
dissonance, as well as the behaviors that stem from it, will become more and more rampant as
freedom of speech, and the bias that accompanies it, has become a

Cognitive Processes
Running head: COGNITIVE PROCESSES
Cognitive Processes
Kimberly Benoit
University of Phoenix
Abstract
Cognitive processes helps to obtain information and make conscious and subconscious assumptions
about the world around us. There are five conventional senses are utilized in this complex process as
a way of gathering information. Cognitive processes are unobservable; researchers remain to study
ways to come up with behaviors or measures of performance to mirror cognitive processes
(Robinson–Reigler & Robinson–Reigler, 2008). The intention of this paper is to describe memory,
language and learning. Explanation of these cognitive processes will be carefully explored. A
summarization of these studies will evaluate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Learning is how we adapt, develop, change and grow. Language, explains how and why an
individual understands what another person has written or expressed (Gregory Robertson–Riegler,
2008). When children acquire a ﬁrst language, they build on what they know as well as conceptual
information that discriminates and helps create categories for the objects, relations and events they
experience. This provides the starting point for language from the age of 12 months on. So children
ﬁrst set up conceptual representations, then add linguistic representations for talking about
experience (Denise Boyd, 2002).
Learning
Learning is distinguished from behavioral changes arising from such processes as maturation and
illness (Reuters, 2012). Learning is not just a change in behavior; it is a change in the way an
individual thinks, understands, or feels (Gregory Robertson–Riegler, 2008). The ability to learn is
one of the most exceptional human characteristics. Learning occurs continuously throughout a
person 's lifetime. To define learning, it is necessary to analyze what happens to the individual. An
individual 's way of perceiving, thinking, feeling, and doing may change as a result of a learning
experience. Nevertheless, learning can be characterized as a change in behavior as a result of
experience. This can be physical and evident, or it may involve intricate intellectual or attitudinal
changes which affect behavior in more subtle ways (Colman, 2006). Learning

Cognitive Implications Of Bilingualism
Approximately 7 years ago, my grandmother got diagnosed with both Alzheimer's and Dementia.
From the beginning, doctors were quite explicit in stating how lucky she was to be bilingual because
it will help preserve her cognitive functioning and delay her onset of symptoms, as is explored in a
review by Bialstok, Craik, and Luk (2012). However, the concept of bilingualism helping cognitive
functioning seems to be a topic of debate, challenged recently in a review by Paap, Johnson, and
Sawi. Bialstok et al state that Bilingualism is not usually preselected for talent because on average
they did not choose to be bilingual but are by circumstances. Bilingualism has been linked to
neuroplasticity to modify brain structures and the changes themselves are enduring to produce
difference cognitive processing. More specifically brain there seems to be a bilingual advantage to
tests involving symbol manipulation and recognition, metalinguistics awareness, ignoring
interference and conflict ignorance. In the beginning, there seemed to be a trend where the data for
bilingual language acquisition and overall skills seemed to be hindered by knowing two languages,
even in their dominant language or with symbolism. To put it in other words, bilinguals have the
challenge of their two languages and makes their cognitive functioning more effortful. On the other
hand, it has been seen that bilingual, even matched, have better executive functioning. Executive
functioning is in the frontal

Cognitive Dissonance
Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) were interested in the cognitive dissonance
experienced when a person is forced to say or do something that is conflicting to one's private
opinion of the matter. Cognitive dissonance is most persuasive when it comes to feelings and
thoughts about oneself and can motivate or influence us to choose one action or thought over
another. The researchers were also interested in forced compliance theory, which is the idea that
authority or some other perceived higher–ranking person can force a lower–ranked individual to
make statements or perform acts that violate their better judgment. The focus is the goal of altering
an individual's attitude through persuasion and authority. Thus, the study conducted ... Show more
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There were three conditions, the control condition, the one dollar and the twenty dollars conditions.
The independent variable was the amount of money the participants were paid, either one dollar or
twenty dollars, to tell the next participant that the task was enjoyable. The subjects were treated
identically in all respects to the other subjects in the other conditions. In the control condition, the
subjects did not set any expectations for the experimental task as they were never asked and never
told the confederate waiting in the secretary's office about the experimental tasks. In the
experimental conditions, the subject were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would
want to, and would be paid to tell the waiting female subject that the experimental task would be
interesting and fun. While in the one dollar condition, the subjects were paid one dollar to tell the
confederate and in the twenty dollar condition, the subjects were paid twenty

Cognitive Style And Cognitive Style
Cognitive style, also known as thinking style, refers to the customary patterns of behaviors which
often emerge in cognitive process. Cognitive style is not significantly related to the ability of
thinking reasoning among students, mostly formed by attitude and expression during the process of
perception, memory and problem solving. Cognitive style is individual differences in the cognitive
process with great varieties, such as field independent style and field dependent style, reflective
style and impulsive style, and wholist style and analytic style.
Field independent style and field dependent style are individual differences in cognitive style what
Herman Witkin, an American psychologist, has discovered in his research. Field independent ...
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Wholist style tends to respond to cognitive task by holistic strategy. They are used to perceiving
material from the holistic perspective. There is a long span in reading comprehension. According to
research, English majors in the vocabulary learning, guess words in context. The reading material
provides them with information to help them guess the meaning. By students' knowledge,
experience, common sense, contrast and analysis, they can guess the word's meaning. In the
research, giving English major an unknown word, at the same time, letting them read materials,
thus, they can guess the meaning by relating the word to the context, sentences, clauses or
paragraphs. This is an effective strategy to master words and vocabulary. Analytic style tends to pay
more attention to the details and procedures. They can establish clear and identifiable formation
parts. That is the typical feature of analytical style. In the vocabulary learning, English majors
recognize word parts. For example, they are given words, and they must break into parts. The word
"production", English major can rewrite the word in parts, pro duct ion. They also can underline the
words to show the parts pro/duct/ion. If they learn words or remember words in this way, they can
bring together the words easily with the same suffix, prefix or

Evolution of Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive psychology is defined as "the scientific study of mental processes" (Riegler & Riegler
2008, p. 1). During the 1960s, cognitive psychology became an emerging presence in the field of
psychology. During this time period, attention to the study of "how internal states, such as thoughts,
feelings, and moods influence behavior" (Cherry 2010, p. 12). Cognitive psychology studies how
individuals think, comprehend language, and form beliefs. Human development involves cognitive
development. Researchers attempted to study thought through introspection. However, introspection
was not impartial because individuals are far too complex and do not share similar thoughts and
ideas. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
21). Human beings process information in a similar way. The creation of the computer was a great
advantage in the field as well. Scientists found that the human mind and a computer shared many
features in input, information processing, and organization.
Another reason in the emergence in cognitive psychology was the S–R approach. The S–R approach
of learning language was devised by B.F. Skinner; which was a behaviorist approach. Skinner
argued "that even complex ability like language could be captured in purely S–R terms" (Riegler &
Riegler 2008, p. 20). Noam Chomsky criticized Skinner's analysis regarding the S–R approach
claiming it to appear to be scientific. Chomsky felt that language was grasped in the mind, thus,
popularized cognitive psychology. Overall, behaviorism was unreliable in the explanation of
language.
Impact of the Decline of Behaviorism on Cognitive Psychology
The decline of behaviorism enabled the presence of cognitive psychology. Critics of behaviorism
believed that the failure was to address factors such as free will, internal thoughts, and other
methods of learning (Cherry, 2010). Behaviorists introduced the emphasis on scientific method,
therefore, opening the door to cognitive psychology. According to Riegler & Riegler (2008) "the
failure of the S–R approach, coupled with the promise and excitement

Cognitive Load Theory Intersects With Human Cognitive...
Cognitive load theory intersects with human cognitive architecture by addressing working memory
as limited to three to seven elements of information when the learning of new information is a
requirement (Blissett, Cavalcanti, & Sibbald, 2012). Yet, where there is familiarity of information,
both capacity and duration limits of working memory are eliminated (Paas & Ayres, 2014).
Cognitive load theory introduces the prominence of cognitive schemas as a strategic approach
toward the organizing and storage of knowledge using the concept of chunking multiple elements of
information within a single element with a specific purpose (Paas & Ayres, 2014). Cognitive
schemas explains a learner's transition from novice to skilled due to the creation ... Show more
Extraneous cognitive load occurs as a result of the inappropriate selection of instructional design
(Yuling et al., 2015; Leppink et al., 2013; Kalyuga, 2011, Sweller, 2015). Germane cognitive load
refers to the design of effective learning processes allowing individuals to use their cognitive
resources to cope with intrinsic cognitive load introduced by learning tasks (Yuling et al., 2015;
Leppink et al., 2013; Kalyuga, 2011, Sweller, 2015). When thinking about cognitive load, it may be
useful to think about the total amount of mental effort used in working memory. The cognitive load
placed on working memory is considered to be a critical factor in determining learning and
problem–solving efficiency, and instructional design requires an alignment with the individual
learner's cognitive capacity and expertise (Sweller, 2012; Sweller, Ayres, & Kalyuga, 2011).
Working memory is generally considered to have limited capacity (Schmeck, Opfermann, van Gog,
Paas, & Leutner, 2015; Sweller, van Merrienboer, & Paas, 1998). Cognitive load theory
recommends instruction organized in such a way to ensure limited working memory resources focus
on intrinsic as opposed to extrinsic cognitive load (Choi et al., 2014). Cognitive load theory
(Sweller, van Merrienboer, & Paas, 1998; 2011) incorporates a lens through which such an
investigation can occur. The theory argues that the cognitive load placed on working memory is a
critical factor in determining learning

Cognitive Enhancement Therapy
Cognitive Enhancement Therapy is a Promising Integrative Intervention for People with
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia, one of the severest forms of mental illness, affects 1.0% of the world's population. In
the U.S. approximately 3.2 million adults or 1.2% of the population in a given year have
Schizophrenia ("MentalHelp.net," 2009). It causes disabilities across numerous realms of normative
life, including attaining vocation, finding a mate and attaining quality of life (Guillem, Pampoulova,
Rinaldi, & Stip, 2008; Marder & Fenton, 2004; Spaulding et al., 1999). The cost of the illness to
society is estimated to be $62.7 billion dollars (Wu et al., 2005). The cost of the severe and
persistent mental illness (SPMI) to the state of Ohio is so ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The MATRICS project was a national project that pledged to use clinical research and knowledge to
do so (Fenton & Marder, 2004; Green, Kern, & Heaton, 2004). Although these studies did
demonstrate the connection between cognitive deficits and functional outcomes the guarantee of a
cognitive pill enhancing functional outcomes has not yet been developed. Other studies into
cognitive remediation have been done using only computerized programs that were to increase
vocational functioning by 'working the brain' (Bellucci, Glaberman, & Haslam, 2001, Medalia,
2005; Medalia & Choi, 2009; McGurk, Twamley, Sitzer, McHugo, & Mueser, 2007). These studies
have promise but they focused exclusively on computerized skill building to improve attention,
memory and problem solving through improving the brains ability to change by a process called
neuroplasticity, the brains ability to change and improve with brain exercises. There have been many
studies that prove neuroplasticity's efficacy. (Pascual–Leone, Amedi, Frgni, & Merabet, 2005) One
of the most famous on London taxi drivers whose Hippocampi were enlarged by navigating
London's streets (Maguire et al., 2000). Cognitive Enhancement Therapy (CET) (Hogarty et al.,
2004) attempted to combine computerized cognitive remediation exercises together with a social
cognition group to provide an integrative approach to enhance cognition and social cognition and as
a result improve quality of life for clients with Schizophrenia. Results were promising in a two year
randomly controlled study with 121 patients with Schizophrenia divided into two groups (n=67CET,
n=54EST) one group was given the CET treatment and the other enriched supportive therapy.
Results that were particularly

Cognitive Neuroscience Essay
Cognitive Neuroscience is a comparatively new field focusing on exploring the relationship between
the human brain and the act of thinking, or cognition.
Essentially, cognition is the way in which our minds process information. The exact type of
information processed is varied and so cognition can cover a wide range of stimuli. It includes the
processing of things like visual perception and other sensory information like touch, feel and taste.
However, cognition can also be applied to things like emotional responses, preferences, and decision
making skills.
Some have described cognition as referring to," familiar psychological abilities such as seeing,
believing, imagining, guessing and inferring."
(https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7c0n12dDm38VWN3eFRaWHUzTXM/view?pli=1) If you think
about it these skills are incredibly important to everyday life. As human beings ... Show more
Despite this persistent interest in the human thought process, Cognition has been nearly impossible
to study because of it's non–physical nature. Only recent technological advances have allowed for
quantifiable, information and academic study in the field of cognitive neuroscience.
This related field of technology is called Neuroimaging. Neuroimaging has been very important to
the expansion of Cognitive Neuroscience because it allows for a visual representation of how certain
sections of the brain respond to various outside stimuli. For example, functional Magnetic
Resonance Imaging(fMRI) is currently being used in studies relating to how people purchase and
consume food. Brain activity is recorded and visualized as the mind reacts to things like brand
names or packaging

Cognitive Affective
The Study of Cognitive & Affective Bases of Psychology
Cognitive and affective psychology is the empirical branch of psychology, which aims to answer all
questions regarding human activities, related to knowledge and emotions, such as, how we think,
learn, and remember. It is grounded on the theory that thoughts and emotions affect our behavior;
furthermore, behavior can be changed through a modification of our thoughts or emotions.
Cognitive psychologists examine how our minds obtain, apply, organize, and retrieve information.
In addition, the topics of attention, decision–making, critical thinking, reasoning, creativity,
memory, perception, problem solving, thinking, and the use of language, all reside under the branch
of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through investigating such differences, cognitive psychologists hope to learn how to treat certain
disorders, and work towards finding ways to help reviving their normal perception.
"Memory is the means by which we draw on our past experiences in order to use this information in
the present (Sternberg, 1999)." Memory is essential to all our lives on an emotional level, as well as
on a survival level. Without insight about the past, there would not be a way to operate in the
present, or to plan; further, we would not be able to learn anything new. Cognitive psychologists do
not solely aim to understand how our memories are made, but why the memory of humans works
the way, it does. The study of Cognitive Psychology focuses on arenas of memory such as:
childhood amnesia, memory biases, false memories, and the relationships we have between our
emotions and memory. Decision–making involves cognitions from many different levels. Cognitive
psychologists are currently studying the logic and rationality people use when making choices. The
human mind is an exceptional tool when it comes to problem–solving skills. How these processes
occur in our brains is another fundamental area of research within the study of cognitive psychology.
Clinical Psychology prides

Cognitive Theory Paper
Cognitive Theory Paper
Cognitive Therapy
Ngina Hardy
University of North Texas at Dallas
COUN 5710– Counseling Theories
November 12, 2012
Dr. Jennifer Baggerly
Cognitive Therapy "The greatest discovery of my generation is that human beings can alter their
lives by altering their attitudes of mind." William James (Whitbourne, 2011)
When we hear the word cognitive, several words come to mind such as, reasoning, thinking or
learning. It sends implications of a person's conscious intellectual ability that contribute to the
academic, social and occupational success of that individual. It even correlates directly with a
person's logic and reasoning skills ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I arrive in the session without any preconceived notions about Bruce although his history of
slanderous behavior toward male classmates is well known around the school. It is my perception
that he's appearing to gain control of his environment by presenting strong front with this bullying
behavior especially since recently injuring his knee during a football game and being unable to
participate in sports. I am very interested to find out in our initial session about where his thinking
process was derived and if he is aware where many of his behaviors may be centered around. It
became evident after listening to Bruce discussing his upbringing that many of his influences
directly affect the content of his thinking and behaviors. Living in a strict, Catholic military home,
he was constantly told statements like "children should be seen and not heard" "respect adults no
matter what circumstances" and "real men aren't sissies." On the other end of the spectrum his
mother is an alcoholic and he spent quite a bit of his childhood caring for her and scared he would
find her dead after she went on a drinking binge. He did

This chapter focuses on the scientists Leon Festinger and his theory of cognitive dissonance.
Cognitive dissonance is when an individual adjusts their beliefs to fit with another person's actions.
Festinger performed multiple experiments to demonstrate cognitive dissonance. One of his
experiments involved a group of people who believed that the world was going to end due to a huge
flood on December 21st. 1954. Festinger infiltrated this group and pretended to be a believer of the
theory. This cult group was based on the end–of world messages from a god named Sananda, who
sent messages to the group leader Marion Keech. When the flood did not occur, instead of accepting
that their beliefs were wrong, many of the cult members tried to rationalize ... Show more content on
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The student's who were paid $1 said the experiments, which were time consuming and boring, were
fun, while those that were paid $20 straight up told the truth and said the tasks were boring. The
students that were paid $20 experienced little dissonance, so they were honest in their responses.
However, those that were paid $1 had to justify spending a considerable amount of time doing
pointless tasks, so they said the tasks were enjoyable. Another experiment that Festinger completed
was where students were paid either $1 or $20 to perform certain tasks. When the students who were
paid one dollar were asked about the task, many replied saying that the task was fun. However, the
students who were paid $20 told the truth that the task was boring. The students who received $20
seemed to appear little dissonance, while the other students had to justify why they were doing a
mundane task for such a low price, so they said that the task was fun. From all of these experiments,
Festinger believed that "we spend our lives paying attention only to the information that is
consonant with our beliefs, we surround ourselves with people who will support our beliefs, and we
ignore contradictory information that might cause us to question what we have built"

Cognitive Psychology : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy is a school of psychotherapy that
intends to assist individuals with conquering their emotional issues. A focal idea in CBT is that you
feel the way you think. Therefore, CBT focuses on the fact that you can live all the more cheerfully
and effectively in you begin thinking with a better mindset. CBT urges you to comprehend that you
're thought process or beliefs lie between the occasion and your definitive sentiments and activities.
The way that one thinks, what they believe, and their personal perspective on an event, create the
emotional and/or behavioral responses that they will exhibit. Subsequently, CBT is an objective
coordinated, deliberate, critical thinking way to deal with emotional issues. History of CBT Modern
day CBT has been impacted by two noteworthy restorative methodologies: firstly, 'Behavior
Therapy ' as created by Wolpe and others in 1950s and 1960s; and furthermore, 'Cognitive Therapy '
which was produced by A.T. Beck in the 1960s. Behavior therapy developed in the 1950s, as
Freudian therapy was becoming under fire due to the absence of evidence to bolster either its
hypothesis or its adequacy. Behavior therapy was emphatically affected by the behaviorist
development in scholastic research, which took the perspective that what went on inside an
individual 's psyche was not specifically observable. Rather behaviorists searched for reproducible
relationships between recognizable events and

Cognitive Psychology : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Medications are easy way out–it's a form of escape that suppresses the illness rather than cure it.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, on the other hand, is a guided education technique that teaches one
how to live a healthy lifestyle by understanding and overcoming their fear, thus curing the illness
from it's root. Cognitive behavioral therapy, a form of short–term psychotherapy was originally
designed to treat depression, but over the years have been used for a number of mental illnesses
including anxiety, mood swings, substance abuse, personality disorder and some others, showing
promising results. As the name suggests, it's a combination of both cognitive and behavioral
principles that acknowledges that some behaviors emerge based on prior conditioning from the
environment and external or internal stimuli, and cannot be controlled through rational thought
and/or medication. The efficacy of programs that utilize cognitive behavioral therapy have been
researched and questioned over time. However, more often than not, it's believed that as stated by
DeRubeis, Siegle, & Hollon (2008), "cognitive therapy is as efficacious as antidepressant
medications at treating depression, and it seems to reduce the risk of relapse even after its
discontinuation." (p. 1) This is because cognitive behavioral therapy and anti–depressants utilize
similar neural mechanisms to treat distinctive individuals and target specific disorders instead of an
overall cure. This paper discusses how this

Cognitive Neuroscience Paper
Cognitive Neuroscience is the study of the structure and function of the human brain and how it
plays a role in in our everyday mental processes. To date the idea of how the mind and body are
connect and able to interact is still being studied. As Banich (2011) states, it is the the critical part
that links the brain and mind which also encompasses neural processes. Neuroscience gives a With
the definition of cognitive neuroscience in mind, it is important to consider how the body is affected
by the mind. While the mind–body issue is still not fully settled it has advanced to where we know
that the mind is considered psychological and the body is neurological (Solso,2008) psychologists
and philosophers are still debating wether they coexist

Normative Cognitive Development
1. Typed notes attached. Younger Age Group 2. While observing the younger age group, I
discovered a variety of interesting interactions and occurrences among the children. I was
particularly surprised by how smart children can be at such a young age. In two different cases, a
young boy named Kian, 1 year and 8 months, and a young girl named Finley, 1 year and 4 months,
demonstrated their knowledge of basic skills when they both had found articles of clothing around
the room and knew exactly what parts of their bodies they are to go. Kian found a hat and instantly
put it on his head. While Finley, found a jacket and attempted to put it on the upper half of her body.
Together the two demonstrated, normative cognitive development (Baltimore,

Cognitive Behavioral Theory Of Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Theoretical Analysis Cognitive Behavioral Theory Several prestigious and monumental contributors
commenced the development of cognitive behavioral therapy. The four main catalysts have been
Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, Judith Beck, and Donald Meichenbaum. Each of these trailblazers lead a
different aspect of cognitive behavior therapies. While working through his own personal fears and
anxieties, Albert Ellis developed what is now termed rational emotive behavior therapy ("REBT")
and is the first pathfinder of cognitive behavior therapy. He had been passionately involved in
psychoanalysis, yet, he wanted faster results for his clients. He taught his clients to transfer negative
thoughts about themselves to positive thoughts and saw this brought more expedient healing. REBT
starts with the idea that people have both sound and unsound reasoning; then, in the end, teaches
unconditional self–acceptance even through one 's errors. Ellis ' REBT asserts that people 's mental
health issues come, not so much from an exterior problem, but from their perceptions and thoughts
about a circumstance. The faulty beliefs are instilled when people are very young. Without realizing
it, a person replays the messages in their mind throughout their life which creates behaviors in line
with the inaccurate beliefs. Through cognitive restructuring, therapists assist clients in developing
positive thoughts to replace their invalidating messages. (Corey, 2013). Aaron Beck is the primary

Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Cognitive Dissonance theory was founded by psychologist Leon Festinger in 1957, is the distressing
mental state that is caused by inconsistency between a person's two belief or a belief and an action,
in another word it a distressing mental state when we find ourselves doing things that do not fit with
what we know or have opinions that do not fit with other people opinions. Cognitive dissonance can
also considered as a form of belief or behavior. Festinger used the smoking concept to illustrate
dissonance. I have been involved in many Cognitive dissonance theory situation that involving
attitudes and reducing dissonance, especially when it come to me making relevant decision making
and problem solving. cognitive dissonance is important issues we all deal with it in our daily lives
without being aware that it exist. Sometime I struggle with inconsistency between my actions and
my thought when it come to important task in my life such as food, money, shopping work .In my
opinion I will use the topic of health behavior, to illustrate the concept of dissonance in my own life
experience for example when I over the wrong choices of food (behavior) and they I know that
unhealthy food can causes weight gain, and other health issues such as obesity, high cholesterol
(cognition).
Growing up, I came from Nigeria where we never consider weight ... Show more content on
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I love to physical exercise but sometime I find myself no inconsistencies with my workout and diet.
However I belief that when exercise and eat healthy meal, i will live a healthy lifestyle. Cognitive
Dissonance theory relate to my life . For example I strongly belief that when I eat health for a week
and then I cheated on my diet with unhealthy food for the weekend, I will feel ashamed and
uncomfortable because I ate a big size Pizza and cake on sunday. Changes in health behavior,
change people's attitude toward my

Cognitive Neuron
Cognitive neuroscience is the study of human mind and brain. Therefore, its role is based on the
inference of raw observations that is brain scans. This is because brain scans have the appearance of
physical objects that can be seen and touched. It tempts us to think that we are seeing the raw reality
in brain scans. However, it is a seductive fallacy. The inferential measurement of the brain activity is
actually electroencephalography (EEG) as in positron emission tomography (PET) and other
scanning tools. Therefore, the EEG makes a raw observation of the brain activity of cognition.
Neurons make ten thousand connections and even the input branches of a single neuron may
compute information. Measuring the electrical activity of single neurons is only a tiny sample of a
very complex ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There a diverse of neurons and out of that many integrate and fire neuron is focused. This neuron is
known to be a classical neuron that accepts input from other nerve cells through its dendrites. The
dendrites branches are with graded membrane potentials. The voltages across the membrane of the
dendrites can have its continuous values. The graded dendritic potentials add up and if the total
voltage over a brief time interval exceeds about –50mV, they trigger a fast travelling spike or action
potential in the axon of the nerve cell (neuron).
The neuron is to send its signal by firing spikes that is by sending action potentials from the cell
body down the axon to the terminal buttons. At the terminals, a neurochemical is released to diffuse
across the small synaptic gap. Then it triggers a postsynaptic potential in the neighboring neuron.
2.
Action potential is a brief fluctuation in membrane potential caused by the rapid opening and
closing of the voltage–gated ion channels which is known as the spike of neuron, nerve impulse or
discharge. The action potential sweep like a wave along axons to transfer information from one
neuron to the other in the nervous system.

Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) were interested in the cognitive dissonance, which
can influence a person decision to choose one action or thought over another. The researchers were
also interested in forced compliance, where authority can force individuals to say or act in a way
that is conflicting to one's own private opinion, whereas, the individual's attitude is altered through
persuasion and authority. "Force" was operationally defined as the amount of reward offered for
lying and cognitive dissonance experienced from the participant's rated enjoyment of the tasks.
Therefore, the researchers investigated if cognitive dissonance could be created through forced
compliance behavior. Furthermore, Festinger and Carlsmith hypothesized ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The subjects performed a series of tedious task involving using one hand to put spools onto and then
off of a tray for half an hour and then told to use one hand to turn pegs a quarter turn clockwise for
another half an hour. Cycle was repeated until time ran out. The independent variable was the
amount of money the participants were paid, either one dollar or twenty dollars, to tell the next
participant that the task was enjoyable. In the control condition, the subjects did not have any
expectations for the task as the subjects were never told or asked to tell the female confederate
waiting in the secretary's office about the experimental tasks. In the experimental conditions, the
subjects were paid to tell a female confederate that the experimental task was interesting and fun.
Subjects were paid one dollar in one condition and twenty dollars in another condition. The
conversation was recorded and coded. The dependent variable was the participants' actual rating of
their enjoyment of the task, assessed in an interview following the task. The interview looked at the
how the person liked the task on a negative 5 to positive 5 scale. Second area did the experiment
gave them an opportunity to learn about one's own skills, assessed with a zero to ten scale. The third
area used the zero to ten scale again to rate whether they felt the activities were important. Lastly,
subjects used a negative 5 to positive 5 scale to measure one's likelihood to participant in a similar
studies in the

Cognitive Dissonance or mental stress which is primarily caused by contradictory beliefs, can be a
common part of some peoples life's however we are psychologically motivated to avoid situations
which cause mental stress. This paper will discuss a situation and the behavior using attribution
theory, the reciprocal relationship between behavior and attitudes as well as how cognitive
dissonance theory could be used to rationalize the behavior.
Situation and Subsequent Behavior
Richard is driving along a lonely road late at night after working late that day. He has a 4–year–old
daughter who he has not spent much time with the entire week because of the long project that
makes him work late. Similarly, he has not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is however worth noting that other factors also come into play concerning this relationship
between behavior and attitudes (Albarracin et al. 2014). For instance, an individual's behavior or
attitudes can further be shaped by their social or cultural setting. For instance in a case whereby an
individual is raised to believe that people in a given ethnic community or race are hostile or violent,
the individual will automatically behave in a protective manner when around people from the
particular ethnic group or race.
In Richard's scenario, he may have approached the situation with the attitude that people who walk
alone in the dark are either criminals or drunkards ad thus they are mostly up to no good. This
attitude may have further influenced his behavior to speed up his car without bothering to know who
the man was or what had happened to him. On the other hand, Richard's behavior may have shaped
his attitude as well. The fact that he simply drove away without finding out what had happened to
the man may have shaped his attitudes to the extent that he would most likely do the same when
faced with a similar situation again.
How Cognitive Dissonance Theory could be used to Rationalize the Behavior
Sanderson (2009) reveals that the cognitive dissonance theory is a social psychology theory whose
main proponent was

Examples Of Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance is a tense discomfort that we get when we realize that we have made a
mistake or have committed hypocrisy. There are several different ways that we get rid of cognitive
dissonance, some of them include a change in behavior, denial, and excuse making. In this essay I
will discuss cognitive dissonance, its consequences, and how to solve the problem of excuse making
in our society.
While reading I became awestruck by the ridiculousness of some of the examples, especially the
group of people that believed that the world would end on December 21. By personal experience I
knew that we are all hypocrites and that we all tend to come up with excuses to dismiss our
shortcomings and mistakes, but I was not expecting that extent ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I resolved this issue by coming up with the excuse that I only watched so much of the men's world
cup because it was in Brazil and I wanted to see the new stadiums and the renovations to the
Maracanã, also if I could see anyone that I knew in the stands, which is an awful excuse because all
though I did want to see those things, I was watching those games because they were fun to watch.
In retrospect, I have decided that I will now make an effort to watch women's sports more often
because I know that they are just as interesting as the men's sports. My second example of cognitive
dissonance in my life is that although I know that I should not judge others on a first impression, I
do it all of the time. I resolved that one by dismissing it as an automatic reaction therefore I can't
control it.
I've always thought that we are afraid of making mistakes because that is how we are raised. As
children our parents, teachers, and our society as a whole teaches us that mistakes are bad and that
we should avoid them at all costs. Not only that, but our need to fit makes us believe that other
people won't want to be around you if you are constantly making mistakes, which is not

Cognitive Behaviorism And Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Chapter VIII.
Cognitive–Behaviorism
Cognitive–behaviorism has been highly embraced by popular culture and managed care, partly
because it offers quick fixes into behavioral problems and emotional distresses. Often times,
students are confused by the terminologies cognitive and cognitive–behaviorism. To add to the
confusion, there is also cognitive therapy and cognitive–behavioral therapy. These terms are
sometimes used interchangeably in literature, but there are slight differences. Cognitive therapy is a
specific type of therapy technique developed by Aaron Beck in the 1960s. Cognitive–behavioral
therapy is a group of therapy techniques that share similar theoretical and practical elements in
counseling. Some of them are presented later in this chapter. Both Cognitive therapy and cognitive–
behavioral therapy are grouped under the field of cognitive psychology or the pragmatic school of
thought, also called cognitive approach. All of which have their roots in behaviorism. Counselors
typically prefer the term cognitive–behaviorism because change in cognition impacts change in
emotions and behaviors. It is this key element that therapists strive to reach with their patients. In
other words, simply changing the cognition without changing the behavior or emotions associated
with that cognition is futile.
1. Main Assumption: Individual's maladaptive emotions and behaviors are caused by their faulty
ways of thinking (cognitions).
2. Human Nature: Cognitive–behaviorists believe

Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Leon Festinger created the cognitive dissonance theory as an attempt to explain why people desire
to have consistency between their behaviors and actions. Cognitive dissonance is the distressing
mental state people feel when they find themselves doing things that don't fit with what they know,
or having opinions that do not fit with other opinions they hold (Festinger, 1957; as cited in Griffin,
2009). Thus, people are motivated to change either their behavior or their belief when feelings of
dissonance arise. Dissonance is reduced using three mental strategies. Selective exposure is the
strategy used before a decision is made. The premise of this strategy is to avoid information that is
likely to increase dissonance. The second ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The difference between condition one and three is that condition three allowed the participants to
self–affirm after finding out their verdict was in disagreement with the other group members.
Festinger argues that the lack of choice adds consonant cognitions which reduce the overall amount
of dissonance that otherwise would be experienced (Festinger, 1957, 1958; as cited in Matz &
Woods, 2005). Additionally, the opportunity to self–affirm strengthens self–worth and thereby
reduces the dissonance created when people's actions threaten their personal integrity (Simon,
Greenberg, & Brehm, 1995; as cited in Matz & Woods, 2005). Thus, Matz and Woods hypothesize
that dissonance will be reduced by the lack of choice and the opportunity to self–affirm. The results
show low levels of discomfort in the lack of choice and self–affirmation conditions, providing an
explanation of the kinds of strategies people use to reduce dissonance. Study three introduces an
interpersonal strategy introduced by Festinger: changing one's own attitude to align with others'
opinions (Festinger, 1957; as cited in Matz & Woods, 2005). Building off of Festinger's idea of
changing one's attitude three conditions are used in this study. The three strategies used are: (a)
changing one's own attitudes to agree with others in the group, (b) influencing others to change their
opinion, and (c) joining a different, attitudinally congenial group. The end results show

Cognitive Thinking Scaffolds
Can Cognitive Thinking Scaffolds Increase Student Self–Regulation? Throughout my inquiry
research this semester I have been able to find two primary themes. The first of them was that
Bilingual Learners are capable of demonstrating their cognitive thinking in English when provided
language supports. The second theme I found was that self–regulation is a huge part of allowing
bilingual students to increase their English skills. Throughout this abbreviated literature review I
will be connecting research articles to my inquiry research.
Bloom's Taxonomy and Cognitive Thinking Bilingual students have the ability to think cognitively
in both their first language and their second language. What they lack is the spoken or written
language in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of the articles that I had located were based around the idea of self–regulation. All of them
were published after 2011, this is important because their findings were all very similar in the fact
that students all benefited by their ability to self–regulate parts of their education. Kim, W., &
Linan–Thompson, S. (2013), looked at bilingual education of students with special needs, they had
various results but what they consistently found is that when students were asked about self–
regulation helping them every student agreed that it did help them. Throughout the inquiry process, I
have been asking my students if they feel that the Bloom's wheels are helping them improve their
oral and writing skills and, with some attitude, they agree that it is helping them. Who better to ask
than the students themselves, they are the people most affected in a classroom, so why not just ask
them how they feel? In the article I had read by Tseng, W., Chang, Y., & Cheng, H. (2015), they
found through talking to teachers that they all saw the benefit of self–regulation in students.
However they also found that because of time and resources most teachers do not provide
opportunities for students to self–regulate. Seker, M. (2015) suggested that not only do

Isaac Petersen
5/23/13
Honors Psych
Cognitive dissonance theory has been around since the late fifties. It has inspired many
psychologists to figure out the murky depths of people's minds. The theory relates strongly to
decision making, social phenomenons and mental angst. Many paradigms exist within cognitive
dissonance. Two important paradigms are the Belief Disconfirmation paradigm and the Free Choice
paradigm. There are several experiments that have been studied that relate to cognitive dissonance,
including the boring tasks experiment. The person who coined the phrase cognitive dissonance is the
famous Leon Festinger, and he studied it inside and out. Cognitive dissonance is one of the most
important topics ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This questions whether or not dissonance arises when people are highly rewarded for tasks that they
did not want to do, and what the magnitude of dissonance is when given different levels of reward.
This experiment had three groups. One was the control group that did not get payed (rewarded) for
their task. The second group was paid one dollar to do the task, and the third group got twenty
dollars to do the task. The subjects were then asked to conclude how the procedure went (not
boring/boring). The group that was paid twenty dollars said the task was not boring, but the group
that got paid one dollar said it was. This shows that people who receive great amounts of external
justification say that the task was not boring because of the small amount of dissonance that arose
from being paid a lot. The one dollar group was on the fence about how boring the task was because
they received external justification, yet not enough to counteract the dissonance that arose (Metin).
The man who coined the phrase cognitive dissonance was the famous Leon Festinger. He was born
in Brooklyn, New York, May 8th, 1919 (Schachter). He went to an all boys' high school, then went
to the University of Iowa where he worked with Kurt Lewin, a Gestalt theorist and psychologist
(Schachter). He worked with Lewin for many years throughout working with Lewin, Festinger
shifted to social psychology. After Festinger graduated, he worked as

Piaget's Cognitive Analysis
Piaget's reception of numerous inquiries regarding accelerated cognitive development from
American interviewers can be attributed to the values of American culture. This culture has
progressively developed a social hierarchy that idolizes the American Dream, an abstraction that
distributes reward equally on the measure of an individual's capacity for achievement as well as any
ensuing accomplishments. Consequently, this idea emboldens parents to seek new ways to improve
their children's prospects at a more successful life. One rumination of improving the aforementioned
traits for a fulfilling life is by accelerating the child's cognitive development from a young age. With
an early realization of cognitive development, the child may possess

Cognitive, Cognitive Behavioral, and Reality Theory
Cognitive, Cognitive Behavioral and Reality Theory � PAGE * MERGEFORMAT �1�
Cognitive, Cognitive Behavioral, and Reality Theory
PCN 500
Cognitive, Cognitive Behavioral, and Reality Theory Overview
There are many definitions of counseling, but most share the same idea: it is when one person helps
another. To me counseling represents one word more than any other: Change. One person is
unhappy with some area of their life and wants it to change while the other person helps to facilitate
that change. Just as there are many definitions of counseling there are many types of counseling
with different philosophies.
The foundation of cognitive therapy is that thoughts have the ability to influence individual's
feelings. One's emotional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One needs to assume personal responsibility for his or her feelings. The Choice theory of Reality
therapy challenges the client to accept his or her part in actually creating his or her feelings. The
choice theory emphasizes how people think and act therefore we can see that it shares some of the
concepts of the cognitive behavior approach.
There is always a learning curve when developing a new theory. There is the uncertainty of its
efficacy and acceptance. One would believe as these theories continue to evolve and is practiced
with clients this will no longer be an issue. I believe if a counselor knows the importance of the
spiritual beliefs of the clients they are able to have a thorough understanding of their views and
feeling towards the issues in their lives. I also believe that then they are able to help client's
determine that they are loved, accepted and have a purpose.
Reference:
Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and interventions; Third Edition by David Capuzzi and
Douglas R. Gross
Glass, W. (1997), Choice Theory and Student Success, Education Digest, 63, 3, p.16. 6p

Good Therapy (ND). Mindfulness Approaches/Contemplative Approaches. Retrieved August 5,
2013 from

The Use Of Cognitive Models
Cognitive modeling is an area of computer science which deals with simulation of human problem
solving and mental task process in computerized manner. Cognitive model is used to simulate or
predict the human behavior. It used various artificial intelligence (AI), applications such as a expert
Systems, natural language Programming, virtual reality applications. Cognitive models are also used
in the area of computer game, user interface design. The Advance application of cognitive modeling
is the creation of cognitive machines, in which learning is involved So that they can think
themselves. In general there are various models of cognitive like computational model,
mathematical model, conceptual model or verbal model .in computer science computational ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Agents in MAS should interact for giving solutions and for solving some specific tasks. Agents act
on behalf of users with different goals and motivations. So, they must have ability to cooperate,
coordinate, collaborate and negotiate with each other to successfully interact in order to solve
problems. Cooperation represents a general form of interaction between agents. Coordination is
about organizing actions of different agents Multi–agent systems consist of agents and their
environment. Typically multi–agent systems research refers to software agents. However, the agents
in a multi–agent system are equally to the human. Multi Agent System is concerned for developing
control the architecture of both single agent and multiagent. Multi Agent development tool is
relatively new concept in artificial

Cognitive Dissonance Consistency, the absence of contradictions, has sometimes been called the
hallmark of ethics. Ethics is supposed to provide an individual with a guide for moral living, and to
do so it must be rational, and to be rational it must be free of contradictions. When consistency and
ethics are compromised, this is known as cognitive dissonance. Leon Festinger shared his brilliance
with the world when he created the Cognitive Dissonance theory. Cognitive dissonance refers to a
situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors (McLeod, 2008). Cognitive dissonance
produces an uncomfortable tension of discomfort leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes,
beliefs, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many individuals choose to be dishonest because of the lack of mindfulness in their spiritual walk.
Mindfulness is a factor grounded in beliefs that there are many connections between the mind, body,
and soul. This individual does not have the connections with himself or herself to say lying is wrong
and that the consequences could end his or her career. This factor leads to extrasensory perception,
which is a level of psychic awareness. This factor is often known as the sixth sense. "Human beings
can attain a worthy and harmonious life only if they are able to rid themselves, within the limits of
human nature, of the striving for the wish fulfillment of material kinds. The goal is to raise the
spiritual values of society." Albert Einstein. Reciprocal Relationship between Behavior and Attitudes
Myers (2010) explains how attitudes and behaviors differ from one another. Attitudes are defined as
a reaction toward someone or something based on beliefs and behaviors are defined as the actions
taken based on certain beliefs; however, those actions taken may not be a predicator of attitudes
(Myers, 2010). People are strongly influenced by the world around them, and the behaviors they
exhibit are based on those social influences. For example, according to purpleslinky.com (2011), the
top reasons

Ps400 Cognitive Psychology
Renee Gibson
ACO323772
PS400 Cognitive Psychology
Assignment: 4
Question 1:
Compare and contrast cognitive and behavioral approaches, providing two similarities and two
difference between the chosen approaches. In comparing cognitive approaches to behavioral
approaches in psychology I have found that the cognitive approach revolves around the concept of
understanding. Meaning why people act in a certain way, as to which requires the understanding of
the internal process of how the mind work. From my readings cognitive psychology specialized
branch involves the study of mental process people use daily such as thinking, perceiving,
remembering and learning.
Where as in the behavioral approach in psychology is an observable and measured ... Show more
Where as the behavioral approach refers to our actions ad reactions to the stimuli present in our
environment.
Wordpress.com(2010,October 12) posted by Micheal Atkins Behaviorism VS. Cognitivism,
www.simplypsychology.org, www.iceskatingresources.org
Question 2:
Discuss two original examples of perception of agency.
The examples of a perception of agency are:
An example of perception of and action, would be if a child was running to catch his dog who is
running down the street. With this your legs and arms are moving, not counting that this child is
talking by calling his dog's name. This perception is the study of cognition consist of moving
around. It is a response of the environmental stimulus. This action perception developments involves
some type of motor activity.
Another example would be working in a garden. This is movement of the hands such as digging
with a shovel or a garden tools. Being or using your knees is when you are lifting dirt or crop from
the garden from the ground if ready to pick to the table. You also turn your head to

Running head: EVOLUTION OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY PAPER
PSYCH 560
Latrice T. Colbert
Julie Bruno, Psy.D
September 6, 2010
Cognition is a term referring to the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and
comprehension, including thinking, knowing, remembering, judging and problem–solving. Not only
is cognitive psychology central to everything a person does in his or her everyday life, it is also
central to psychology's quest to understand how people think and act. Cognitive psychology is a key
player within the interdisciplinary field of study termed "cognitive science." Cognitive science is an
interdisciplinary effort to understand the mind. Cognitive science includes a number of ... Show
On the other hand, linguist Noam Chomsky challenged Skinner's S–R view of language. He argued
that the concept of stimulus control has no meaning in language. Robinson–Riegler &
Robinson–Riegler (2008) stated Chomsky's critique of Skinner was so devastating that it was met by
silence from the behaviorist for over a decade; they simply didn't have an answer for it." The
movement toward a new science of mind now had undeniable momentum. Conceptually behavior
was failing as a satisfactory explanation of behavior. Behaviorism, the dominant explanatory
paradigm, was failing. Around the same time that behaviorism was faltering, emerging technologies
such as communication systems and computers, provided useful models for describing the process
of thinking and investigating its components. The development of computers made a dramatic
impact on the newly developing science of the mind. It was made clear that computers could do
some intellectual things as well as the human mind. According to Robinson–Riegler &
Robinson–Riegler (2008) computers could think simple to the way humans think. Computers handle
information in three basic stages: input, some type of processing, and output. Humans can be
thought of in the same way, taking in information through a sensory system, processing the
information, and responding to it. Cognitive psychology

Antecedents of Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Psychology Definition and Subject Matter "Cognitive psychology is a modern approach
to the study of [processes by which people come to understand the world– such processes as
memory, learning, comprehending language, problem solving, and creativity. Cognitive psychology
has been influenced by developments in language, computer science, and of course, earlier work in
philosophy and psychology" – Hayes (cited by Lundin) This definition of Hayes emphasizes the
notion that cognitive psychology gives significance to the study of higher mental processes.
According to Lichtenstein, among the appealing aspects of cognitive psychology is that it
corresponds quite well to the common sense psychology of the layperson. If a student is ... Show
He also agreed with Berkeley that human never experienced the physical directly and can have only
perception of it. He did not deny the existence of physical reality, but he denied the possibility of
knowing it directly. Nativism: Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) is much concerned
about the operations of the mind. Though he believed in the existence of the mind, he held a
different view from the empiricists when it comes to the nature and function of the mind. He set out
to prove that Hume was wrong by claiming that some truths were certain and were not based on
subjective experience alone. Kant argued that the very ingredients which are necessary for even
thinking in terms of a causal relationship could not be derived from experience and therefore must
exist a priori, or independent of experience. Though he did not deny the importance of sensory data,
he thought that the mind must add something to that data before knowledge could be attained; that
something was provided by a priori (innate) categories of thought (unity, totality, time, space, cause
and effect, reality, quantity, quality, negation, possibility–impossibility, and existence–
nonexistence). Kant claimed that the subjective experiences of human has been modified by the pure
concepts of the mind and is therefore more meaningful than it would otherwise have been.
Structuralism Cognitive psychology took its next step towards

Cognitive Failures Of A Person 's Cognitive System
A person's cognitive system can overall be very effective, though occasionally mistakes occur
resulting in generalized cognitive failures. Cognitive failures, also known as absent–mindedness, are
errors or mistakes people make due to attention slips or memory failures (Reason, 1982). These
failures refer to all possible errors within the cognitive system and can be traced to problems with
attention, memory, errors created by distractions and errors in the execution of intentions. These
include lapses of attention, mind–wandering, action failures, etc. Examples of cognitive failures
include daydreaming during an exam, forgetting the name of the person you just met a short time
before and forgetting where you placed your keys or your glasses. These are mistakes that most
people would agree they had experienced. How often these mistakes occur however is dependent on
the person. When I kept track of my own personal memory lapses, I found that I often make
mistakes on a daily basis.
Cognitive failures are considered very important to researchers today in areas including cognitive
psychology, developmental psychology, educational psychology and neuropsychology. It is apparent
that the reason for such interest is due to the frequency of failures depending on individual
differences, age and neuropsychological disorders and most importantly how these errors have
consequences in the individual's life. An example of a real life situation would be if a student is
daydreaming in class

Amanda's Cognitive Abilities And Cognitive Processing Skills
Amanda's cognitive abilities were assessed through the use of the WPPSI–IV in addition to
supplemental subtests from the WJ–IV COG and KABC–II. On the WPPSI–IV, subtests that
measure different cognitive processing abilities combine to form five index scores: Verbal
Comprehension, Fluid Reasoning, Working Memory, Visual Spatial Processing and Processing
Speed which all together make up the Full Scale IQ score (FSIQ).
On the WPPSI–IV, Amanda earned an FSIQ score of 97, which ranks her overall ability at the 42nd
percentile and falls within the Average range. However, this estimate of her general intellectual
ability does not give much information into her individual strengths or weaknesses, nor does it give
the total picture of a child's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
lexical development). Three subtests from the WPPSI–IV were presented to Amanda for this
purpose. It should be noted that all of the subtests required Amanda to listen to a question, and then
respond verbally with an answer.
The first subtest administered assessed Amanda's verbal reasoning and concept formation abilities.
Specifically, Amanda was verbally presented with two words and she had to tell the examiner how
they were alike or similar. On this measure she scored in the Average range (Similarities, scaled
score = 9). On the second subtest administered, Amanda was asked general knowledge questions,
which she had to answer verbally (e.g. how many months are in a year). Amanda scored within the
Average range on this subtest (Information: scaled score =9). On the last subtest, Amanda was
presented with a word and was asked to verbally provide a definition. She scored within the Below
Average range (Vocabulary, scaled score = 6) on this task to derive the word meanings. As the task
items increased with difficulty, Amanda responded with " I don't know."
Amanda obtained a Verbal Comprehension score of 93, which is ranked at the 32nd percentile and is
classified in the Average range. An additional composite score taking into account all three subtests
could not be calculated, given the significant difference in the range of scores. When

Cognitive
Anna Parks
PSY/400
10–13–14
Mrs. Bunke
People can display themselves outwardly in a certain manner although on the inside be completely
different. A person's attitude and behavior can influence each other; a person's surrounds will also
have an impact on how the person is. An example of this can be seen in a person committing a crime
such as shoplifting, the person knows this is illegal and not moral but in the right situation the
person may forget his or her moral upbringing and commit the crime any way. Influences on the
individual can be overpowering, causing the person to behave or act in an attitude different from the
person's normal action and behavior. People tend to suffer from ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Teens do this because they have an association that "Sam did it and did not get in trouble, I can do it
too and not get in trouble." These individuals see themselves as invincible because they are in a
group that performs this kind of behavior at all times, so they think nothing of the repercussions that
could come.
Culturally Carla is unsure, her parents have taught her the difference between right and wrong and
the thought of taking the clothes is wrong to her. Even while her grandparents were growing up in
the Great Depression they never stole, what they did not need to survive. She keeps thinking though
that "My friends did it, so can I." Carla grew up in a religious home, her family attends church every
Sunday, and she is very close with her family. People in her family have held honesty and trust to
high standards as well as her religion. Stealing is one of the commandments forbidden to be broken
as well as lying.
If Carla goes through with taking the clothes what will her parents say? Will she still be able to
come to the mall with her friends? Will she be able to participate in the next game at school? Will
her friends think she is a loser if she gets caught? Could she become 'one of them' by taking the
clothing? Carla is also considering how she will feel about herself if she takes the items and how
well her conscience will let her sleep at night. Carla is dealing with moral hypocrisy.

Cognitive Psychology Essay
Plynia Welty
Psych 560
June 11, 2012
Brian Uldall
Evolution of Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology embarked on a revolutionary journey
since the era of Saint Thomas Aquinas (Dr. King, 2012). St. Aquinas was the pioneering mind
behind the idea that behavior can be divided into two areas, cognitive and effect." Logging empirical
research on a subject provides practitioners a comprehensive view of the subject matter" (Dr. King,
2012). In relation to cognitive psychology, one must first have a definition of cognition. The next
line of thinking would be to have a working knowledge if interdisciplinary perspective as related to
cognitive psychology and a description of the appearance of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The cognitive processes begin at age zero and continue until life ceases. However, the cognitive
process will vary from person to person depending on his or her social situation in life and the
amount of intellectual stimulus dedicated to the individual.
Interdisciplinary Perspective as Related to Cognitive Psychology In order to understand the
interdisciplinary perspective in relation to cognitive psychology it is necessary to understand the
discipline itself and its attractiveness. History shows that cognitive psychology was originally
considered experimental psychology (McLeod, 2007). The term cognitive psychology came into use
around 1967 with the publication of a book titled "Cognitive Psychology" by Ulric Neisser
(McLeod, 2007). The Cognitive Science Society officially began in the late 1970's. Psychology was
not considered a main player. The core group was formed from three main disciplines, artificial
intelligence, psychology, and linguistics. While philosophy, neuroscience and anthropology played
smaller roles (Gentner, 2010). Since cognitive psychologusts play a dominant role in the field of
psychology, a large amount of practitioners consider themselves cognitive psychologists. Many sub
disciplines contain cognition and is based on the root of psychology. Cognitive psychology is the
center focus "within the interdisciplinary field study termed cognitive science"

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