1. ABSTRACT SAMPLES OF THE THESIS
Teen Motherhood and Employment Outcomes in the Philippines with Education as
Mediator
by Jane Alexandra A. Siwa (2023)
ABSTRACT
This study aims to contribute to the existing literature on adolescent childbearing in the Philippines by looking at
teen motherhood, education, and employment outcomes. Drawing from the human capital theory, the study uses
data from the 2017 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) to test if education mediates the relationship
between teen motherhood and two employment outcomes: work status and work type.
Using the classic Baron and Kenny steps in establishing mediation, the study found that education mediates the
impact of teen motherhood on work status and work type. Mothers who experienced teen pregnancy had lower
odds of finishing high school or obtaining higher education and mothers with lower educational levels thus have
lower odds of attaining favorable work status and work type. Finishing high school does not necessarily lead to
having a job but it is significantly and positively associated with non-precarious jobs meaning having permanent,
paid, and full-time jobs. Having higher education on the other hand is positively associated with having work and
having a quality job, even when all other factors are controlled for.
Woman’s place of birth and birth cohorts were also included in analyzing work status and work type, as the
selectivity theory posits that women with disadvantageous backgrounds are more likely to be found in
disadvantaged position later in life. Being born in rural areas is also linked with precarious jobs, meaning having
insecure, unpaid or part-time work. Contrary to the hypothesized outcome, women from middle and old cohorts,
born between 1977-1986 and 1967-1976 respectively, were found to have higher odds of being employed or
having a decent employment, indicating a life-cycle effect rather than a cohort effect.
Socio-economic factors (socio-economic status and type of place of residence and family factors (marital status and
co-residence with young child) that may affect women’s work status and work type were also used as controls. The
relationship between teen motherhood, education and work outcomes remains even if socio-economic and family
factors are controlled for. It is nonetheless notable that family factors, particularly marital status and co-residence
with young children matter in women’s current employment. This reflects the persisting gender norms in the world
of work.
The study highly recommends expanding support to teen mothers, especially focusing on providing access to
human capital so they may have better chances of having gainful employment. Measuring direct and indirect
effects of teen pregnancy on employment outcomes using longitudinal studies as well as quasi-experimental
approaches to deepen the analysis of the effects and consequences of teen motherhood are also recommended.
ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS
Correlates of Healthcare Utilization and Unmet Need for Healthcare Services Among
Older Filipinos
2. by Mark Ryan B. Paguirigan (2023)
ABSTRACT
The present study examines the healthcare utilization, namely inpatient care, outpatient care, as well as the unmet
need for healthcare services, among older Filipinos aged 60 years and over using the Andersen behavioral model
for healthcare use as the theoretical model. Data for the analysis was drawn from the baseline data of the
Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Health in the Philippines.
Results show that about 15% of older people used inpatient care, while the corresponding figure for those who
used outpatient care was 42%. Meanwhile, there is evidence of a high level of unmet need for healthcare services,
as indicated by the high proportion of older people who said that they failed to see a doctor even when they felt ill
enough to want to see one (29%), for reasons such as financial constraints, self-medication, or physical distance.
Employing binomial logistic regression, findings indicate that need factors are the most consistent and important
correlates of inpatient utilization, outpatient utilization, and unmet healthcare service needs. Having at least one
chronic disease is consistently found to have a significant association with these three healthcare utilization
outcomes, whereas those who were severely limited and limited but not severely in the last six months because of
a health problem in activities they usually do (GALI) is associated with inpatient care and unmet need for health
services, but not with outpatient care. Furthermore, it is found that predisposing and enabling factors played a very
minimal role in older people's inpatient and outpatient utilization. However, the urban-rural disparity was
prominent for these two healthcare outcomes. Moreover, results show that those in the terminal age group (80+),
least educated, belonging to the lowest household quintile, and having at least one IADL difficulty are more likely
to report unmet need for healthcare services.
Results have important policy implications for the Philippines as the shift in the demographic makeup, such as the
consistent increase in the number and proportion of older Filipinos over time and the growth rate of this
subpopulation, suggest an increase in the use of healthcare services in the future.
ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS
Paying It Forward: Assessing the Correlates of Generativity Among Older Persons in
the Philippines
3. by Leonardo M. Jaminola III (2023)
ABSTRACT
Generativity has been defined as the concern to guide and nurture the next generation. While included in many
conceptualizations of healthy and successful ageing, generativity among older adults has not been thoroughly
studied, especially in the Philippines. Using the data from the baseline survey of the Longitudinal Study of Ageing
and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP) conducted in 2018, the study aims to examine the correlates of generativity
among older persons in the Philippines. The correlates used in the study can be grouped into three (3) categories:
personal characteristics, familial relations, and social participation. Generativity was measured using a shortened
version of the Loyola Generative Scale (LGS). Based on the results of regression analysis, the following variables are
positively correlated with generativity: wealth score, educational attainment, and membership in a religious
organization. Interestingly, none of the variables grouped under familial relations influenced the generativity score
of older Filipinos. Generativity allows older adults to maintain their skills and competencies as they share these
with other people. This also allows them to develop adaptive processes as they age. As such, generativity is an
important factor in improving the social and overall well-being of older adults.
