Mandatory GuidelinesUntil the 1980s, judges generally had wi.docx
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Mandatory Guidelines Until the 1980s, judges generally had wide discretion in handing down sentences. The system’s shift toward punishment brought with it changes in sentencing procedures. State legislatures began adopting sentencing guidelines that legally limited the judges’ discretion. In the past, some judges imposed sentences that were too lenient. Therefore, sentencing guidelines were developed in an effort to bring uniformity and rationality to sentencing and to curb what was perceived to be the excessive power of judges in matters of sentencing. Currently, many states have their own sentencing guidelines, and the federal system has its own guidelines as well. Federal sentencing guidelines are regulations that lay down a uniform sentencing policy for convicted defendants in the US federal court system. Tasks: By the due date assigned , in at least 250 words, post to the Discussion Area your answers to the following questions: One of the pressing issues for courts is mandatory sentencing guidelines. Do you believe that those guidelines provide fair sentencing for crimes for the guilty or impose unfair restraints on the judge’s ability to sentence? Support your answer with examples of particular criminal cases. ...
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Assignment Evaluate the equity of due process in the United Sta.docx
Assignment: Evaluate the equity of due process in the United States.
Instructions
The United States judicial systems are based on the Constitution of the United States guaranteeing due process of the law. All court officers, prosecutors, defense attorneys, public defenders, and judges are bound to an oath of office and the code of ethics to obey to the law. Everybody is equal in front of the law. Is this statement still valid?
Create a critical analysis based on the following statements:
The prosecutor evaluates the evidence and facts of a case and decides to prosecute or to
nolle prosequi
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Most minority offenders are indigent and can’t afford a private defense attorney. Therefore, the court will assign a public defender to represent the defendant. The public defender maintains a heavy workload with minimum budgets.
Does the public defender behave ethically when he or she is pushing plea bargains in most cases or is plea bargaining a violation of a defendant’s rights to due process?
In the prisons and jails, minorities represent most of the population.
Determine if sentencing decisions discriminate against certain groups.
Determine if more whites are sentenced to probation versus minorities, even when they commit the same crime. Support your answer with statistical information.
Indicate if those sentences are unethical, and then determine what can be done to minimize discrimination.
Most of the sentences are retributive, resulting in incarceration. Consider the three ethical frameworks for punishment: 1) utilitarianism, 2) deontology, and 3) peacemaking.
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o you agree that for police action to be just, it must recognize the rights of individuals while at the same time hold them accountable to the social obligations defined by law? Support your position.
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1Chapter 2 LEGAL RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES(Laws Governi.docx
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nolle prosequi
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Chapter Twelve
Decision Making
Criminal Justice Organizations: Administration and Management
Learning Objectives
Be able to define decision making
Understand the basis for decision making rules of criminal justice practitioners
Understand the garbage can theory of decision making
Be able to briefly discuss the four types of criminal justice decision makers
Understand the major themes to improving criminal justice decisions
What is a Decision?
A decision is a judgment, a choice between alternatives (Houston, 1999).
Decisions are often made within the context of a theory or broad framework (paradigm).
Three kinds of information
An awareness of the alternatives
An awareness of the possible consequences of each alternative
The subject of the decision
What is a Decision?
Decision rules govern how the elements of the decision are combined.
In criminal justice many decisions are clinical and based on the decision makers education, training, and experience.
All decisions should be based on goals or preferred outcomes.
Feedback provides the opportunity to correct previously made decisions.
What is a Decision?
Decision Making Theory
Rationality to Garbage Cans
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Later, March and Simon (1958) proposed that decisions are based on bounded rationality
Decision makers are unable to collect all the information they need to make a completely rational decision.
The result is satisfycing – taking the first acceptable solution that comes along.
“Garbage can” analogy – decision makers keep previously made decisions and use them as needed.
Decision Making Theory
Organizational Culture
Decisions are often influenced by the organizational culture.
“We’ve always done it that way.”
“It worked in the past.”
“If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.”
Organizations tend to define problems and identify solutions to problems based on deeply rooted values and beliefs.
Decision Making Theory
Politics
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Internal politics – processes by which interested parties within the organization express their concern and seek implementation and acceptance of their ideas and practices.
External politics – consist of the influence that outside parties exert on the organization’s definition of mission, the appropriate types of operations the organization exhibits, and the directions it takes.
Characteristics of Decision Makers
Sequentialists – use their experience to determine what items of information are the most important to the decision.
Ah yes! – collect large amounts of information and search for patterns in that information.
Simplifier – reduces complex problems to their simplest form.
Ratifier – wait for comments by someone else and then associate themselves with that person’s viewpoint.
Decision Making Styles
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Assignment 2: Information Needs of Various Components of the Criminal Justice System
Prison overcrowding is a major issue in virtually every state and in many municipalities. This is a noted problem nationwide. The reasons are that judges are sentencing more offenders to jails and prisons. State and federal sentencing guidelines have prescribed specific sentencing ranges for various types off offenders and offenses committed. Inmate populations are increasing due to the number of repeat offenders returning to our jails and prison systems. It is a documented fact that at the local, state, and federal levels, prison and jail populations are at an all-time high. The research reported in the National Institute of Justice supports these positions and has the appropriate documentation to support these notions. While there are a great many research studies on the broad subject of prison overcrowding, making use of research findings can be a daunting task. You must consider the information needs of the various components of the criminal justice system:
Law Enforcement
Courts
Corrections
Juvenile Justice
Homeland Security
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National Institute of Justice Data Collections
or the
National Criminal Justice Reference Service Databases
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Discussions
To participate in the following discussions, go to this week's
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Strategic Management Process
In a constantly and rapidly changing environment, developing and implementing a competent strategic plan is central to organization stability and viability. Describe a strategic management process that can be utilized by a multinational organization to gain a competitive advantage over others in their industry and explain the importance of each stage. Please respond to at least two fellow students’ postings, advancing and debating the key points of their posting.
Challenges of Multinationals
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Globalization
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In a two to three page research paper in APA style, detail the following in relation to the changing nature of global competitiveness:
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Define and explain the concept of globalization.
·
Compare and contrast the growth of globalization over the past thirty years, in general, and then specifically for one industry of your choice. For instance, you may present the growth of imports and exports over the past thirty years, and then detail the impact globalization has had on United States toy manufacturers.
·
Finally, evaluate how globalization has altered the competitive landscape. In particular, elaborate on how a globalized marketplace affects the profitability and productivity of an organization and an industry.
Note that some of the information related to this project may not be readily available in course materials, requiring you to research contemporary management trends in the public sector. At least two outside scholarly resources are required, including a minimum of one from the Ashford Online Library.
Carefully review the
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To participate in the following discussions, go to this week's
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Identify and compare two countries where the law enforcement is not coordinated by a central authority figure providing administrative direction.
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Decision Making
Criminal Justice Organizations: Administration and Management
Learning Objectives
Be able to define decision making
Understand the basis for decision making rules of criminal justice practitioners
Understand the garbage can theory of decision making
Be able to briefly discuss the four types of criminal justice decision makers
Understand the major themes to improving criminal justice decisions
What is a Decision?
A decision is a judgment, a choice between alternatives (Houston, 1999).
Decisions are often made within the context of a theory or broad framework (paradigm).
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An awareness of the alternatives
An awareness of the possible consequences of each alternative
The subject of the decision
What is a Decision?
Decision rules govern how the elements of the decision are combined.
In criminal justice many decisions are clinical and based on the decision makers education, training, and experience.
All decisions should be based on goals or preferred outcomes.
Feedback provides the opportunity to correct previously made decisions.
What is a Decision?
Decision Making Theory
Rationality to Garbage Cans
Initially, decision making was thought to be a rational process.
Later, March and Simon (1958) proposed that decisions are based on bounded rationality
Decision makers are unable to collect all the information they need to make a completely rational decision.
The result is satisfycing – taking the first acceptable solution that comes along.
“Garbage can” analogy – decision makers keep previously made decisions and use them as needed.
Decision Making Theory
Organizational Culture
Decisions are often influenced by the organizational culture.
“We’ve always done it that way.”
“It worked in the past.”
“If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.”
Organizations tend to define problems and identify solutions to problems based on deeply rooted values and beliefs.
Decision Making Theory
Politics
Politics is power and power influences decision making.
Internal politics – processes by which interested parties within the organization express their concern and seek implementation and acceptance of their ideas and practices.
External politics – consist of the influence that outside parties exert on the organization’s definition of mission, the appropriate types of operations the organization exhibits, and the directions it takes.
Characteristics of Decision Makers
Sequentialists – use their experience to determine what items of information are the most important to the decision.
Ah yes! – collect large amounts of information and search for patterns in that information.
Simplifier – reduces complex problems to their simplest form.
Ratifier – wait for comments by someone else and then associate themselves with that person’s viewpoint.
Decision Making Styles
Directive – make decisions and announce them, highly ta ...
Assignment 2 Information Needs of Various Components of the Cri.docx
Assignment 2: Information Needs of Various Components of the Criminal Justice System
Prison overcrowding is a major issue in virtually every state and in many municipalities. This is a noted problem nationwide. The reasons are that judges are sentencing more offenders to jails and prisons. State and federal sentencing guidelines have prescribed specific sentencing ranges for various types off offenders and offenses committed. Inmate populations are increasing due to the number of repeat offenders returning to our jails and prison systems. It is a documented fact that at the local, state, and federal levels, prison and jail populations are at an all-time high. The research reported in the National Institute of Justice supports these positions and has the appropriate documentation to support these notions. While there are a great many research studies on the broad subject of prison overcrowding, making use of research findings can be a daunting task. You must consider the information needs of the various components of the criminal justice system:
Law Enforcement
Courts
Corrections
Juvenile Justice
Homeland Security
The various components of the criminal justice system really do not act independently of one another. The system is directly impacted by each component. For instance, when law enforcement arrests more individuals, the courts now have to hear and decide the cases, which impacts court dockets. Large court dockets mean that there is a backlog of cases but they are eventually heard and decided. Then, convicted offenders are given correctional sentences, ranging from probation, community service, and community corrections to jail and prison time. As a result, eventually our correctional institutions get filled up and become highly overcrowded. In essence, each criminal justice system component has a direct impact on the other parts of the system.
Tasks:
Locate at least two research articles on the topic of prison overcrowding from either the
National Institute of Justice Data Collections
or the
National Criminal Justice Reference Service Databases
. The studies do not necessarily have to agree on conclusions or recommendations.
Prepare a 3–4 page paper that includes a summary of the research articles and describes how you would present the findings of the studies for each of the five components of the criminal justice system listed above.
Be sure to support your recommendations with authoritative sources and cite all references in the APA style.
...
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·
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b.
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a.
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