The Role Of Cultural Diversity In Australia

The Role Of Cultural Diversity In Australia
Language can also be diverse and standard. Australia is a diverse country and cultural diversity
plays a major part in language. When understanding the enormity of language diversity, we can view
The Australian Bureau of Statistics (2015). The ABS (2015) reports that 28.2% of the Australian
resident population were born overseas, which equates to approximately 6.7 million people. World
languages and world Englishes will be present in school communities. Emmitt (2010, p 53) tells us
teacher's must appreciate that children who acquire another first language will bring a different
culture and a diverse way of creating reality and meaning. Adoniou (2014) expresses concern being
society participates in destruction of a child's mother tongue, ... Show more content on
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Halliday (1993) explains in feature one of his theory that an infant engages in symbolic acts, which
refers to meaningful acts. When a child is born signs are created for interacting with others and
construing experience into meaning, for example; babies reaching and grasping trying to explore
their exterior domain, this is a sign that sometimes demands a response for an adult which turns into
a meaning. Crying is also a way of communicating with adults, it is the role of an adult to endeavour
to interpret this language and make meaning of it to assist them. According to Piaget's theory,
cognitive development unfolds in organised sequence of four stages (O'Donnell et. al., 2016, p.
104). An infant will be in the sensorimotor stage, at this age and infants do not think conceptually,
they use their sensory and motor skills to understand their environment. This sensorimotor stage
agrees with Halliday's symbolic acts theory. As children reach Piaget's next stage; preoperational; at
the approximate ages between two and seven, they will start to use symbolism to represent various
aspects of their surroundings (O'Donnell et. al., 2016, p. 105). O'Donnell et. al., (2016, p. 106)
informs us that the preoperational stage means that preschool children do not think logically, they
use intuition and use perception, not
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The Ability Of Communicate Through Writing
Summary of the project:
The ability to communicate through writing has been imperative to meet various needs such as
social, professional and academic needs (Mahendran, 2013). However, writing is a difficult and a
complicated skill especially for students who are non–native of a particular language, which makes
it hard for them to meet the writing needs in academic domains particularly. This difficulty is
attributed to the fact that writing comes at last as a skill in terms of its acquirement for both native
and second language speakers of the language (Hamp and Heasly, 2006). For the sake of facilitating
the acquirement of this important skill, effective and new approaches to teaching are to be
incorporated in the classroom practices. One of these approaches is Systemic Functional Linguistics,
which views language as a set of systems, each of which offers people choices to express meanings
(Bloor & Bloor, 1995). This project is two case studies of an EFL classroom that is based on Saudi
Arabia with the intention of improving the academic writing concentrating on two persuasive genre
writings, which are discussion and exposition genres. To do so, SFL is employed with its powerful
analytical tools that are helpful in educational contexts. In particular, these analytical tools examine
written language in the way sentences and clauses are organized as well as the way sentences are
joined together to make a whole text (Coffin, 1996; Feez, 1998; Rothery,

Creative Thinking Is A Technique Of Observing Problems
Literature Review Creative thinking is a technique of observing problems or situations that suggests
unusual solutions. Creative thinking can be stimulated both by an unstructured process such as
brainstorming, or by a structured process, such as lateral thinking. Having reviewed some of the
most recent theoretical approaches in the study of creativity, we wanted to compare between
teaching strategies at the undergraduate level, the behavior of the professors and training methods
provided about creative thinking and how to deal with students to develop creativity. Some students
have the ability to think creatively by asking questions outside the textbooks, but unfortunately, the
school does not provide additional incentives and support for ... Show more content on
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The data retrieval occurs in the memory and involves retrieving learned information using creative
thinking techniques. However, there are fundamental differences in the creative thinking strategies
for teaching biology and reading classes at the undergraduate level. One can group these teaching
methods according to six main concepts relating to cognition, the making of connections,
pedagogical teaching techniques, and creativity obtained from content knowledge, adaptive
expertise and amplification of creativity through collaborative thinking. Kozbelt, Beghetto & Runco
(2010) say that the creativity phenomenon and the use of creative thinking to teach Eurocentric
languages like English involves multiple interpretations. One can derive multiple conclusions and
contexts from a single sentence as a result of the mind's ability to look for subtle sub contexts or
hidden meanings. Thus only narrow creativity aspects are comprehensible in terms of verifiable
hypothesis that provide concrete "Yes" or "No" answers. That is definite losers or winners. The
paper will look at these concepts and come up with fundamental differences between the teaching
methods used in undergraduate biology and English language instruction. The Cognition refers to
the unique set of an individual 's mental processes and abilities that are related to various things.
These include general memory, attention, judgment, evaluation, problem solving, production of
language,

Political Speech: The Role Of Politics And Politics
Political speeches are the crucial activity that links the different parts of society together and allow
them to be as united entire. The core of political speech is the ability of the politician to use
language and symbols that wake latent tendencies among the masses. Politics is a means for power
in order to put certain political, economic and social concepts into practice. Language plays an
essential role, for every political action is prepared, attended, influenced and played by language.so
language and politics are closely interleaved. The main objective of political speech is to get the
corresponding effect through persuasion. Politicians wish to increase people's interest and to
strengthen their image, to make people share their opinions and to agree with their ideas to inform
the general public of their ideology and message. Making speeches is a vital part of the politician's
role in announcing policy and persuading people to agree with it. Language that is used in the public
sphere is defined as political language, so political language is a term introduced by the social
scientists, when the aim is to influence power. At the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It achieves different functions because of different political events. Teun A. van Dijk in his
paper''Political Discourse''asserts that the definition of PDA in the actors and the authors is untrue
because politicians are not the only actors in political domains. We should also involve the different
addressees in political communicative events, such as the public, the people, citizens, and other
groups. When we find politics and its discourses in the public sphere, different participants in
political communication appear on the

The Presentation Of The Self By Irving Goffman
Concept note: Dramaturgy The sociological concept 'dramaturgy', developed by Irving Goffman
(1922 – 1982), was initially used in his book The Presentation of the Self (1959). Dramaturgy uses
the theatre as an extended metaphor to explain social interaction and social roles. Like actors in a
play, people play roles, working together to up hold various social realities and functional
institutions such as work, school, home, medical, legal or leisure. Key components of this theory are
'front and back' and 'impression management', which enable analysis of how identities are presented
and understood through symbols, and the differing ways people behave when they are in and out of
role: enabling preparation and reflection, and ability to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although arguably, Rawls considers Goffman's concept to be situated between micro and macro, the
methods of study involved are at the micro level. An obvious critique of Goffman's dramaturgy, is
that it overlooks power (Giddens 1987, 2009, Scott 2015:18), and the stratifying aspects of society:
gender, ethnicity and class (Jacobson 2014). However, it can be argued that Goffman addressed
power in Asylums (1961) where minor acts of resistance were performed by patients who had been
stripped of the tools for identity presentation. Furthermore, in his observances of relations between
different groups and persons in the careful management of who sees the non–performative 'back
region' self (1959: 234). These were examples of power at micro levels, rather than macro, making
dramaturgy a micro–functionalist and interactionalist theory, rendering it tricky to categorise, but
offering it flexibility. The concept itself is highly transferrable and could be applied to specific
studies addressing the macro concepts of identity through micro analysis. Notably, Judith Butler did
this, using 'performativity' to deconstruct gender identity as learnt, performed and then embodied, in
the sense of Elias's 'habitus'. Highlighting the overarching cultural belief in gender, which can
constraint and shape individuals identity from the moment they are born (sometimes before). Further
critique has been made that 'The

The, The And, And The New York Times And Tehran
Thematization is considered the mental act or process of selecting particular topics as themes in
discourse or words as themes in sentences. This paper examines thematization strategies in English
opinion articles written by American and Iranian journalists. To this end, two of the leading
newspapers in the United States and Iran, The New York Times and Tehran Times, have been
chosen. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of textual features and marked and
unmarked themes of 12 opinion articles (6 from each newspaper), this study aims to find out how
these two groups of professional writers organize their themes, into marked and unmarked ones and
what effects these organizations have on the audiences. The findings revealed that textual features
were present in both sets of data. The occurrences of marked and unmarked themes were not
significantly different. The findings revealed that thematization patterns can help the understanding
of the texts. The results also showed that marked themes have an impact on the audiences. The
results were relatively the same in the original texts and their translations.
Keywords: Thematization Patterns; Marked Theme; Unmarked Theme; Theme and Rheme;
Systemic Functional Grammar.
1. Introduction
Theme/rheme plays a major role in organizing the message and in enabling it to be communicated
and understood clearly (Halliday, 1994). Whatever is chosen to be the first place, will influence the
hearer/reader 's interpretation of

The Opposing Theory Of Halliday 's Systemic Functional...
The opposing theory of Halliday's Systemic Functional Linguistics is Chomsky's Innate Language
Theory. Chomsky describes his theory as language unfolding through natural cognitive ability (Torr,
2015). Instead of the idea of learning language from social interactions and other people, language is
something already in the mind that is unlocked (Grammar before meaning, nativist's perspective).
This innate ability is called "Language Acquisition Device (LAD)" (Chomsky 1987, Cited in Harris,
2009, pp.12) and is something children are born with. This device is unrelated and unchanged by the
environment and social circumstances of the child, (Torr, 2015). The theory is viewed as unpopular
due to a question researchers had in its early stages, ("How could infants possibly learn the
underlying syntactic rules of the language on the basis of their exposure to such poor linguistic
input?" (Torr 2015, pp. 244)). The question was later answered by the idea of LAD. Finally,
Halliday characterised the theory, expressing "...learning of structure is really the heart of the
language learning process... not too far–fetched to recognize in the use of the term acquisition...
therefore language itself, is a commodity of some kind that the child has to gain possession of in the
course of maturation ' (Halliday, 1975. Cited in Torr 2015, pp. 244 ) basically stating that language
development maybe a combination of both theories. Although the unpopular of the two theories,
Chomsky had a grand influence

Essay On Systemic Functional Grammar
I. Introduction
1.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics
According to Halliday systemic functional linguistics (SFL) considers a language as a system of
expressing meaning within context. Generally it is applied in understanding the quality of texts, the
most authentic products of human interaction. Halliday (1985) considers a text as a semantic
phenomenon but not as a grammatical one. However, as he notes semantics is interrelated to
grammar as meaning is conveyed through wording that is with the help of grammar. In order to trace
the meaning of a text discursive grammar should be functional and semantic at the same time, to be
precise, grammatical categories must be interpreted as an expression of semantic models. Thus,
according to Fontaine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Metafunctional Analysis
3.1 Transitivity
Transitivity is a concept that looks on how meaning is conveyed in the clause. By definition,
transitivity in systemic functional linguistics is a system that is process–centered and which encodes
and decodes the experience and knowledge of human beings via lexicogrammar. According to
Halliday (1967) transitivity is a property of clauses rather than verbs. Thompson (2000) also claims
that transitivity is a system that describes the whole clause, rather than a verb and its object.
Explicate
3.2 Nominal group
3.3 Mood
3.4 Theme & Rheme
References
EGGINS, Suzanne. (1994). An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London, Pinter.
The Man and the Satyr. (2015). Aesop's Fables.

Rhetorical Analysis On Asylum Seekers
Clarification of Terms
Asylum seeker: Someone who is seeking international protection but whose claim for refugee status
has not yet been determined. Includes people who arrive per different methods of transportation, but
for the purposes of this analysis, will refer exclusive to asylum seekers arriving by boat to Australia.
See also: 'illegal maritime arrival',
Refugee: Someone who has been recognised under the 1951 UN Convention Relating to the Status
of Refugees to be a refugee. The Convention defines a 'refugee' as any person who:
"... owing to well–founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality,
membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality
and is unable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Social construction theorists suggest that identity differences are categories constructed by social
rather than biological processes. Importantly, social categories are bounded by and are often
dichotomised in both the private and public psyche. Markus et al further argue that Australia's
current social and political responses to difference are situated within the broader context of colonial
invasion, Indigenous oppression and the White Australia Policy. In the political power play and
linguistic treatment of the emblematically powerless reveals not only core party values, but varying
conceptions of Australian identity. This is especially recognisable when political debate is
considered in the context of three distinct time periods and political situations, demonstrating a
transient grasp of elusive 'Australianness' in a society defined not by what is desirable, but what is
not, thereby degrading ideals of multi–cultural egalitarianism. Put simply, Australia's postcolonial
desire to control its borders and regulate the Hegelian 'Other' underpins the politicisation of the 'boat
people' phenomenon. This relates closely to Chomsky's assertion that intentionally inducing fear of a
"terrifying enemy" is a standard device used "to whip the domestic population of any country into
line" behind contentious

The Grammar Of A Language
According to Systemic Functional Linguistics, as mentioned in the introduction of the paper,
grammar is also defined as lexico grammar because it is interrelated to the vocabulary. The aim of
SFL is to show that people use language to exchange meaning and interact with each other.
Moreover, «Grammar within lexico grammar has a specific power because it lies underneath the
threshold of consciousness" (Butt et al., 2004: 270). When the reader looks at the headings of each
activity, apparently he can depict that there must have been certain choices which influence the
meaning and the communicative purposes of the tasks through the increase of the lexico grammar
within the tasks. The headings such as "Discovering patterns of language use, Grammar in action,
Follow up" have simple, playful words which promotes motivation and willingness to go through
them in contrary to the traditional patterns of textbooks. There are various ways to describe the
grammar of a language. It has been observed that over the last decades , teachers all over the world
use either the traditional way of teaching grammar or the innovative based on the CLT approach in
the classroom. Typically, grammar is seen as a set of discrete rules to produce grammatically correct
sentences. This is called by linguistics formal grammar in contrary to the functional one, in which
the primary concern is with the communication. As far as my teaching practice is concerned, I used
to teach intermediate level

Language And Michael Jakobson's Functions Of Language
Functions of language Language is the method of human communication, either spoken or written,
consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.
Language is a source of communication along with it performs many functions that are defined by
many linguists in a different way. They have variety of approaches that are used to explain the
functions of language.
Michael Halliday's functions of language
Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday (often M. A. K. Halliday; born 13 April 1925) is a British–
born Australian linguist who developed the internationally influential systemic functional linguistic
model of language. His grammatical descriptions go by the name of systemic functional grammar
(SFG).[1] Halliday describes language ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This function is associated with the sender factor. Sender is bold to his/her feelings. Interjections are
found in almost all languages of the world to express happiness and sadness through sounds and
words. It also shows the internal state of a person that how he/she is feeling about an event or an
object.
EXAMPLE
Wow! Muree hills are amazing.
Bravo! You did well in the examination.
THE CONATIVE FUNCTION OF LANGUAGE
Conative function is associated to the receiver of the message. The person is directly called or
addressed and the functions are associated with him. Different characteristics or traits are assigned
to the receiver. Imperatives or vocatives are best examples of conative function of language as the
receiver is clearly addressed.
EXAMPLE
Ahmed is running on the road.
Aslam is driving the car.
THE PHATIC FUNCTION
This function is associated with the channel factor. This function is only for intreraction. This
function is used to start a communication or to end a conversation. The language is used for formal
discussions , greetings and to talk with strangers.

Managment Information System
SYSTEM CONCEPTS
A system can be simply defined as a group of interrelated or interacting elements forming a unified
whole. Many examples of systems can be found in the physical and biological sciences, in modern
technology, and in human society. Thus, we can talk of the physical system of the sun and its
planets, the biological system of the human body, the technological system of an oil refinery, and the
socioeconomic system of a business organization. A system is a group of interrelated components
working together toward a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized
transformation process. Such a system (sometimes called a dynamic system) has three basic
interacting components or functions:
Input ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This information system model highlights the relationships among the components and activities of
information systems. It provides a framework that emphasizes four major concepts that can be
applied to all types of information systems: People, hardware, software, data, and networks are the
five basic resources of information systems. People resources include end users and IS specialists,
hardware resources consist of machines and media, software resources include both programs and
5
procedures, knowledge
data bases,
resources and
can
include
data
and

network
resources
include
communications media and networks. Data resources are transformed by information processing
activities into a variety of information products for end users. Information processing consists of
input, processing, output, storage, and control activities.
INFORMATION SYSTEM RESOURCES (i) PEOPLE RESOURCES People are required for the
operation of all information systems. These people resources include end users and IS specialists.
End users (also called users or clients) are people who use an

The Study And Analysis Of Actual Language
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Basically, the study and analysis of
actual language in use is the goal of text and discourse analysis. Carter (2006: 902) notes that;
ellipsis is regarded as universal property of natural language, but its scope and means of realization
are not alike substantially from language to language. The existing of ellipsis is everywhere
linguistic activity is performed, in any medium, writing and speaking. Ellipsis is an important
phenomenon which is obligatory omitted in the grammar and normally in actual discourse, it is
found in different types of discourse. In this chapter, the theoretical background of ellipsis will be
given in order to trace the development of subject. Chapter two consists of three main parts. The
first includes discussions of issues related to the subject of this study: definition of ellipsis, relations
within ellipsis, ellipsis in discourse, and difficulties with ellipsis. The second part focuses on the
types of ellipsis and shades lights on linguists' models of ellipsis in both sentence level and text
level. Halliday and Hasan`s model represents text level while Quirk et al`s represents sentence level.
The final section in this chapter is previous study which discusses development of ellipsis that is
tackled by various researchers. 2.2 Definition of ellipsis There is virtually agreement about the
definition of ellipsis by all grammarians, the absence of linguistic items from the surface or overt

Discourse Analysis In Discourse
Discourse refers to the process of interaction. Discourse is language use that is seen as a form of
social practice (Fairclough, 1995:7). It can be said that discourse which is considered as a process of
interaction has several purposes and functions in a society. Language that is used in representing
social issues or topics in discourse is the key to make successful process. Therefore, language has to
be meaningful and it has to do something, so that the message can be interpreted as what the speaker
or writer is doing through discourse. Moreover, in doing discourse, the speaker or writer also has to
be supported by social power.
2.2 Discourse Analysis (DA)
Discourse is language studies which is related to social action and interaction in real social
situations (Fairclough, 1995:18). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Schiffrin 1994:40)
Those three different definitions lead people to understand what discourse analysis actually is. Even
their approaches are differ from one and another, but it helps people to acknowledge the tremendous
scope of discourse analysis. Giving different definitions of discourse makes people realize that
discourse analysis has a wide area in linguistics. It can be concluded that discourse analysis has a
number of approaches to analyze language structure, language use or any significant semiotic event.
2.3 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
Critical discourse analysis is an approach which is used by the researcher to focus on the study of
the text. Critical discourse analysis is viewed as an approach that aims to investigate language in
relation to power and ideology (Fairclough, 1995:23). It is also assumed as an approach which links
the detailed analysis of text, which is practiced in linguistics, with societal concerns about class,
gender, race, ethnicity, and sexuality as studied in the social

Why Is Human Speech?
Why is human speech is unique compared to other animals? Well, both humans and animals can
communicate in motions, however humans can communicate in forms of signals and symbols,
which could be gestures, sounds, or written words. Main differences between human and primates in
regards to speech is that humans have an open vocal system while primates have a closed vocal
system. Homo sapiens is probably the only animal that uses language to communicate with one
another which distinguishes us from other animals. Through age four, most folks are able to
communicate through oral language. At age six or seven, us humans are able to understand and
express written thoughts. This distinctive ability of communicating through a native language
clearly separates us from all animals. Then we question: where did we obtain this distinctive trait?
Most animals make sounds and grunts to communicate. Are humans really the only species that can
communicate in a form of spoken language? When it comes to evolution, humans evolved from
apes. The first putative hominin is Sahelanthropus tchadensis from Chad, which is about 6–7 million
years old, as noted by Michel Brunet among others in their 2002 paper in Nature, while our closest
living relative to the Homo sapiens is the chimpanzee, yet chimps do not have speech which
indicates some degree of genetic divergence. Molecular data suggest that humans and chimpanzees
diverged from a common ancestor ~5–7 million years ago. Another factor supporting

Political Speech: The Functions Of Politics And Politics
Political speeches are the crucial activity that links the different parts of society together and allow
them to be as united entire. The core of political speech is the ability of the politician to use
language and symbols that wake latent tendencies among the masses. Politics is a means for power
in order to put certain political, economic and social concepts into practice. Language plays an
essential role, for every political action is prepared, attended, influenced and played by language.so
language and politics are closely interleaved. The main objective of political speech is to get the
corresponding effect through persuasion. Politicians wish to increase people's interest and to
strengthen their image, to make people share their opinions ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It achieves different functions because of different political events. Teun A. van Dijk in his
paper''Political Discourse''asserts that the definition of PDA in the actors and the authors is untrue
because politicians are not the only actors in political domains. We should also involve the different
addressees in political communicative events, such as the public, the people, citizens, and other
groups. When we find politics and its discourses in the public sphere, different participants in
political communication appear on the scene. According to Fairclough, CDA is interested in the
study of the relation between two hypotheses about language use, thus language use is shaped
socially, and also society shaped by language use. He bases this idea on Halliday's systemic
functional linguistics (SFL). He determines the theoretical hypothesis that texts and discourses are
socially structured: Language use is always simultaneously a combination identity, relations systems
of knowledge and beliefs in a

Critical Discourse Analysis ( Cda )
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach, which has been further
developed on the basis of Discourse Analysis (DA) since 1970s. The insights have been expanded
into a broader range of social, cultural, psychological and political practices. It is regarded as the
textual study aiming to elucidate the abuses of power residing in the texts by analyzing
linguistic/semiotic remarks in accordance with the existing (social, political, cultural, etc.) contexts
in which those texts circulate (Wodak: 2001, 1–2; Fairclough: 1995; Huckin, Andrus, and Clary–
Lemon: 2012, 107; Rashidi and Souzandehfar: 2010, 56; Economou: 2009, 42). As many linguists
and scholars' engagement with the study of CDA, there already has been several schools or genres
with their representative figures. Although the history and development of CDA study is still a bit
premature and there is no distinct framework of wide–recogonition, according to van Dijk (2007),
there are mainly four approaches to it: 1) the Critical Linguistics (CL) developed by Fowler et al.
(1979; 1991; 1996), Kress (1985); sociocultural/socio–semiotic approach proposed by Fairclough
(1985; 1988; 1989; 1992; 1995; 2003; 2006); discourse–historical created by Wodak (1996, 2001)
and Wodak et al. (1999); and sociocognitive approach introduced by van Dijk (1998, 2001, 2002)
(Rashidi, Souzandehfar: 2010, 56–57; Economou: 42).
CL is considered originally being introduced by Fowler et al. in their book of Language and

New Caoleia Case Study
The study has adopted a novel approach to CDA by using linguistic tools such as Systemic
Functional Grammar and Pragma–Dialectics, as well as insights from postcolonialism and
poststructuralism to explore the impact of power and ideology on language use and social or
political practice in the New Caledonian decolonisation process. Not only was linguistic evidence
adduced to show how the French dominant powers employ a common destiny rhetoric to manipulate
the other groups into accepting that New Caledonia needs to remain closely associated with France,
motivated by a neo–imperialist agenda, but the standpoints advanced by the representatives of the
main stakeholder groups involved in the plurilogical conflict between the French, Caldoche ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Part of the innovative character of the project is that it does not merely focus on texts produced by
the French colonisers or the Caldoche politicians, it also includes the perspective of the formerly
colonised and discriminated minority population. The samples selected for the study feature several
different genres and registers and include interviews, public letters, a political speech, responses to
an online questionnaire and poetry, as expressed in various French registers. Adequate
contextualisation of the discourse uttered by the interlocutors is provided to disclose how discursive
formations are historically transmitted and to reveal various linguistic patterns in the discourse that
may be linked to underlying ideologies or constructions of shared knowledge. It is exactly this
realisation of incongruent value systems that ought to propel French political action towards a policy
of cultural recognition and a long overdue acknowledgement of the Kanak right to self–
determination. The resulting pragma–functional approach to Critical Discourse Studies analyses
discourse as a social practice that contains argumentation, since it aims to have a positive or
negative impact on its recipients' views and behaviour. Due to its perlocutionary character,
argumentation is interpreted psychologically

Difference Between Language And Linguistics
INTRODUCTION
Although language and linguistics have differences, they interact with each other via significance,
influence and implications shared through language teaching.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language which is composed of sound and speech sound, and is
concerned with how language is structured, how language is changed, how people use the language
and what they must know in order to do so. In the 19th century, the focus of linguistics was more
about writing than speaking, however in the 20th century, the focus was initially on the primary
sound, and furthermore on the superficial nature of writing. Many features are related to modern
linguistics, which range from physical properties of sound waves in utterances, to the intentions
speaker have towards conversation with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Language is as it is because of the functions in which it has evolved in the human species" (Halliday
& Matthiessen, 2004)
5. Communicative competence
Communicative competence is described as grammatical understanding of the perfect language, and
does not relate to the authentic use of language in actual circumstances. Communicative competence
emphasises the context in which utterance transpires, and the skill to accomplish a range of speech
acts. Four main components include:
5.1. Possibility – ability to produce grammatical sentences; related to whether something is officially
possible or not. An open, knowledgeable and experienced speaker understands the sentence me go
sleep now contravenes the grammatical rules, while I am going to sleep now does not (Cook, 2003)
5.2. Feasibility – ability to produce sentences which can be decoded by human brain; related to
whether something is achievable or not. Feasibility refers to "a psychological concept concerned
with limitation to what can be processed by the

Toward a General Modular Systems Theory and Its...
Toward a General Modular Systems Theory and Its Application to Interfirm Product Modularity
Author(s): Melissa A. Schilling Reviewed work(s): Source: The Academy of Management Review,
Vol. 25, No. 2 (Apr., 2000), pp. 312–334 Published by: Academy of Management Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/259016 . Accessed: 26/03/2012 07:35 Your use of the JSTOR archive
indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not–for–profit service that helps
scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted
digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Authors have even noted trends toward increasing modularity (particularly in the United States) in
educational curricula, architecture, literature, and music (Blair, 1988). Modularity exponentially
increases the number of possible configurations achievable from a given set of inputs, greatly
increasing the flexibility of a system. However, research also indicates that not all systems migrate
toward increasing modularity; some appear to follow a path toward increasing integration. In
product systems, for example, sets of components that once were easily mixed and matched may
sometimes be bundled into a single integrated package that does not allow (or that discourages)
substitution of other components. Many commonly used software applications are now bundled into
"software suites" that promote seam– 2000 Schilling 313 less integration. Although they do not
prohibit using other vendor components, they discourage it by offering dramatically improved
performance through the combination of the particular set of applications. Even bicycle
componentryonce typically sold as individual components, such as brakes, gear sets, cranks, and
derailleurs–now is sold predominantly in integrated component bundles that may not be mixed and
matched. In organizational systems, researchers have noted that whereas in many industries firms
other industries appear to be disaggregating, (e.g., banking and health care) are characterized by
increasing

An Study And Analysis Of Actual Language Used Is The Goal...
CHAPTER TWO ELLIPSIS IN ENGLISH 2.1 Introduction Basically, the study and analysis of
actual language in use is the goal of text and discourse analysis. CAarter (2006: 902) notes that;
"ellipsis is regarded as universal property of natural language, but its scope and means of realization
are not alike substantially from language to language." Ellipsis can be considered as having a double
function: informative and stylistic. The informative function is related to effective means of
communication where it is necessary to avoid redundancy. However, text linguists agree that
stylistic function is concerned with cohesive style. The existing of ellipsis is everywhere linguistic
activity is performed, in any medium, writing and speaking. However, it is more frequent in the
spoken form than in the written one. This can be ascribed to the fact that speakers tend to be
economical in their speech, and to avoid repetition so that their speech would not be tedious and
boring. Ellipsis is an important phenomenon which is obligatory omitted in the grammar and
normally in actual discourse, it is found in different types of discourse. In this chapter, the
theoretical background of ellipsis will be given in order to trace the topic under investigation. It
consists of three main parts: the first includes presentation of issues related to the subject of this
study: definition of ellipsis, relations within ellipsis, ellipsis in discourse, and difficulties with
ellipsis. The second part

Models of Metadiscourse Essay examples
Metadiscourse has traditionally been defined in general as 'text about text'. This too broad, and
rather imprecise, definition entails a degree of reflexivity with which a text is enabled to refer to or
to talk about itself or its parts. The concept of metadiscourse may have borrowed its reflexivity
property to language in general, which can also function reflexively comment on the language or
verbal system itself. In this reflexive form of language, called 'metalanguage', the metalinguistic
function of language, which is also central to the metadiscourse model used in this study, is most
evident.
The metalinguistic function is one of the six functions of language proposed by Jakobson (1998),
and the other five are expressive, directive, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These functions are apparent in a definition of metadiscourse by Williams (1989: 27–28), a
researcher into metadiscourse who works under this approach: "the language that we use when we
describe what we are doing as we think and write about the content of our primary ideas, or what we
want our readers to be doing as they read. It is writing about reading and writing." Crismore et al
(1993: 39) put more consideration towards the improved readability of text as the main function of
metadiscourse: "for how readers should read, react to, and evaluate what they have written about the
subject matter". Among researchers into metadiscourse who work under the broad approach is
Vande Kopple (1985, 1988), whose classification of metadiscourse into seven kinds has been used
and developed in research by other researchers as well. A brief summary of his taxonomy, adapted
from Adel's summary with her examples (2006: 168–170) will be presented here. The first group is
'Text Connectives', which highlights text organization and relations between one part of a text with
another and connects pieces of information in the text. It comprises four subgroups: Logical
connectors (on the other hand), Announcements (as we shall see, in later chapters), Reminders (the
argument about progress describe above), and Sequencers (First, ... Second, ...). 'Code Glosses' (that
is, contradiction) give signals and hint at rephrasing and interpretations of the text; it anticipates
responses towards the

SLA Lg teaching methods & approaches
An Overview of Language Teaching Methods and Approaches "...there is, as Gebhard et al.
(1990:16) argue, no convincing evidence from pedagogic research, including research into second
language instruction, that there is any universally or 'best' way to teach. Although, clearly, particular
approaches are likely to prove more effective in certain situations, blanket prescription is difficult to
support theoretically. The art of teaching does not lie in accessing a checklist of skills but rather in
knowing which approach to adopt with different students, in different curricular circumstances or in
different cultural settings (Klapper 2001:17). Such pedagogic choices are most effective when
underpinned by an appreciation of what ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This distinction was developed and recast by Richards and Rodgers (1982, 1985) as Approach,
Design and Procedure, encompassed within the overall concept of Method, "an umbrella term for
the specification and interrelation of theory and practice" (Richards & Rodgers 1985: 16) where
Approach refers to the beliefs and theories about language, language learning and teaching that
underlie a method Design relates the theories of language and learning to the form and function of
teaching materials and activities in the classroom; Procedure concerns the techniques and practices
employed in the classroom as consequences of particular approaches and designs. (Richards &
Rodgers 1985:17) There are many publications discussing the various language teaching methods
employed over the years. We have drawn here, inter alia, upon Chapter Two of H. Douglas Brown's
Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy (Longman/ Pearson
Education, White Plains, New York, 2nd edition 2001). Brown draws a distinction between methods
as "specific, identifiable clusters of theoretically compatible classroom techniques" (p15), and
methodology as "pedagogical practices in general...Whatever considerations are involved in 'how to
teach' are methodological" (ibid.).'Methodology' here can thus be equated to Richards and Rodgers'
'Procedure'. Pedagogic approaches are

Schema Theory From The Realm Of Social Cognition
In answering the first question, I have proposed the concept of thematic perspectivization which
rests on the three constituent components of (a) perspectivizer, representing the author realized as
the topical Theme 'I'; (b) perspectivizee, denoting any other human participant – again, topically
thematic – that is being potentially perspectivized by the author; and (c) perspectivized, encoding
any event, action, or role perceived by the author or by the perspectivizee. All three components
were argued to correspond to certain types of schema whose relevant information has been
linguistically cued within the scope of the Rheme; and this is where the answer to the second
question emerged in research. In order to answer the second question, the present study has
employed the schema theory from the realm of social cognition, but of course without separating
itself from the concept of thematic perspectivization. Crucially, the three different types of schema,
person, self–, and role, were theoretically and analytically presented to be compatible with the three
components of thematic perspectivization: perspectivizee, perspectivizer, and perspectivized,
respectively. In the data analysis, new information, appearing as part of Rheme structure, proved to
linguistically mark or cue related schemas; hence, the principle of meta–schematic information can
be said to be inseparable from thematic perspectivization both in theory and in practice. Indeed, the
information about the

Anz Bank
2014 ANNUAL REPORT
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited ABN 11 005 357 522
This Annual Report (Report) has been prepared for Australia and New Zealand Banking Group
Limited ("the Company") together with its subsidiaries which are variously described as: "ANZ",
"Group", "ANZ Group", "the Bank", "us", "we" or "our".
ANZ ANNUAL REPORT 2014
ANZ IS EXECUTING A FOCUSED STRATEGY
TO BUILD THE BEST CONNECTED, MOST RESPECTED
BANK ACROSS THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION
WHO WE ARE AND HOW WE OPERATE
ANZ's history of expansion and growth stretches over 175 years. We have a strong franchise in
Retail, Commercial and Institutional banking in our home markets of Australia and
New Zealand and we have been operating in Asia Pacific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Finally, we focused on strengthening management depth and the alignment between business,
operations, technology and enablement. We are committed to delivering above–peer earnings
growth with strong capital and expense disciplines, targeting further productivity improvements
over the next three years while increasing return on equity from current levels.
This will be achieved by strengthening our position in Australia and New Zealand, growing in Asia
and sharing common technology, processes, products and services that are designed with our
customers in mind.
1
2
CONTENTS

Section 1
Section 3
Financial Highlights
5
Five Year Summary
196
Chairman's Report
6
Principal Risks and Uncertainties
197
Chief Executive Officer's Report
7
Supplementary Information
206
Directors' Report
8
Shareholder Information
208
– Operating and Financial Review
12
Glossary of Financial Terms
214
– Remuneration Report

28
Alphabetical Index
216
Corporate Governance
57
Section 2
Financial Statements
77
Notes to the Financial Statements
84
Directors' Declaration and
Responsibility Statement
193
Independent Auditor's Report
194
CONTENTS
3
SECTION 1
Financial Highlights
5
Chairman's Report
6
Chief Executive Officer's Report

Verb and Gerund
Introduction My course paper is called the gerund. I have chosen this subject, because I want to
know more about the gerund. There are several reasons for it: 1)1 want know more about the
gerund, because it will help me in my future studying, will help me not to produce errors ; 2) Since
most languages ( e.g.: Spanish, Russian, French) have infinitives, but no gerunds; 3) This will help
me to increase my outlook.
I think the use of the gerunds in English is problem, because use infinitive is easier, and How I
wrote above the gerund is no in the Russian language. This is one of the reasons why students do
mistakes.
The gerund is rendered in Russian in different ways: a) The gerund executes the functions of a
subject in the sentences, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The English verbs include four forms distinctly differing one another within the general verb
system: the infinitive, the present participle, the past participle and the gerund. As natural results of
its origin and development the gerund has nominal and verbal properties. The nominal characteristic
of the gerund are followed: The gerund can be perform the functions of subject, predicative, object,
adverbial modifier, and attribute. I will describe all of them. The Gerund is the non–finite form of
the verb which combines the properties of the verb with those of the noun. The gerund serves as the
verbal name of a process, but its substantive quality is more strongly pronounced than that of the
infinitive. Namely, as different from the infinitive, and
similar to the noun, the gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or its pronominal
equivalents (expressing the subject of the verbal process), and it can be used with prepositions.
Since the gerund is an abstract name of the process denoted by the verbal lexeme, a question might
arise, why the infinitive, and not the gerund is taken as the head–form of the verbal lexeme as a

The Role Of Cultural Diversity In Australia

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