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Áp xe gan vi trùng.ppt
1.
Áp xe gan
vi trùng Nguyễn Cao Cương BV. Bình Dân
2.
I- LÒCH SÖÛ:
Hippocrates moâ taû AGVT töø 4000 naêm tröôùc coâng nguyeân . John Bright moâ taû AG 1836 . Waller, Dieu Lafoy: AGVT ở BN bò VRT, vieâm tónh maïch . Ochsner1938 toång quan AGVT thôøi kyø chöa coù khaùng sinh, chuû yeáu do VRT. TK coùKS, caên nguyeân AGVT ñaõ thay ñoåi, nhieãm truøng ñöôøng maät ñöùng haøng ñaàu, roài TM cöûa, voâ caên,nhöng töû vong coù giaûm. AGVT thöôøng gaêëpôû BN 50-60 tuoåi, yeáu coù beänh aùc tính, suy giaûm mieãn dòch . Tæ leä nam/nöõ: 1,5/1.
3.
II- CAÊN NGUYEÂN
TB Kuffer laø haøng raøo loïc VTø ñoäng maïch, tónh maïch, ñường mật taïi choã.=> khi khaû naêng loïc suy giaûm vaø gan bò thöông toån => AGVT. 6 caên nguyeân :VT ñeán gan töø caùc ñöôøng sau : – Ñöôøng maät: 40%, do nhieãm truøng ñöôøng maät (soûi, heïp, noái maät ruoät) . – Tónh maïch cöûa: (20%) VT töø oáng tieâu hoùa, VRT coøn 2% – Ñoäng maïch gan (12%): chíchxì ke,vieâmnoäi taâm maïc, vieâm tai, aùp xe vuøng… – Chaán thöông (4%): veátthöông gan, huûy u gan. – Tröïc tieáp (6%):töø aùp xe döôùi hoaønh, luûng daï daøy taù traøng, vieâm tuùi maät hoaïi töû… – Voâ caên (20%):gaëp ôû BN tieåu ñöôøng, suy giaûm mieãn dòch…
4.
5.
III-TAÀNSUAÁT: - AGVT
ít thay ñoåi # 0,016 % soá BN nhaäp vieän ôû Myõ. - ÔÛ VN ít gaëp:caên nguyeân chuû yeáu laø ñöôøng maät , Nam #Nöõ. IV- YEÁUTOÁTHUAÄNLÔÏI: - Tieåu ñöôøng, xô gan, vieâm tuïy maõn, loeùt daï daøy taù traøng, vieâm ruoät, vaøng da, ung thö, hoùa trò … V- BEÄNHHOÏC: - Töø tónh maïch cöûa, chaán thöông, voâ caên…ñôn aùp xe - Töø ñöôøng maät, ñoäng maïch:ña aùp xe nhoû. AGVT: # 65% ôû gan P vaø ñôn aùp xe, 12% ôû gan traùi 23% ôû 2 beân gan.
6.
Caên nguyeân Nguoànnhieãm
Phaân boá Loaïi vi truøng Ñöôøng maät Nhieãm truøng ñöôøng maät 2thuøy, ña AG 1VT,Gr(-), hieáukhíhay kîkhíE.coli. Tónh maïch cöûa Nhieãm truøngoå buïng ThuøyP>T Ña,ñôn AG ÑaVTñöôøng ruoät, hieáu khí kî khí S.foecalis, E.coli, B.fragilis. Ñoäng maïch Du khuaånhuyeát Nhieãm truøngheä thoáng 2thuøy, ña AG 1VT,Gr(+), hieáukhí S.aureus, S.pyogenes. Chaán thöông Nhieãm tröïc tieáp Moâ hoaïi töû Vuønggan bò toån thöông 1VT,Gr(+), hieáukhí S.aureus, S.pyogenes. Tröïc tieáp Vieâm tuùi maät Luûngdaï daøy taù traøng Vuøngtieáp caän 1VT,Gr(-), hieáukhí, E.coli. Voâ caên Khoâng roõ ThuøyP > T 1VT,kîkhí, B. fragilis .
7.
7.2 Xeùt nghieäm
sinh hoùa: Bieåu hieännhieãmtruøng heäthoáng. - Baïch caàu > 10.000/mm3 71% - Hct < 36% 53% - Alcalin phosphatasetaêng 87% - Bilirubin >2mg/dl 24% - Albumin < 3g/dl 55% - Caáy maùu(+) 50%
8.
VII/CHAÅN ÑOAÙN: 7.1 Bieåu
hieän laâm saøng: Trieäu chöùng (Symptoms) Daáu chöùng (Signs) . Soát 83% .Ñau haï söôøn P 52% . Suït caân 60% .Gan to 40% . Ñau 55% .Vaøngda 31% . Noân oùi 50% .U haï söôøn P 25% . Meät moûi 50% .Baùng buïng 25% . Laïnh run 37% .Dòch maøng phoåi 20% . Bieáng aên 34% . Ho 30%
9.
7.3 Hìnhaûnh hoïc:
1. Sieâu aâm: PP ñaàutieân, toát, ñoä nhaïy85-95%, ñeå chaån ñoaùn AGVT > 2cm. 2. CT-scan:PP toát nhaát, ñoä nhaïy95%, chaånñoaùn AGVT > 0,5 cm . 3. Coäng höôûng töø: coù theå xaùcñònh aùp xe gan > 0,3 cm. 4. Y hoïchaït nhaân:ít duøng . 5. X-quang: # 50% coù hình aûnhtraøn dòch maøng phoåi, cô hoaønh bò ñoäi cao, ít khithaáy möùc nöôùc hôi cuûa aùp xe 6. Chuïpmaät tuïy ngöôïc doøng (ERCP), chuïp ñöôøng maät qua da (PTC): AGVT töø ñöôøng maät? 60% baát thöôøng.
10.
VIII-ÑIEÀUTRÒ: Nguyeân taéc
laø cho KSvaø choïc huùt aùp xe; xaùcñònh vaø ñieàutrò nguoàn nhieãm; phaãu thuaät khi NT oå buïng . 8.1. Khaùngsinh (KS): -Phoái hôïp KS dieät VT Gr(-), GR(+), kî khí… 8.2. Choïc huùt: -Choïchuùt ñeå chaånñoaùn, ñònh loaïivi truøng . -Choïc huùt ñieàu trò phoái hôïp KS ñöôïc chæ ñònh cho ñôn aùp xe. 8.3. Daãn löu qua da: BN giaø yeáu, AGVT ñôn oå, thaønh coâng 70-90%.
11.
12.
8.4.Moå daãn
löu: - Ít thöïc hieän. Neáu caùc PP treân thaát baïi. - Moå buïng giaûi quyeát oå nhieãm vaø aùp xe. IX- BIEÁNCHÖÙNG:# 40% - NT toaøn thaân, NT huyeát, töû vong # 85%. - BC ôû phoåi, maøng phoåi, vieâm phoåi, aùp xe vôû vaøo oå buïng … hieám gaëp. X- DÖÏ HAÄU - Chaån ñoaùn, KS, daãn löu qua da sôùm => tæ leä soáng 90%; ñôn aùpxe, aùp xe vi truøng hieáu khí töû vong < 5% . - Döï haäu xaáu laø ña aùp xe, ña VT, beänh ñöôøng maät, chæ coù VT kî khí … töû vong laø 75% .
13.
AÙP XE GAN
AMÍP(AGA) - Nhieãm amíp coù tæ leä cao ôû caùc nöôùc ñang phaùt trieån, vuøng nhieätñôùi, baùn nhieät ñôùi … - Baùo caùo ñaàutieân ôû AánÑoä. Osler baùo caùo TH nhieãm amíp gan vaø ñaïitraøng naêm 1890. - Councilman, La Fleur 1891 ñaët teân laø aùp xe gan amíp. - Tröôùc kiañieàu trò AGA laø moå daãn löu, hieännay laø metronidazole. Canthieäp ngoaïi khoa hieám choTH coù BC hay khaùngthuoác.
14.
II- TAÀNSUAÁT: -Taàn
suaát cao ôû caùcnöôùc nhieät ñôùi vaø ít ôû caùcnöôùc Taây phöông; ôû Myõ: 0,0013% BN vaøo vieän vaø 5% caùc loaïi aùp xe gan . - Tæ leä nhieãm amíp ôû caùcvuøng dòch teå laø 15-30% , ôûMyõ 1%; chæ coù7% BN nhieãm amíp bò AGA . - Tuoåi hay gaëp laø 30-50; tæ leä nam/nöõ # 9/1 . III-BEÄNH SINH: -Entamoeba histolytica laø theå gaây beänh, laây nhieãm qua ñöôøng phaân- mieäng töø nöôùc vaø rau. -Amíp qua tónh maïch cöûa => Gan => taéc maïch, tieát ra enzymes thuûy giaûi teá baøo => hoaïi töû => tạo aùp xe, bao quanh bôûi lôùp amíp hoaït ñoäng.
15.
IV- CHAÅN ÑOAÙN:
4.1.Bieåu hieän laâm saøng: Tình traïng caáp tính vôùi ñau nhieàu HSP, coùtrieäu chöùng phoåi, gan to… Thöôøng BN coùtieàn söû tieâu chaûy. Trieäu chöùng: Daáu chöùng . Ñau buïng 90% .Gan to 85% . Soát 87% .AÁn ñau haï söôøn (P) 85% . Noân-oùi 85% . Traøn dòch maøng phoåi 40% . Bieáng aên 50% .U haï söôøn (P) 12% . Suït caân 45% . Ho 25%
16.
4.2. Sinhhoùa:
- Alcaline phosphatase taêng 80% - BC > 10.000/mm3 70% - Hct < 36% 49% - Albumin < 3g% 44% - Kyù sinh truøng/phaân 15-50% -Toác ñoä laéngmaùu taêng( VS )
17.
4.3. Hình aûnh:
1. Sieâu aâm: laø chaånñoaùn hìnhaûnh choïn lựa, phaùt hieän 90-95% TH. .2. CT-scan:ñoä nhaïy 100%, phaânbieät AGA vôùi u hoaïitöû, nang echinococcus . 3. X-quang ngöïc: 2/3 TH coù baát thöôøng nhö traøn dòch maøng phoåi, traøn dòch maøng tim, cô hoaønh bò ñoäi cao… 4. Huyeát thanh chaånñoaùn amíp: (+) # 95% TH. 5. Choïc huùt chaånñoaùn: khihuyeát thanh chaånñoaùn (-), duøng ñeå loaïi tröø AGVT; muû AGA khoâng muøi, maøu naâu ñoû, caáy VT(-), amíptrong muû # 33-90% .
18.
19.
CT SCAN
20.
V- ÑIEÀU TRÒ:
1. Khaùng sinh: nhoùm Imidazole (Metronidazole) - Dieät amíp ruoät vaø cô quan, lieàu duøng 750mg x 3 laàn/ngaøy, 10 ngaøy, trò khoûi 95% TH. - TC giaûm sau vaøi ngaøy ñieàu trò, aùp xe nhoû laïi sau 7-10 ngaøy. 2. Choïc huùt ñieàu trò: - chæñònh 72 giôø sau ñieàu trò thuoác maø coøn TC. - Choïc huùt laøm giaûm aùp löïc, giaûm nguy cô vôõ,loaïi tröø AGA boäi nhieãm, khoâng giaûm thôøi gian ñieàu trò . 3. Daãn löu qua da: ñieàu trò bieán chöùng traøn dòchmaøng phoåi, oå buïng, maøng tim. 4. Moå daãn löu:ñieàu trò treân thaát baïi, AGA vôõ, AGA doøsang taïng laân caän,NT huyeát do AGA boäi nhieãm.
21.
22.
VI- BIEÁNCHÖÙNG: -
Haàu heát AGA ñieàu trò baûo toàn, # 10% coù bieán chöùng, - BC hay gaëplaø AGA vôûleân ngöïc qua cô hoaønh gaây traøn dòch maøng phoåi, muû maøngphoåi, aùp xe phoåi, vieâm phoåi, doø pheá quaûn… ø => daãn löu tö theá. - # 30% vôû vaøo oå buïng, töø aùp xe gan P, ñieàu trò thuoác khaùng amíp vaø moå daãn löu ;töû vong # 20% . - 2% AGA vôûvaøomaøngtim gaây suy tim öùhuyeát, truïy tim maïch caáp ;ñieàu trò thuoác khaùng amíp vaø choïc huùt maøng tim ; töûvong 30-70% . - Moät soá TH AGA doø ra da hay doø vaøo oáng tieâu hoùa .
23.
VII- DÖÏ HAÄU:
- Töû vong AGA thaáp, hieännay <4% . - Yeáu toá tieân löôïng döïhaäuxaáulaø : lôùn tuoåi, nhaäpvieän treã, AGA vôû vaøo maøng tim, maøng phoåi, bilirubin taêng…
24.
TOÙM TAÉT AÙp
xe gan: oå muûtrong gan. Thöôøng gaëp do amibe hôn do vi truøng. TCLS: soát- gan to-ñau( tam chöùngFontan). BC cao, caáy maùu, HTamibe(+) HAÛH: sieâu aâm, CT-scan.
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