2. Kidneys
• Located in the lumbar region of the back bone above the waist on either side of
the vertebral column.
• Responsible for homeostasis or balance in your body.
• Interacts with the bloodstream and its ability to excrete substances from the body.
• Essential in the urinary system and filters the blood throughout the body.
• Helps in Regulation of electrolytes, blood pressure, and acid-base balance.
3. H O
2 WATER
• H20= 2 part hydrogen and 1 part oxygen
• Approximately 60% of the body is made up of water
• The urinary system maintains the body’s proper
balance of water and chemicals
• Water Flushes out waste and toxins
• If the body is low on water the kidneys conserve it
• If the body is excess in water in the body, the kidneys
excrete the excess
4. ATN (Acute Tubular Necrosis)
• Damage to the renal tubules due to presence
of toxins in the urine.
• Lack of oxygen to the kidney
• Most common cause that can lead to Acute
renal failure
• The internal structure of the
kidney, particularly the tissues of the kidney
tubule become damaged or destroyed.
5. ATN can be caused by:
• Blood transfusion reaction
• Severe low blood pressure (hypotension) that last longer than 30 minutes
• Recent major surgery or septic shock
• Injury or Trauma that damaged the muscle
ATN symptoms are:
• Decreased consciousness
• Coma
• Delirium or confusion
• Lethargic or drowsy
• General swelling and fluid retention
• Nausea and vomiting
6. Hemodialysis (HD)
• Use of an artificial kidney machine that filters blood of a
person to remove waste such as urea from the blood.
• Restores the proper balance of electrolytes in the blood
• Eliminates extra fluid from the body
How is it done?
• connects individual to a dialyzer with tubes attached to the
blood vessels.
• The blood is slowly pumped from the body to the filter
• The filter removes waste products or any excess fluid
• The filtered blood is then pumped back into the body.
7. 3 Types of Hemodialysis (HD)
• In-center hemodialysis- The patient goes to a hospital or
dialysis center.
• Home hemodialysis-After the patient is drained they would
complete the dialysis at home.
• Home hemodialysis can be nocturnal ( done at night) or daily
(done everyday)
• Hemodialysis is done 3 to 7 days a week and can take from up
to 6 to 8 hours.
8. Dialysis Access
• Before treatment the doctor has to create a place to
access where the blood can enter and exit the body.
• Fistula-connection or passageway between
two epithelium-lined organs or vessels that normally
do not connect.
• Graft- A synthetic tube is implanted under the skin in
your arm to access your vein.
• Venuos catheter- A tube or catheter is used and
placed in a vein usually located in the neck, chest, or
groin.
9. (UTI) Urinary Tract Infection
• Infection, usually from bacteria, of any organ of the urinary system. Most
often begins with cystitis and may ascend into the ureters and kidneys.
Most common in women because of their shorter urethra.
• Urinary system includes the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and the
urethra
• When germs get into urinary system it can cause infection
• If you do not take care of a bladder infection in a timely manner it can
spread to the kidneys.
• Germs get into your system through the urethra
• The germs or bacteria can usually be found in your stool from your
intestine.
10. UTI (cont.)
The Symptoms of a UTI
• Pain or burning while urinating
• Urine is cloudy or smelly
• The feeling of having to urinate but nothing comes out
• A fever or chills
• Pain on one side of your back under your ribs
Treatment
• Antibiotics
• Drinking a lot of water
11. Bladder Neck Obstruction (BNO)
• Blockage of the bladder outlet. Often caused
by an enlarged prostate gland in males.
• The bladder neck does not open appropriately
or completely during urinating.
• Symptoms may occur in not only men but
women as well.
12. BNO (cont.)
Symptoms may be caused by:
• Storage symptoms-
• frequency or urgency
• Voiding symptoms
• decreased force of stream
• Hesitancy
• incomplete emptying
Treatments:
• Watchful waiting
• Therapy or surgery
13. References
• Medical Terminology: A living language/
Bonnie F. Fremgen, Suzzane S. Frucht- 4th ed.
2009
• www.WebMD.com
• www.Youtube.com
