Developing Osteoporosis

Developing Osteoporosis
The body can synthesize vitamin D with the help of sunlight, from a precursor that the body makes
from cholesterol. Osteoporosis is, " any failure to synthesize adequate vitamin D or obtain enough
from foods sets the stage for a loss of calcium from the bones, which can result in fractures"
(Whitney & Rolfes, 2013, p. 349). There are several common risk factors for developing
osteoporosis, which lead to the condition of reduced bone density.
During the later years, osteoporosis becomes apparent but develops a lot earlier without any
warning. The bone has two compartments, which include the cortical bone and the trabecular bone.
The cortical bone is the very dense bone tissue that forms the outer shell, whereas the trabecular
bone is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
396). When blood calcium needs to be replenished, the trabecular bone gives up minerals. The loss
of trabecular bone is significantly apparent in men and women in their 30s. However, the trabecular
bone can start to desintegrate whenever calcium withdrawals exceed deposits. Furthermore, cortical
bone also gives up calcium, however this occurs at a slower and steadier pace. The cortical bone
begins to give up ususally around someone in their 40s. Therefore, as bone loss continues, bone
density begins to decline, which causes osteoporosis to become apparent. For instance, "Bones
become so fragil that even the body's own weight can overburden the spine – vertebrae may
suddenly disintegrate and crush down, painfully pinching major nerves" (Whitney & Rolfes, 2013,
p. 396). Nonmodifiable risk factors for osteoporosis tend to occur in the older age, female gender,
smaller frame Caucasian, Asian, or Hispanic/Latino. In addition, it occurs in people with family
history of osteoporosis or fractures. However, modifiable risk factors include, sedentary lifestyle,
diet inadequare in clacium and vitamin D, diet excessive in protein, sodium, caffeine, cigarrette
smoking, alcohole abuse and low
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Osteoporosis Essay
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissues, leading
to bone fragility and, consequently, an increase in fracture risk. The term osteoporosis comes from
the Greek word osteon , meaning bone, and porus , meaning pore or passage. Osteoporosis literally
makes bones porous. The amount of calcium stored in human bones decreases over time, causing the
skeleton to weaken.
Demographics
The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) estimates that
10 million people (8 million women and 2 million men) in the United States have osteoporosis as of
2009, with another 34 million adults having low bone density, a condition called osteopenia.
Osteopenia can develop into osteoporosis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Calcium is critically involved in muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and many
metabolic activities within cells. To remain healthy, the body must keep the level of free calcium
ions (Ca2+) within a very narrow concentration range. Besides providing a framework for the body,
bone acts as a calcium "bank." When excess calcium is present in the blood, osteoblasts deposit it
into bones where it is stored. When too little calcium is present, osteoblasts dissolve calcium from
bones and move it into the blood. This process is controlled mainly by parathyroid hormone (PTH)
secreted by the parathyroid glands in the neck. As people age, various conditions cause them to take
more calcium out of the "bone bank" than they deposit, and osteoporosis (which literally means
porous bones) eventually develops. A person's peak bone mass and the rate at which they lose it in
later life affects their risk of developing osteoporosis; the higher the peak bone mass at age 30, the
lower the risk of osteoporosis later on.
Doctors divide osteoporosis into three categories or types. Types 1 and 2 are considered primary
because they are not caused by other diseases or conditions. Type 3 osteoporosis is sometimes called
secondary osteoporosis because it results from taking certain drugs or having other

Osteoporosis Essay
Osteoprosis
Osteoporosis is a condition of decreased bone mass. This leads to fragile bones which are at an
increased risk for fractures. In fact, it will take much less stress to an osteoporotic bone to cause it to
fracture. The term "porosis" means spongy, which describes the appearance of osteoporosis bones
when they are broken in half and the inside is examined. Osteoporosis or porous bone, is a disease
characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to bone fragility
and an increased susceptibility to fractures of the hip, spine, and wrist.
Osteoporosis is a major public heath treat for more than 28 million Americans, 80 percent of whom
are women. In the U.S. today, 10 million individuals ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rate of hip fractures is two to three times higher in women than men, however the one year
mortality following a hip frcture is nearly twice as high for men as for women.(Mayo clinic center).
In 1991, about 300,000 Americans age 45 and over wer admitted to the hospital with hip fractures
osteroprosis was the underlying cause of most of these injuries. An average of 24% of hip fracture
patients age 50 and over die in the year following their fracture. One–fourth of those who were
ambulatory before their hip fracture require long–term caar afterward.
Osteoporosis if often called the "silent disease" because bone loss occurs without symptoms. People
may not know that they have the disease until their bones become so weak that sudden strain, bump,
or fall causes a fracture or a vertebra to collapse. Collapsed certebrae may initially be felt or seen in
the form of severe back pain, loss of height, or spinal deformities such as kyphosis or stooped
posture. Certain people are more likely to develop osteoporsis than others. Factors that increase the
likelihood of developing osteoporosis are called "risk factors." The following risk factors have been
identified: Being female thin and/or small frame, Advanced age, a family history of osteoporosis
Postmenopause, including early or surgically enduced menopause. Abnormal absence of menstral
period, anorexia, nervosa, or bulimia. A diet of low in calcium use of certain

Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis "Thirty–five year old Donna Duckworth is learning how to care for her newborn of
five weeks, when she bends over the baby's crib and feels something give in her back. The next day
and the following week, the pain becomes unbearable in her back. She is breast–feeding and does
not want to take any medication so she lives with the intense and continuing pain. Within a few
weeks, she can no longer stand it so she goes to see her physician who orders blood work, does a
complete physical and as a result, sends her to see an orthopedist who x–rays and does a bone
density study. The diagnosis comes back as osteoporosis and it is found she has fractured three of
her lumbar and four of her cervical vertebra."
Osteoporosis is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are different laboratory tests that can be ran by doctors that helps in diagnosing osteoporosis.
These tests are run with samples of blood and urine from the patient. Some of the tests are blood
calcium levels, 24–hour urine calcium measurement, thyroid function tests, parathyroid hormone
levels, testosterone levels in men, 25–hydroxyvitamin D test to determine whether the body had
enough vitamin D, and biochemical marker tests, such as NTX and CTX (NOF, 2010). Osteoporosis
is a treatable disease, but not a curable one. There are different types of treatment for osteoporosis.
Some of the medications that can be taken for treatment of osteoporosis are estrogen,
bisphosphonates, calcitionin, raloxifene, parathyroid hormone, and testosterone replacement (UCSF
Medical Center, 2010). Some of the more common names for bisphosphonates are Fosamax,
Actonel, Boniva, and Reclast (Mayo Clinic, 2009). These treatments are taken orally once a week or
once a month. In addition to the medications, there is also the treatment of exercise and diet. With a
diet high in calcium, stopping unhealthy habits, like smoking and drinking, and regular exercise can
reduce the likelihood of bone fractures in people with osteoporosis (The New York Times, 2010). In
Ms. Duckworth's incident, it would be recommended that she increase the amount of calcium in her
diet and exercise, and depending on the severity of the osteoporosis, medication. Prognosis for

What Is Osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a progressive metabolic bone disease that decreases bone density causing skeletal
weakness. Bone is continually being formed and resorbed in the body. Osteoblasts are cells that
build and mineralize the organic matrix of bone. Osteoclasts are cells that resorb bone. Normally,
bone formation and resorption are closely balanced. Osteoporosis occurs when osteoclasts break
down bone at a faster rate than osteoblasts can create it. Osteoporosis is often referred to as a silent
disease because it is asymptomatic. As the disease progresses, bones become weaker, and small
stresses, such as coughing or just bending over, cause fractures. A fracture is usually the first sign of
the disorder. Osteoporosis related fractures occur most frequently

Osteoporosis
Diagnostic assessment for osteoporosis includes patient's history, laboratory tests, and measurements
of BMD (Akyol, Alayli, Diren, Cengiz, & Canturk, 2008). Imaging techniques utilized in
diagnosing osteoporosis are X–ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, and
ultrasonography. The two main goals of diagnostic imaging of osteoporosis are identifying the
presence of osteoporosis, and quantifying the bone mass using semi–quantitative or quantitative
methods (Guglielmi et al., 2011).
X–ray
Prior to the evolution of the newer techniques, osteoporosis was diagnosed by plain radiographs
through analyzing the trabecular pattern in the upper femur and calcaneus or the cortical thinning of
metacarpals and long bones (Sadat–Ali ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It utilizes two X–ray beams with different peak kilovoltage (30–50 and .70 keV) allowing to take
away the soft tissue component (Link, 2012). DXA assesses the areal bone density, reflecting the
composition of the bone mineral represented in the bone mass, however, it does not differentiate
between the compartments of cortical and cancellous bone as well as it does not evaluate the bone
microarchitecture (Honig & Chang, 2012). Dividing the bone mineral content (in grams) and the
area of the measured site (in square centimeters) produces BMD (Guglielmi, 2011). It has a high
precision with a maximum precision error of 2%–2.5% and radiation dose is low (1–50 mSv) (Link,
2012). Nonetheless, the drawbacks with DXA are (1) it is a two–dimensional (2D) measurement,
making areal BMD susceptible to bone size prompting overestimation of fracture risk in small body
frame individuals (2) spine and hip DXA are sensitive to degenerative changes making individuals
with considerable degenerative disease have increased areal density thus suggesting a lower fracture
risk than is actually present (Link, 2012).
Computed Tomography Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) provides separate trabecular and
cortical bone BMD as a real volumetric density in milligrams per cubic centimeter (Guglielmi et al.,
2011). With the use of high resolution, QCT assesses the spine, the femur, and the appendicular
skeleton (Kabayel, 2016). When using 0.6mm slices, the spatial resolution of QCT is between

Osteoporosis
Currently in my family my mother and my grandmother both have osteoporosis. "Osteoporosis is a
condition characterized by a decrease in the density of bone, decreasing its strength and resulting in
fragile bones" ("Osteoporosis", 2012). Osteoporosis can cause bones to break very easily. All it
takes is the slightest accident and you can end up with a fracture or a complete break. The spine,
hips, ribs and wrists are the most common bones broken because of this disorder. All of these most
often are a result in a fall, but can happen at any point during a slight trauma. Currently there is
about 55% of the population over the age of 50 that have osteoporosis or osteopenia.
("Osteoporosis", 2012) "One in two Caucasian women will ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Because at the moment I do not have osteoporosis I am going to start with high–impact weight–
bearing exercises. Jogging and hiking alone with dancing are a few of my favorite things to do. Golf
is also an exercise that is on my to–do list. I would like to start doing these within the next two
weeks. Weather permitting I can, but in case it does not clear up I have a treadmill and can at least
start that way. With all of these goals there are going to be things that will set me back. I have been
smoking for 10 years now and at this point it has become a habit for me. Drinking is something that
we do when we go out with friends or over to their houses, so when they are drinking it will be
difficult to turn it down. I need to have the will power in order to do both of these things. Making a
lunch requires me to get over being lazy and to make myself stand in the kitchen to make a meal.
This is will be a little bit easier as long as I remember I may get osteoporosis if I do not start eating
healthy. Exercising is the same, I am so tired after work that I just want to lay around and do
nothing. But as I mentioned before with the sun coming out more and more this will be easier for me
to do. In order to ensure that I am keeping up with my goals I am going to make a chart to keep
track of when I follow them. I am hoping to be consistently following them by

Justification For Osteoporosis
Justification
Osteoporosis is commonly known around the world as the numbers continue to increase every year.
Osteoporosis is known to cause problems in middle aged women and occasionally effecting some
men (1), currently reaching the number of 200million women diagnosed with osteoporosis (2).
Arthritis Organisation states that anyone can get osteoporosis but women are about four times more
likely than men to develop it, with two main reasons contributing to this fact. For several years after
menopause occurs (ovaries stop producing oestrogen), the process of bone loss speeds up,
increasing the chance of being diagnosed with osteoporosis. Yet men generally reach a higher level
of bone density before the process of bone loss begins. Although ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As osteoporosis occurs due to calcium deficiency, diet habit changes are crucial, allowing the body
to recover and strengthen the bones. Bone strengthening nutrition often includes an increase intake
of calcium and vitamin D (5).
As recommended, nutritionists often say that a sufficient amount of calcium intake per day is
1000mg for women over the age of 19 (6). Unfortunately, many people find it difficult to meet the
requirements as not all calcium we take in is used effectively. Some is lost and some excreted.
However, with the menu provided, calcium intake levels have been boosted to fit patients diagnosed
with osteoporosis. For example, the glass of milk provided at breakfast contains 300mg per cup,
providing approximately 1/3 of the recommended amount (7). Not only does milk boost up the
calcium, but most dairy products, tinned sardines or salmons, soy based products and dark leaved
vegetables also contain calcium (8). Some of these meals include the cream of potato soup. As it
remains as a side dish of the lunch,only 37mg of calcium has been added. With all other meals and
their calcium levels, the body is able to receive enough calcium per day, as recommended. One other
example throughout the menu that consists of calcium is the apple turnover and custard for the
dessert. This dessert comprises of ingredients such as milk and cream allowing the body to consume
a sufficient amount of calcium. Other calcium products has been added throughout the meal to
balance out the calcium intake of the day, without an overdosage as it can have other side effects
such as hypercalcimia which occurs due to too much calcium in the bloodstream.To prevent
osteoporosis the menu provides suitable amounts calcium, where the calcium intake approximately
adds up to 1087.17 mg (7) per day, meeting the recommendations, which proves that the calcium
consumption level is just right to help with the

Essay on Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a significant health problem that affects more than 25 million women in the United
States and potentially 200 million worldwide. This disease is characterized by diminishing the
structure of the skeleton (particular the
"spongy" bone). This results in an increased risk of fracture. Osteoporosis develops
silently over a period of years, eventually progressing to a point where a fracture can easily occur
causing pain and disability. This disease is characterized by low bone mass and structural worsening
of your bones, leading to bone fragility. There is an increased chances of damaging the hip, spine,
and wrist .
Twenty–five million Americans are affected by Osteoporosis, making it a major
public ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Osteoporosis is often called the
"silent disease" because bone loss occurs without symptoms. People may not know that
they have osteoporosis until their bones become so weak that a sudden strain, bump, or fall causes a
fracture or a vertebra to collapse. Once your vertebrae collapses you would feel it in the form of
severe back pain, loss of height, stooped posture or dowager's hump.
Building strong bones, especially before the age of 35, can be the best defense against developing
osteoporosis, and a healthy lifestyle can be critically important for keeping bones strong. So to help
prevent osteoporosis:
–Eat a balanced diet rich in calcium
–Exercise regularly, especially weight–bearing activities
–Don't smoke
–Limit alcohol intake
Although there is no cure for Osteoporosis, there are treatments available to help stop further bone
loss and fractures. Estrogen replacement therapy is the most popular treatment for osteoporosis.
Studies have shown that estrogen can prevent the loss of bone mass in women. Another treatment
used by both women and men for Osteoporosis is Calcitonin. This drug slows bone breakdown and
also can reduce the pain. Medical experts agree that Osteoporosis is highly preventable. Specialized
tests called bone density tests can measure bone density in various sites of the body. With the
information obtained from these bone mass measurements,

Osteoporosis Is A Health Problem
Definition
Osteoporosis is a health problem which is on the rise and is affecting primarily women (Nichols,
Pavlovic, 2003, p. 447). Osteoporosis is characterized as a disease of the bones whereas the bones
becomes weak and very fragile. Many people with this disease often break bones within the hip,
spine, and wrist. The bones are easily broken from a minor fall or, in severe cases, from a simple
sneeze. The meaning of osteoporosis is "porous bone." When looking at a healthy bone under a
microscope, you will find the resemblance of a honeycomb. Far as osteoporosis, those holes and
spaces in a honeycomb are much larger than a healthy bone (National Osteoporosis Foundation).
Magnitude of Problem
Within America, osteoporosis presently affects approximately 10 million people and is responsible
for more than 1.5 million fractures annually (Societal Burden of Osteoporosis). About 54 million
Americans have osteoporosis and low bone mass which makes them at high risk for the disease
(NOF). This disease holds a substantial financial burden with annual direct cost ranging from 17 to
20 billion dollars. Because of the consistent growth in age among the population, the prevalence and
number of osteoporosis fractures will continue to increase (SBO). Worldwide, osteoporosis has an
estimated total of affecting 200 million women, one–tenth of women aged 60, one–fifth of women
aged 70, two–fifths of women aged 80, and two–thirds of women aged 90. Across the areas of
Europe, United States,

Enormou Osteoporosis
The skeletal system which performs important function such as support, movement, blood cell
production, calcium storage, as well as endocrine regulation. The nervous system consists of CNS
which is composed of the brain and the spinal cord, and consists of PNS which are the main control
centers for all body activities. The skeletal and nervous systems work together to function correctly.
For instance, the nervous system sends signals to the skeletal muscle to contract which causes the
skeletal system to react and move.
Osteoporosis – a disease in the skeletal system – was founded by a French pathologist in the early
1800s as he discovered some of his patients had "riddled" bones with larger than normal holes. The
pathologist linked this condition to a "porous bone" in order to describe such a deteriorated human
bone. Alzheimer's – a disease effected by the nervous system – was first discovered in the early to
mid–1900s by a German doctor of the name Alois Alzheimer. Alois witnessed a terrifying case of a
patient who had profound memory loss, in which caused him to dig deeper. During the process, the
German doctor discovered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, imagine tripping over an object and as you fall gently hit the ground, your hip breaks.
Others include mild stress like bending over or coughing. This disease commonly occurs in the
spine, wrist, or hip and is known to effect all genders and races, though is seen more in Asian and
Caucasian women as well as women past menopause. Symptoms of osteoporosis include: Back pain
– caused by a collapsed vertebra or fracture, loss of height, stooped fracture, and a bone fracture that
happens more easily than expected. Many factors play in the cause of developing this particular
disease, such as aging and the use of tobacco and alcohol. Another factor of developing this disease
depends on how much bone obtained in an individual's youth. An intake of

Osteoporosis Essay
Osteoporosis is defined as a bone disease that occurs when the body loses to much bone, produces to
little or both. The lack of bone density results in brittle bones that are easily broken or fractured.
This is a homeostatic condition because the rate in which bone must be produced is not meet and is
significantly slower than it should be (Dr. Harvey Marcovitch ,2011). This causes the bone turnover
rate to be out of equilibrium and therefore the condition of homeostasis cannot be meet. The lifestyle
and habits you have contribute greatly to whether you will contract this disease.( Dr. Miriam
Stoppard,2002). Those who are genetically predisposed, intake a diet that is low in nutrients
especially calcium and vitamin D, live a solitary lifestyle or drink or smoke regularly are at higher
risk of contracting this disease. However, one of the greatest contributors of all is hormones.
Hormones, in particular oestrogen are linked heavily to bone growth (Dr. Alice Robert,2002).
Oestrogen controls the rate in which your Osteoblast and Osteoclast cells do their job. Osteoblast
cells repair and create new bone while your Osteoclast cells break down old bone .A drop in
oestrogen results in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
interferes with your body's normal recycling process, in which new bone tissue gradually replaces
old bone tissue"(American College of Rheumatology,2017). Paget's disease actually causes this
process to speed up and as a result, produces bone of poor quality and abnormal structure. This
increase in speed is actually why it is considered a homeostatic condition. Homeostatic refers to the
maintenance of an optimal, constant eternal environment however Paget's disease stops this from
happening. As a result of it interference with the natural bone regeneration process. Instead of
moving at a reasonable normal speed that would optimize the quality of bone produced, the process
the speeds up resulting in poor quality, brittle mal–formed bones

Preventing Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a medical condition that causes the bones to become delicate and breakable due to a
loss of tissue, usually caused by hormonal changes and even a deficiency of calcium, which includes
vitamin D. If upon a minor fall, or lifting an object the wrong way you may experience a broken
bone, that could be a sign of osteoporosis. Although it is true that while people age, they lose bone
density, it is not true that everyone will for sure get Osteoporosis. There is no known cure yet for
Osteoporosis, however, there are several treatment plans available. The most important part of
dealing with Osteoporosis is knowing proper prevention, providing your body with the right
nutrients to maintain healthy bones, and knowing the treatments accessible to you if you happen to
acquire the disease.
In preventing Osteoporosis you must increase bone density as much as you can while you're young
and continue so as the years progress. Protecting your bones starting in childhood has proven to
increase the strength of the bone at later ages. By thirty one should reach the maximum bone density
required for preserving the mass. There are effective steps that may be taken to minimize bone loss
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The article was extremely informal and included the information from several types of research and
studies. This article has really changed my perspective on the importance of having the proper: diet,
weight–bearing exercise and vitamin dosages. Being a woman I am at a higher risk of obtaining
Osteoporosis at a later age so it is very important that I get all the bone density I can now, and keep
it there, so when i'm older I won't have to worry about fragile broken bones. The article I chose also
goes into detail about prevention, what goes on once you get it and several medication and treatment
plans with the pros and cons of each. Thank you for reading my discussion topic over

Case Study On Osteoporosis
PART 1
INTRODUCTION
Our group has been given the task for subject Anatomy and Physiology to do a research about
disease.The title of our study is Osteoporosis.The aim of our assignment is to find the information
about the clinical condition that change the normal structures of the bones and how the disease
affect our daily life.
Osteoporosis is a disease that arise when our normal structures of the bone changes as it becomes
fragile and break easily.One interesting fact is that, almost one in two women and one in five men
over the age of 50 will break a bone,mainly due to poor bone health("An Introduction to
Osteoporosis,"n.d.).
Osteoporosis is common for post menopausal women.However men, younger women, children and
pregnant women can also be affected.To simply put it,osteoporosis affects all individuals and it is a
part of normal aging although some can develop at an earlier age. However, osteoporosis cannot be
cured but the progression can be delayed or even prevented.
Figure 1 : Normal standing posture and osteoporosis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, bone modeling and remodeling preserve skeletal function throughout human life. The bone
remodeling unit normally couples the bone resorption and bone formation. Research by Teitelbaum
and Ross (2003) indicated that, the bone remodeling process regulates the gain and loss of bone
mineral density in the human skeleton and directly influenced bone strength and vice versa. In bone
remodelling process, resorption of extra–cellular matrices by osteoclasts is followed by osteoblastic
invasion of the cavity, and subsequent secretion of extra– cellular matrix that is then mineralized
(Ducy et al., 2000). These two processes, which together are called bone remodeling, occur
continuously (Riggs et al., 2002). However, due to some of listed factors mentioned above, these
processes turn out to be distracted and cauce osteoporosis (Rouhi,

Essay On Osteoporosis
Definition: (According to the medical dictionary) The word osteoporosis literally means "porous
(sponge–like) bones." It occurs when bones lose an excessive amount of their protein and mineral
content, particularly calcium. Over time, bone mass, and therefore bone strength, is decreased. As a
result, bones become fragile and break easily. Even a sneeze or a sudden movement may be enough
to break a bone in someone with severe osteoporosis.
Cause and Symptoms:
A number of factors increase the risk of developing osteoporosis. They include:
Age: Osteoporosis is more likely to occur as people grow older and their bones lose tissue.
Gender: Women are often smaller than men and so start out with less bone. They also lose bone
tissue more rapidly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If there is not enough calcium in the blood, your body will take calcium from the bones. Making
sure you have enough calcium in your diet is an important way to preserve your bone density.
It is recommended that the average Australian adult consumes 1,000 mg of calcium per day.
Postmenopausal women and men aged over 70 years are recommended to have 1,300 mg of calcium
per day. Dairy foods have the highest levels of calcium, but there are many other sources of calcium
including sardines, spinach, almonds and all the recommended food for you to have healthy bones
that have been mentioned above. If you are unable to get enough calcium from your diet alone, you
might need to talk to your health professional about calcium supplements.
Interesting facts on Osteoporosis:
Osteoporosis is not a condition exclusive to the elderly – it can strike at any age.
Osteoporosis was formally recognized as a disease in the 1800s, when English surgeon Astley
Cooper (1768–1841) described it and noted that it usually affects older

Osteoporosis In Men Essay
Osteoporosis is often found in elderly women with low levels of estrogen and calcium. The number
of available research based on osteoporosis in women outnumber that of their male counterparts.
Little researches have been conducted on the relationship between testosterone levels and
osteoporosis in men. In this paper, we will review 5 difference sources to determine if testosterone
levels affect the chances of men developing osteoporosis. The following three questions will be
answered in this paper: Are women more prone to osteoporosis compare to men due to their low
level of testosterone? Is low testosterone the main cause of osteoporosis in men? Is testosterone
therapy effective in reducing or cure osteoporosis in men?
Are women more prone ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to their genetic composition women have less level of testosterone than men. The Center for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a well–known and a creditable national health agency has
attempted to access the link between various hormone including testosterone and osteoporosis. This
article focused on hormone testing, and the impact different hormone have health including bone
health. Although this article has recently been updated, it lacks substantial information to address the
question. The information provided by the author is a basic evaluation of a series of steroids testing
and discussion on the researches' flaws. Unfortunately, the CDC did not have any better article on
testosterone and osteoporosis. It could be improved by elaborating more on the effect testosterone
testing and osteoporosis. Other Articles have better assessed the correlation between testosterone
levels and the likelihood of developing osteoporosis in women compared to men. A peer–reviewed
journal article entitled Premature Ovarian Failure: Women Sought for Testosterone Replacement
Study tells us that testosterone is an important hormone in women. It further highlights the function
and benefits of testosterone in women which including bone health. however, readers cannot find
the notion that men have a tendency of developing osteoporosis due low levels of testosterone when
reading

Osteoporosis Disease
World wide there are 8.9 million fractures every 3 seconds due to osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a
skeleton disease in which bones become very brittle and prone to fracture. The bones lose density,
the density is the amount of bone tissue that is lost. Osteoporosis is a disease that has to do with ur
bones, there are symptoms to it than can tell you if you might be getting it. There are also many
treatments and medications to cure this disease, almost anyone can get this disease.
The bone mass and bone strength is decreased, due to loss of tissue. Due to the loss of bone strength
and bone mass the bones are easier to break and fracture. The bone is formed on a protein base by
the deposition of minerals that is particularly calcium. Out of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One medication would be the bone remodeling process. There are two different stages of the bone
remodeling process. The first stage is bone resorption. Is is the breakdown and the removal of the
bones. During respiration special cells which are osteoclasts on the bone's surface dissolve bone
tissue and create small cavities. The second stage is the bone formation. During formation other
cells also known as osteoplasts fill the cavities with new bone tissue. Bone resorption and bone
formation usually take place in close order and remain balanced. An imbalance in the bone
remodeling occurs in aging in both genders. It can occur with other conditions. An imbalance can
result in bone loss and eventually osteoporosis and broken bones. Another medication would be
anabolic drugs. Teriparatide, a form of parathyroid hormone increases the rate of bone formation
and is in a distinct category of osteoporosis medicines called anabolic drugs. The goal of treatment
with teriparatide is to build bone and lower the risk of breaking bones. This is the only medicine for
osteoporosis approved by the FDA that rebuilds bone. There are also antiresorptive medicines.
Biphoneates, calcitonin, denosumab, estrogen and estrogen agonists/antagonists are an
antiresorptive medicines. They slow the bone loss that occurs in the breakdown part of the
remodeling cycle. When people start taking these medications they stop losing bone as quickly as
before. They still make bone at the same pace as before. The bone density may increase. The
treatment goal is to prevent bone loss and lower the risk of breaking

Osteoporosis And Exercise
Calcium Supplementation and Exercise for Osteoporosis
ABSTRACT
Osteoporosis is major concern in elderly people. Osteoporosis means porous bones in which bones
become weak and brittle. The strength of the bone decreases due to loss of bone mass and density.
Less calcium intake, sedentary lifestyle, vitamin D deficiency, hormonal imbalances are major
causes of osteoporosis. The main focus of my study is to see the combined effect of exercise and
dietary calcium uptake in osteoporotic patients. The review summarizes the role of Weight bearing
exercise, dietary calcium, and the combined effect of calcium and exercise in preventing
osteoporosis. Weight bearing exercise can improve muscle mass and strength of muscle and can
increase the bone mineral

Osteoporosis is the disease process by which bone remodeling is altered. This alteration is when old
bone is insufficiently replaced by new bone (Cosman et al, 2014). New bone growth peaks in the
early 20's and after this age bone mass is lost faster than generated. The lack of new bone replaced
can lead to fractures and deformed skeletal architecture. This alteration occurs with menopause,
increased age, or long term use of corticosteroids (Cosman et al, 2014) Often the first sign of
osteoporosis is a bone fracture and early stages remain undetected (Mayo Clinic[MC], 2017). Other
symptoms of osteoporosis are a stooped posture, height loss, pain in the back from a fracture or
collapse vertebral body. There are several risk factors that can lead to osteoporosis. Increase age can
cause bone loss and as a person ages it is important to incorporate adequate vitamin D, calcium, and
strength training to prevent osteoporosis (WebMD, 2017). Women are four times more likely to get
osteoporosis than men. Men over 50 have a greater risk of osteoporosis. Individuals with a family
history of osteoporosis are at an increased risk. Smaller body frames have less bone to lose and have
greater chance of getting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diet recommendations should include increase protein intake because protein is a building block of
bone tissue. Increased calcium intake is needing to make bone. After age 50, 1200mg of calcium are
needed daily. Vitamin D is need to absorb calcium and may be need to be taken as a supplement.
Maintaining a healthy body is encouraged because being underweight encourages bone loss. Quit
smoking to prevent bone loss. More than two drinks of alcohol per day can decrease bone formation.
Prevent falls by wearing low heeled shoes, keep rooms brightly lit, installing grab bars, removing
rugs and tripping hazards, and ensure the patient can get in and out of bed easily (MC,

Osteoporosis and Bone
Dorothy Nicoll
A & P 171
Izy Grooms
Osmosis: Marissa, Jeremy, and Eleanor
Question on front of packet
Calcium helps to keep bones strong but just drinking milk doesn't mean that you won't get
osteoporosis. You may be genetically inclined to get it even though you drink milk every day. There
are also many other things that contribute to getting osteoporosis, like not eating enough calcium,
doing steroids causes bones to become weak and look like sponges when looking at it under a
microscope. Scenarios A,B, and C help to explain that it's not just the calcium that can cause
osteoporosis
Scenario A:
1. The skeleton is a metabolically active organ that undergoes continuous remodeling throughout
life. Bone remodeling involves the removal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scenario B:
1. It is essential for muscle contraction, but also essential to the structure and health of bones. Bones
are continually remodeling and reforming and calcium is a vital part of this process. Without
calcium bones can become very thin. Bones are structured to provide strength, protection, and
movement. In addition the structure allows the bones to serve as a reservoir for several minerals
including calcium because calcium can quickly move between the bone and the blood.
2. Foods high in calcium consist of spinach, kale, okra, collards, soybeans, white beans, some fish
(such as sardines, salmon, perch, and rainbow trout), some orange juice, oatmeal and breakfast
cereal.
3. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the gut and maintains serum calcium and phosphate
concentrations to enable normal mineralization of bone and to prevent hypocalcemia tetany. It is
also needed for bone growth and bone remodeling by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Without
significant vitamin D bones can become brittle, thin, or misshapen. Vitamin D sufficiency rickets in
children and osteomalacia in adults. Together with calcium and vitamin D also helps protect older
adults form osteoporosis.
4. Men and women have different allowances such as men : 19–50 1,000mg 51–71 1,000mg 71–
older 1,200mg
Women
19–50 1,000mg 51–older 1,200mg
And there are also supplements Calcium carbonate (40% of elemental calcium) Calcium citrate
(21% elemental

Osteoporosis Essay
Mission statement
Osteoporosis is a standout amongst the most well–known chronic sicknesses in ladies over age 65. It
is the essential hazard variable for cracks and quietly causes torment, deformation, inability, and
even passing. By driving scattering down to the neighborhood level through group associations,
battle messages and conveyance methodologies can be customized to different populaces, especially
to those who are generally underserved. The crusade looks to animate framework wide change that
advances powerful medicinal services and approach reactions to address the issues as mindfulness
increments furthermore, shopper conduct changes.
Objectives
The essential objective is to decrease the effect of osteoporosis on more seasoned ladies ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1. Achieve the best number of ladies 65 and more established through a national battle;
2. Reach underserved ladies through nearby socially fitting methodologies;
3. Construct initiative to bolster managed exertion at decreasing the effect of osteoporosis;
4. Activate a vigorous system for osteoporosis data dispersal;
5. Enact policymakers and human services suppliers to enhance access to osteoporosis data,
administrations also, mind; and,
6. Increment sturdy assets for osteoporosis

Causes Of Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a weak bone disease where bones become weaker, more fragile and brittle,
predisposing and individual to more cracks and fractures. Osteoporosis is more common in women
than men. Factors that influence an individual's likelihood of developing osteoporosis include;
smoking, drinking alcohol, leading and inactive lifestyle and fizzing drinks. The reason why
osteoporosis accrue in some individuals is because whereas we tend to think of our bones as a hard
structure but instead in reality they only become supper hard and almost weapon like after death.
While you are alive your osseous tissue (A strong connective tissue that forms your bones) isn't as
hard or unchangeable as we think. This is because bone is an ever changing state of proteins ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example you can think of osteoclast as the construction workers that come by a road and begin
to tire it apart while the osteoblasts will be the crew that will come in afterwards to come and build
it. In osteoporosis either too little formation of bone or too much removal of bone occurs as a result
of external factors which might be genetic or environmental. One way in which this this can occur is
it can be seen in pose menopause of women. Oestrogen is a hormone found in men and women that
kill off osteoclasts to prevent the removal of too much bone. In conclusion our bones remain strong
throughout adulthood until we hit our 30s. They then slowly begin to thin out. In women this
method accelerates after menopause. Treatment for osteoporosis or ways in which an individual can
prevent osteoporosis through a healthy diet and eating the right foods to give you the maximum
bone strength and boost your bone density at any age. Milk, (calcium is the foundation of strong
bones) yogurt and cheese, if you don't like milk a cup of yogurt has at least as much calcium as an
8–unce cup of milk. Sardines, greens, fortified foods, soy food and salmon. Nuts and

Systemic Osteoporosis
Systemic glucocorticoids are the leading cause of secondary osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is described
by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a 'progressive systemic skeletal disease characterised
by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in
bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture'. Oral glucocorticoids are the low bone mass and
microarchitectural deterioration main iatrogenic cause of fragility fracture. Relationship between
glucocorticoid use and bone loss has been studied and established since 1990. Early studies showed
that oral glucocorticoid cause a substantial loss in bone density and other bone markers. Subsequent
epidemiological research identified confirmed the link between fracture and oral glucocorticoid use.
Fragility fractures are the ultimate clinical endpoint that is targeted to prevent in osteoporosis.
Osteoporotic fractures occur in several bone locations. Most osteoporosis–resultant fractures are hip,
proximal femur, vertebral, distal radius and ulna, which are often labeled as major osteoporotic
fractures. Fracture of the tibia, fibula, patella, ribs, and sacrum are also considered fractures
attributable to osteoporosis. A substantial amount of evidence showed increased risk of mortality
post fragility fracture. A systematic analysis of epidemiological studies showed that the mortality
rate during the first year after hip fracture ranged from 8.4% to 36.0%. Post–fracture mortality rates
was associated with vertebral, humerus, and ; while . A significant morbidity ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Oral glucocorticoids exhibit a particular mechanism on bone that rapidly leads to bone loss and bone
structure deterioration; thus, causing higher fracture risk. Glucocorticoid–induced osteoporosis
physiopathology is multifaceted and is distinct from aging and postmenopausal

Osteoporosis And Treatment Of Osteoporosis Essay
Osteoporosis is one of the most prevalent bone diseases worldwide (Mulcahy, et al.). It is
characterised as a disease which leads to the loss of bone mass due to bone deterioration, therefore
leading to bones becoming more brittle and fragile (U.S. Department of Health and Human services,
2004). Physiologically, bone is constantly re–modelled by concerted and coordinated interactions
between osteoclasts, type of cells that are involved in resorption of the bones, and osteoblasts, which
ensure bone formation and mineralization. Osteoporosis results from an imbalance between bone
deposition and resorption (Castiglioni, et al., 2013)
Osteoporosis affects millions of people worldwide, but the groups that are at highest risks include
elderly and post–menopausal women (International Osteoporosis Foundation, 2015). As
osteoporosis is associated with aging, it becomes a major health concern as the aging population will
double over the next decade (Age UK, 2016). Due to that fact, there has been an increase in an
interest in development of the preventive strategies for decreasing the incidence of osteoporosis.
One of most important strategies is dietary intervention, as there are nutritious factors that play a
key role in formation and development of the bones. Majority of the previous studies were
concentrated on relationship between calcium, vitamin D and density of the bones. But recent
studies have mentioned the importance of Magnesium, chemical element which plays a key role in

The Impact Of Osteoporosis
In addition, risk factor of osteoporosis is higher in people who already have certain medical
problems such as cancer and kidney or liver disease. Besides, the risk of fracture is also increase in
patients with condition that the high risk of falls such as hemiplegia, lower limb dysfunction and
Parkinson's disease. It has been shown that an initial fracture is a major risk factor for a new fracture
as other clinical condition's fractures can lead to osteoporosis. Overall, osteoporosis is a disease that
involves fractures of the bones. If someone is suffered in the bone fractured it can affect their life.
For instance, their ability to move is decreasing and this is what we called as an impact to their own
life. This is why osteoporosis will give a very serious impact to a person's health. At least one in
three women and one in five men over the age of 50 around ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The population of those people who suffering from this disease increasing day by day. So, to discuss
about the impact of osteoporosis, there are many of them including disabilities of moving in our
own self. People will have hip or vertebral fractures as the result from

Osteoporosis And Incidence Of Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis in aging women is an important topic. Of the estimated 10 million Americans with
osteoporosis, about eight million or 80% are women (www.nof.org). This statistic show that
osteoporosis is common and is a major public health issue. This devastating disease is prevalent
among middle aged and older women. Research indicates that it is estimated that 200 million
women have osteoporosis (Lane, 2006).This statistic is indication that all women should be
concerned about this disease and how it can affect them as they age. After the age of 50 years the
prevalence of osteoporosis and incidence of osteoporosis fractures rise substantially with age (Chua,
Nandi, & Masud, 2011, p. 279) According to the American Academy of Orthopedic ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the human species age, the bones in the body go through a process called remodeling.
Remodeling, is when the bone cells dissolve (osteoclasts) and new bone cells grow back
(osteoblasts). (www.oseofound.org). However, when osteoporosis has occurred the amount of bone
loss increases faster than the growth of new bone. This results in the bones becoming porous, brittle
and prone to fracture.
There are two types of risk factors that increases the likelihood of developing osteoporosis. The first
type is fixed risks and the second type is modifiable risks. Some of the fixed risk factors are age,
female gender and body size, family history, ethnicity, and Menopause/hysterectomy. A few
modifiable risk factors are poor nutrition, vitamin D deficiency, insufficient exercise, low dietary
calcium intake. Age is one leading factors in the development of this disease because bones become
thinner as the body ages. Approximately one in two women over the age of 50 will break a bone
because of osteoporosis (www.nof.org.). The female gender is another risk factor for developing this
disease. Women are more likely to develop this because women tend to have smaller and thinner
bones than men (Lane, 2006).
Family history is a risk factor because if someone in the family has osteoporosis or fractures a bone,
this increases the likelihood that a member of that family will develop the disease. Women with a
maternal history of hip

Osteoporosis : Bone Loss And Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis: Bone Loss
Osteoporosis is a detrimental bone condition, the tissue in the bones deteriorate and thus the bones
become progressively brittle which presents a risk for rupture. Osteoporosis impacts more than 44
million Americans and is linked to a suggested 2 million bone fractures each year. According to the
National Osteoporosis Foundation, the amount of fissures due to osteoporosis may escalate above 3
million by the year 2025. Osteoporosis is typically undetected and advances with slight warning
signs until a fissure ensues. Effects of osteoporosis encompass height reduction and a curved upper
back, anyone can have osteoporosis, however it is prevalent in elderly women and many may break
a bone due to this condition. Recovery and prevention are vital in combating osteoporosis, though it
may never be eradicated one can take measures to stabilize bone density and gain strength.
Influences
There are a plethora of health issues that contribute to bone loss, such as nutrition (low calcium
consumption) and rarely engaging in exercise, people who have an unhealthy lifestyle such as
smoking or extreme alcohol usage are also at risk. "Bone loss in adolescence and early adulthood
can be a result of a failure to attain peak bone mineral density, and accelerated bone loss may be
particularly noted around menopause and in later years" (Lin, 2014, para. 1). Though the exact cause
is unknown, additional sources may include latent health disorders such as thyroid problems.

Osteoporosis Essay
Osteoporosis is a degenerative disease of the bones generally brought on by the process of aging,
unfortunately there can also be a number of underlying or secondary causes; however, preventative
care and drug treatments can minimize the severity of this prevalent disease. Osteoporosis has been
estimated to affect more than 200 million people worldwide (Bethel, 2015). According to the
National Osteoporosis Foundation, 9.9 million Americans have osteoporosis and an additional 43.1
million have low bone density. What is osteoporosis exactly? Literally, osteoporosis means "porous
bone". Derived from oste/o, meaning bone, and –porosis, meaning the condition of being porous. It
is an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. Clinically defined as a disorder
characterized by compromised bone strength leading to an increased risk of fracture (Lane, 2006).
Normal bone structure includes an extracellular matrix with mineralized and non–mineralized
components, which gives the bones their mechanical properties, as well as collagen and mineralized
osteoid cells. Calcium concentration is extremely important is determining the compressive strength
of the bone (Bethel, 2015). The structure of bone in an individual with osteoporosis has lost
mineralization and collagen due to a decrease in the production of these components as a result, the
bones become porous and brittle. Bone is living tissue, constantly being broken down and reformed
through out life. Derived from

Osteoporosis Research Paper
Osteoporosis is a silent disease in which the bone mass is reduced, often the debilitating fracture
happens (Anderson‐Wurf, Harding, & Seal, 2018); this means that a weakened bone mass results in
disability and soreness (Sedlak, Doheny, & Jones, 2000). The osteoporosis risk can be decreased
through improving bone mass in childhood, preserving bone mass in adulthood, and reducing bone
mass damage in older age. A few ways to reduce osteoporosis risk are to follow healthy habits such
as weight–bearing physical activity, consuming diets with high level of calcium and vitamin D,
stopping smoking, and not drinking excessive amounts of alcohol or caffeine (Hernandez–Rauda &
Martinez–Garcia, 2004).
Individuals who have osteoporosis or are at risk

Osteoporosis Research Papers
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass, microarchitectural
deterioration of bone tissue leading to enhanced bone fragility, and a consequent increase in fracture
risk. Modified risk factors such as a diet lacking vitamin D, magnesium and calcium, tobacco use,
immobility and reduced sex hormones (in women) all contribute to the diagnoses. However, age,
ethnicity, small bone structure and family history are non–modifiable risk factors and cannot be
helped.
People of all ages are diagnosed with this skeletal disease, but it is more common in the elderly due
to
the aging of the body and lack of exercise. Osteoporosis is diagnosed when the hip or spine bone
mineral density (BMD) is two and a half ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In some cases, men are diagnosed with idiopathic osteoporosis after other causes of the
disease have been ruled out. These men typically have a lower body weight and smaller bone
size. Vertebral fractures are very common with idiopathic osteoporosis. Premenopausal women are
also at risk for this diagnosis. However, there isn't much evidence to understand what causes
it. Another cause for osteoporosis happens during pregnancy when the mother's intestinal calcium
absorption is increased. During lactation it returns to normal values, putting further pressure on the
skeleton to compensate for the need of calcium associated with breastfeeding. Because of this, post–
pregnancy related osteoporosis is very common and may lead to fractures of the vertebrae. If a
women
suffers from a low BMD she is advised not to breastfeed.

A vitamin D insufficiency is the most common findings with most young osteoporosis diagnoses
and Vitamin D supplements should be taken before any other medicines are used to help treat the
disease. Because it is so hard to diagnose osteoporosis in young adults it is very important
to investigate the family history of the person diagnosed. Doing this could provide

Osteoporosis is a major problem and accounts for about 1.5 million fractures in the United States
every year. It also accounts for about 500,000 hospitalizations, 800,000 trips to the emergency room,
2.6 million trips to the doctor's office and about 180,000 people being placed into nursing homes.
This is such a costly disease that it currently reports costing Americans about 18 billion dollars each
year. Osteoporosis quite literally means "porous bone". According to The National Osteoporosis
Foundation, bones are in a very similar shape to a honeycomb and when you have osteoporosis the
holes and spaces are larger than that of a healthy bone. This occurs because your bones are not
replacing the "living tissue" that make them up causing them to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(n.d.). Retrieved November 13, 2015, from myclevelandclinic.org website:
http://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/orthopaedics–rheumatology/diseases–conditions/secondary–
osteoporosis
Terpos, E., Dimopoulos, M. A., Sezer, O., Roodman, D., Abildgaard, N., Vescio, R., & ... Durie, B.
M. (2010). The use of biochemical markers of bone remodeling in multiple myeloma: a report of the
International Myeloma Working Group. Leukemia (08876924), 24(10), 1700–1712.
doi:10.1038/leu.2010.173
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General's Report on Bone Health and
Osteoporosis: What It Means To You. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the
Surgeon General, 2012.
Who Is at Risk for DevlopingOsteoporosis? (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2015, from
uchospitals.edu website: http://www.uchospitals.edu/specialties/osteoporosis/risk–factors.html
Wilson, J. F., MS., Davidson, T., AM., & Frey, R. J., PhD. (2011). The Gale Encyclopedia of
Medicine (4th ed., Vol. 6) (L. J. Fundukian, Ed.).
"Osteoporosis." Jennifer F. Wilson, MS., Tish Davidson, AM., and Rebecca J. Frey, PhD. The Gale
Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Laurie J. Fundukian. 4th ed. Detroit: Gale, 2011. 6

The Relationship Between Osteoporosis And Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis, also known as porous bone, is a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural
deterioration of bone tissue which leads to bone fragility and an increased risks of the hip, spine, and
wrist. Both men and women are affected by this (although it affects women more) but it can be
prevented and treated. In the United States, more than 40 million people either already have
osteoporosis or at a high risk because of low bone mass.
Sir Astley Paston Cooper was a famous English physician, anatomist, and surgeon who first
discovered the association between fractures and bone density reduction because of aging which
created the base for discovering Osteoporosis. Another person who helped with the discovery of
osteoporosis was Jean Lobstein. Around 1833, Lobstein was the first person to medically describe
the pathological condition and appearance of Osteoporosis. He described the condition as, "One
with holes in the bone associated with fragility". He was also the one who named the disease.
Another important discovery of the disease is the relationship between osteoporosis with the
postmenopausal state, which was discovered by Fuller Albright. Albright discovered that there is a
direct relationship between the lack of estrogen after menopause and the development of
osteoporosis. After menopause, bone breakdown outrun the building of new bone. Early menopause,
usually before the age of 45, and any prolonged period in which hormone levels are low and
menstrual

Risk Of Osteoporosis
During childhood, bones grow and repair very quickly, but this process gets slower as you age.
Bones stop growing in length between the ages of 16 and 18, but continue to increase in density
until you're in your late 20s.
You gradually start to lose bone density from about 35 years of age. Women normally lose bone
rapidly in the first few years.
Osteoporosis can affect both men and women. It's more common in elderly people, but it can also
affect younger people after the menopause.
Women are at a higher risk of developing osteoporosis than men because the hormone changes that
occur in the menopause directly affects bone density. The female hormone estrogen is critical for
healthy bones. After the menopause estrogen levels fall, it can lead ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Early in the course of the disease, osteoporosis may cause no symptoms. Later, it some signals may
include dull pain in the bones or muscles, particularly low back pain or neck pain.
Later in the course of the disease, sharp pains may come on suddenly. The pain may not radiate but
it may be made worse by activity that puts weight on the area. It sometimes is accompanied by
tenderness, and generally begins to subside in one week. Pain may linger more than three months.
In older people, a fractured bone can be very serious and result in long–term disability for that
person. For example, a hip fracture may lead to long–term mobility problems. Sometimes a cough or
sneeze can cause a rib fracture or the partial collapse of one of the bones of the spine.
Although a fracture is the first sign of osteoporosis, some older people develop the characteristic of
bending forward. It happens when the bones in the spine have fractured, making it difficult to
support the weight of the body. A loss of height happens and this posture is known as a dowager's

Osteoporosis is a medical condition when the bones become brittle and fragile from the loss of
tissue. This results hormonal changes, deficiency of calcium, or vitamin D. The etiology of
osteoporosis can be described as your bones being in a constant state of renewal. The bone is created
and old bone is broken down. A younger body makes new bone faster than it breaks down old bone.
Once this happens, your bone mass increases. When a person is in their early 20s, they reach their
peak bone mass. The older a person gets, bone mass is lost faster than it is created. The chance to
develop osteoporosis depends on how much bone mass you kept when you were younger. The
higher your gain bone mass, the more bone you have for your body and the less likely ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Women are at higher risk for osteoporosis than men. Females have smaller bones and lose bone
faster than men. The hormone changes after menopause cause this factor. The older a person is, the
greater risk he or she will have of osteoporosis because bones thin with age. Caucasian and Asian
women have a higher risk because of the differences in bone mass and density compared with other
ethnic groups. If a family member has osteoporosis or breaks a bone, there is a greater chance that
this will happen to you. People who have fractured a bone after the age of 50 are at high risk of
another fracture. However, the risk factors that a person can change is poor diet, physical inactivity,
smoking, medications, and low body weight. If you get too little of calcium over your lifetime, this
can increase your risk for osteoporosis. For example, not getting enough vitamin D from your diet,
supplements, or sunlight. When a person does not exercise or is not active can increase your risk
because like muscles, bones become stronger with exercise. Cigarette smokers may absorb less
calcium from their diets. When a woman smokes, she has lower levels of estrogen in her

Skeletal Disorder: Osteoporosis
¬¬¬¬¬¬
Table of Contents
Introduction 2
Statement of the Problem 2
Purpose of the Study 2
Hypothesis 3
Significance of the Study 3
Limitations of the Study 4
Physical Activity 4
The Role of Vitamin D Deficiency 6
Preventing Osteoporosis and Social Cognitive Theory 9
Personal factors 9
Social Factor 11
Introduction
Osteoporosis is a medical term used for skeletal disorder. Patients with this disorder suffer with
decreased and decreasing bone strength and vitality; hence the patient is in risk for frequent
fractures during their rest of life, also they are risk for disability early death with increased financial
burden. Osteoporosis is recent days is recognized as major health issue in postmenopausal women
as well as aged group in both sexes (Riggs, Melton, 1995). 50% of women who have crossed their
50 years are suffering from osteoporosis, or a fracture leading them to osteoporosis. In a pilot study
conducted on samples of 483 postmenopausal women belong to age groups of 52 and 62 years, El–
Desouki (2013) found the ratio of osteoporosis among the 52 year old women was 34%, where as
among 62 year old women was 24%. El–Desouki stated these women are widely spread by
Osteopenia. Statistics show, in Saudi Arabia, operations related to Osteoporosis are going up, and
costs high annually, in 2004 reported as USD 12.78 million/year. According to statistics of Saudi
Osteoporosis Society, only in 1999 femoral fractures resulted by osteoporosis cost USD 1.14 billion,
and in the

Osteoporosis And Its Effects On The Body
According to Mayo Clinic, "Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and brittle – so brittle that a
fall or even mild stresses like bending over or coughing can cause a fracture. Osteoporosis–related
fractures most commonly occur in the hip, wrist or spine" (2014). The issue of osteoporosis is very
important due to the fact that it happens to a lot of people all over the world. Although the disorder
of the bone occurs in older people, I believe that everyone should learn about osteoporosis before it
happens to them. Osteoporosis is very common, yet serious and people should have the knowledge
of learning the risks, treatments, and prevention. People are getting older and the disorder of
osteoporosis is only increasing throughout the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bone density then is maintained for about 10 years. After age 35, both men and women will
normally lose 0.3%–0.5% of their bone density per year as part of the aging process." Bones are
continually growing until one's early adulthood and the bone mass is crucial in the skeletal structure.
The bone mass determines how strong or weak one's skeletal system is, but it is influenced by the
genetic factors as well as the modifications of environmental factors and medications. Bone mass
can be measured by receiving different kinds of bone density tests and this can help guide your
future to protect your bones in many ways. By having a bone density test, one will learn if they have
weak or strong bones before they break any bone, predict the chances of breaking a bone, or see if
your bones are starting to get stronger or weaker. The benefits of having a bone density test is
mainly for future references. According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, "About 54 million
Americans have osteoporosis and low bone mass, placing them at increased risk for osteoporosis.
Studies suggest that approximately one in two women and up to one in four men age 50 and older
will break a bone due to osteoporosis." The bone disorder may be common, but there are many risk
factors for osteoporosis. Osteoporosis usually happens with elders, especially in postmenopausal
women. According to Human Anatomy and

Essay on Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a health ailment which causes bones to become so porous that they can break easily.
Osteoporosis literally means 'porous bones'. The bones in our skeleton are made of a thick outer
shell and a strong inner mesh filled with collagen [protein], calcium salts and other minerals. The
inside looks like honeycomb, with blood vessels and bone marrow in the spaces between bone.
Osteoporosis occurs when the holes between bone become bigger, making it fragile and liable to
break easily. Osteoporosis usually affects the whole skeleton but it most commonly causes breaks or
fractures to bone in the wrist, spine and hip.
Women are potentially at higher risk of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Studies have shown that both estrogen and raloxifene, a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator, can
prevent the loss of bone mass in postmenopausal women. Alendronate, a bisphosphonate is an
alternative to estrogen for bone protection. Calcitonin is another treatment used by women for
osteoporosis. This drug has been shown to slow bone breakdown and also may reduce the pain
associated with osteoporotic fractures. Treatments under investigation include other
bisphosphonates, sodium fluoride, para–thyroid hormone, vitamin D metabolites, and other selective
estrogen receptor modulators.
Osteoporosis can be prevented. Regular exercise can reduce the likelihood of bone fractures
associated with osteoporosis. Studies show that exercises requiring muscles to pull on bones, cause
the bones to retain and perhaps even gain density. Researchers found that women who walk a mile a
day have four to seven more years of bone in reserve than women who don't. Some of the
recommended exercises include: weight–bearing exercises, riding stationary bicycles, using rowing
machines, walking, and jogging. Avoiding smoking and watching what you drink can also decrease
your chances of acquiring osteoporosis. Most important of all, a diet that includes an adequate
amount of calcium (from milk and dairy products such as cheese and yogurt), vitamin D, and protein

Osteoporosis Research Paper
Osteoporosis is a disease in which the bones are most likely to break. You can get Osteoporosis, as
you increase in age and from injury. Osteoporosis is mainly caused from having low bone mass. The
signs from Osteoporosis is very sneaky as a result of,, it has no vital signs at all. However, you can
contract Osteoporosis by falling or any other harmful injury. Poor bone structure can be involved
with Osteoporosis. With Osteoporosis, you will not function the same as you would have with
everyday life. Bones and joints are most likely to agonized and bones are most likely going to able
break more frequently. If you know you have been diagnosed with Osteoporosis, you need to be
extra careful. Your bones are twice as fragile than someone

Is Osteoporosis A Disease?
Osteoporosis is a disease in which bone tissue is normally mineralized but the mass of bone is
decreased and structural integrity of trabecular bone is impaired. Cortical bone becomes more
porous and thinner, making bone weaker and prone to fractures. The World Health Organization
(WHO)(1994) has defines postmenopausal osteoporosis abased on the bone density. Bone density is
based on the number of standard deviations away from the mean bone mineral density of a young
adult reference population, a T–score. Normal bone mass density is 0 to –.99 standard deviations,
low bone density (osteopenia) is –1.0 to –2.49 standard deviations, osteoporosis is labeled as less
than or equal to 2.5 standard deviations, and severe osteoporosis is less than or equal to 2.5 standard
deviations and included a bone fracture. Throughout a lifetime, old bone is removed (resorption) and
new bone is added (formation) to the skeleton. During childhood and teenage years, new bone is
added faster than old bone is removed. Consequently, bone become larger, heavier, and denser. Bone
formation continues at a pace faster than resorption until peak bone mass, which is reached around
age 30. After age 30, bone resorption slowly exceeds bone formation. In women, bone loss is most
rapid in the first years after menopause but persists throughout the postmenopausal years. Based on
year 2000 census data, it is estimated that 55% of people age 50 and older have either osteoporosis
or low bone mass. The major risk

Developing Osteoporosis

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