The Reformation Of England And Germany

The Reformation Of England And Germany
After the reformation had reached parts of England and Germany, John Knox started preaching the reformation to Scotland. Knox sought to win
over the many Catholics that were in Scotland. He had many opportunities to preach at St. Andrews church and his teachings were very popular
among the people. Due to his rising popularity and demand, one of the leaders in the church, Rough, asked him to consider taking a position in the
church as a preacher. Knox quickly denied saying he wouldn't take the position unless it was God's calling on his life. However, Rough wasn't
letting him go that easily, the next Sunday Rough did a sermon on God's will and calling and asked the congregation to express to Knox their desire
for him to be their pastor. This brought tears to Knox's eyes and he left the church and locked himself in his chambers for a couple days pondering his
decision. Ultimately he took the call and began to preach at the church. Knox criticized the functions of the Catholic church in his sermons comparing
certain aspects of it to Daniel 7:24–25. Knox said that the text, "showed that the lives of clergy, from popes downwards; how the doctrines of the
Church, particularly that of justification through "works of man's invention"; how ecclesiastical enactments such as clerical celibacy, compulsory
fasting, and observance of days; and how such "blasphemous' pretensions as those which claimed papal infallibility and power over purgatory–all
combined proved that the Roman church
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James VI & I's Desire to Create a Perfect Union Between...
James VI & I's Desire to Create a Perfect Union Between Scotland and England
After succeeding the English thrown in 1603, James VI & I of Scotland and England aimed to create the 'perfect union'. In 1604 he proclaimed
himself king of Britain and attempted full unification of the nations. This was to involve uniting the Scottish and English parliaments, the church and
the legal systems. It also included free trade, repeal of hostile laws and the renewal of borders. James's plan to create a perfect union was not to be
successful for numerous reasons. This essay will discuss the opposing views held by the Scottish and English parliaments and the objections from the
church. It will consider the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scotland was, after all, a poor nation and full unification would provide the benefits of, 'strength, peace and security' for Britain and he himself would
be known for his greatness on a European level.[3] James somewhat achieved this as, 'French and Venetian ambassadors were impressedГўв‚¬В¦by the
extent of the king's authority'.[4]
James was determined to succeed with the full unification of Scotland and England. In April 1604, the Commons were asked to consider his new title
as that of king of Britain. Their objection to do so deeply offended James as he considered it his right. Decisions were delayed because the union
was imperfect and many were unclear as to exactly what it would involve. Commons were weary of James because he intervened in such a way they
had not been used to. As he made use of his full powers, some were classifying it as, 'unwarranted interference in their affairs'.[5] With the continual
postponing of the acknowledgement of James's position, he exercised his right of royal prerogative and proclaimed himself king of Great Britain in
October 1604.
His intentions of full unification were made known in his persuasive opening speech to Parliament when he said, 'What God hath conjoined let no
man separate. I am the husband and all the whole isle is my lawful wife. I am the head and it is the body. I am the shepherd and it is the flock. I hope,

Edward Irving Research Paper
During the 1840s, a movement to restore ancient Christianity in Britain and the West used the name "Catholic Apostolic Church (Catholicate of the
West)." The name was used by an ecumenical prayer movement om the early 19th century. The movement included the Gifts in the Holy Spirit but it
was suppressed by the local churches.
Considered a "Forerunner of the Charismatic Movement," Edward Irving was born in Scotland. A college graduate, he became a minister in the
Church of Scotland, which was Presbyterian. In 1822 he was called to pastor Caledonia Church with about 50 members. He had a flamboyant style,
and the congregation increased quickly to 1,000 members.
A prayer movement started in the 1820s. William Howitt wrote about Edward Irving in his book, The... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prophetic utterances started in Port Glasgow, Scotland. In 1830 speaking in unknown tongues started with a female. When tongues came forth in the
middle of a message, she was taken to a small room where she finished delivering the message in tongues. After that happened, the gift of speaking in
tongues frequently was displayed in public. People started going to the church to witness this phenomena. Irving authored articles in Fraser's Magazine
stating that the messages were orderly and interpreted. They were delivered in a high key with an eloquence that resembled a noble chant rather than
oratorical speaking. He believed they had the sound of the old cathedral chants similar to those practiced in the past at St. Ambrose, a Catholic Church.
All who witnessed the experience noted that it was stirred up and delivered by a supernatural

How Cram Changed My Life Essay
What happened next changed his life. The first thing Cram noticed, true to himself, was the architecture. Overall, he was unimpressed with the style,
which he never came to appreciate. For about thirty minutes, Cram battled boredom, until the service started. He described the experience in his own
words:
Then, in their white and gold vestments, the sacred ministers came silently to the high altar, attended by crucifers, thurifers and acolytes, and stood
silently waiting. Suddenly came the bells striking the hour of midnight, and with the last clang the great organs and the choir burst into a melodious
thunder of sound; the incense rose in clouds, filling the church with a veil of pale smoke; and the Mass proceeded to its climax with the offering of the
Holy Sacrifice of the Body and Blood of Christ. I did not understand all of this with my mind, but I understood.
After a life growing up in the home of a pastor, studying art, and designing architecture, Cram's accidental preparation enabled him to "understand" the
experience in a way no one else ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In May of 1910, the leading businesspeople of Far Rockaway gathered to dedicate the Russell Sage Memorial Church. In structuring the building, Cram
and his associates intentionally shifted theology to the forefront by moving the organ. One architecture magazine pointed out that in Protestant
churches at that time, the organ often overshadowed both the pulpit and the communion table, but in Sage Memorial, the organ and choir had been
relegated to the sides, highlighting the pulpit and table. At the dedication, a memorial address proclaimed that "the very erection of such a building as
this for His glory is a witness to a believer's sense of his unrivaled greatness and majesty." The architect–theologian designed the church to convey
theology and manifest an experience of God's

The Cultural Impacts Of The Reformation On Scotland And...
Scotland, like many other countries throughout the western world, was changed in 1517 when Martin Luther published his 95 theses. Through his
publication, Luther exposed the sins of the Roman Catholic Church and denounced its credibility. John Knox, a Scottish Reformer, spread the teachings
of Protestantism throughout Scotland. He exposed the truth behind the wealth and riches of the Catholic Church and helped move the country towards
the establishment of the Church of Scotland. The church in the 16th century, was at the center of the daily lives of the Scottish people. A reform to the
church, meant a reform to the culture of Scotland. One cultural impact on Scotland as a result of the Reformation was education. The Scottish
Reformation broadened the education system throughout Scotland because of its encouragement to read the Bible.
Before the Scottish reformation, Scotland was ruled by both the King or Queen and the Church. The church held a powerful position over the lives of
the people in Scotland, having influence in their political, economic, social, and cultural spheres. As a result, the church in Scotland, before and after
the Scottish reformation, held power and influence over the education system.
Before the reformation, there were three types of schools; lecture schools, song schools and grammar schools. In the grammar schools, which were
attached to the cathedrals, boys learned Latin. As the Bible at this time was only in Latin, this gave the young boys an

Who is Jane Haining?
Jane Haining: A display of sacrificial love
Jane's childhood struggle of losing her mother prepared her for her future struggles. She constantly had a church family to rely on growing up to
strengthen her faith. Jane worked hard and had a good education; it was all preparing her for her later work. God strengthened her love and faith while
she worked as a girls' matron, and she displayed this love in her sacrificial death. God used Jane Haining's life for His glory, and He prepared her for it
through each stage of her life.
Jane Haining was born in Dunscore, Dumfries and Galloway ("Time to Honour"). She was born into a Presbyterian family ("Time to Honour"). She
regularly attended Dunscore's Craig church's Sunday School as a child, and she was also baptized there (Shennan). Her father was Thomas John
Haining, and her mother was Jane Mathison Haining (Shennan). Jane was their sixth child, and their third girl (Shennan). Thomas and Jane, Jane's
parents, were married in 1890 ("Jane Haining"). Within a year of their marriage, they had their first child, Alison ("Jane Haining"). Two years later, in
April 1893, they had twin boys, James and Thomas ("Jane Haining"). Both James and Thomas died at four months old in August ("Jane Haining"). In
1895 they had another girl, Margaret ("Jane Haining"). Their next child was Jane, who was born on June sixth, 1897 ("Jane Haining"). The last child
of the family was Helen, who was born in August, 1902 ("Jane Haining").

One Day Another Dollar Analysis
Another Day Another Dollar Mom and Dad had their eight kids to contend with and boom, Dad suddenly out of work. My Dad, always charming
and charismatic as Mom's own father, had job offers galore. Opening a franchise, owning his own business was the first choice for employment.
Mom and Dad wanted to return and live in Calgary however, that was already taken. The next choice was Scotland, were Dad had been raised the
weather being cold and rainy, most of the year, Flexisteel of Scotland was born. Flue Lining the chimney's of Scotland was the aim. The weather in
Scotland changes at a drop of a hat, three seasons in a day, no matter what time of year, so a perfect place to line chimney's. Dad loved it, he was his
own boss, drinking... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, it was a triumphant day. I had saved the day! The Nuns at my very Catholic elementary school had asked the question "were is God ?"
others piped up, "In Church" , "No!", she said, angrily. "In School"others replied, "No!" getting more annoyed. "In our house", the Nun getting redder
and redder. I still don't understand why Priests and Nuns were always so mean and angry all the time are they not suppose to be full of happiness
spreading the good word? I remember Sundays at St Columbkilles, Rutherglen, Glasgow, Canon Gillian stood screaming at his congregation for more
money, less talking and use the right hand to bless yourself. Who knew there was a right hand to bless yourself with holy water upon entering the
Catholic Church. I was with Dad this one Sunday evening squeezing in our Church time by the skin of our teeth. I didn't know that it mattered
which hand you used to bless yourself with holy water. Numerous years of Catholic School had not taught me this. I was too busy worrying about
blessing myself at all because of all the people squeezing in their Church time the last mass before, well I'm not sure what would happen if you
missed Church, it never happened. The dreaded Cannon Gillian had witnessed this and pulled my Dad aside and gave him a rollicking for my huge
blunder of not blessing myself with the right hand. I, in turn, received a rollicking from

What Caused The English Revolution Essay
For a country to have a functioning government, the members of it, have to agree on the important political issues the country is facing. The English
Revolution was caused by the fact that the members of the English government didn't agree on many things. This caused problems in the government
and ultimately, led to the Glorious Revolution.The Glorious Revolution was a successful end to the English Revolution because The English Bill of
Rights solved England's key political conflicts. These key political conflicts were who controlled taxes, the guidelines for the Catholic Church and the
rights for the members of Parliament.
The conflict between the king and Parliament over who would control taxes went on for a little more than 400 years, until the English Bill of Rights
was signed in 1689. The Magna Carta, drafted in 1215, stated that "a common council" (Later, this common council became Parliament) was to control
taxes. During his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
William and Mary came to power because the next heir to the throne would've been James II's Catholic son. Protestant didn't want to have a
Catholic in power so badly, that they brought in William and Mary to take over. The Bishops' War was a war fought between Scotland and England
during 1639 and 1640. Scotland originally attacked England because Charles I forced the country to use the English prayer book. Scotland was a
Calvinist country, and didn't want to use the Church of England's prayer book because it didn't line up with their beliefs. The English Bill of Rights
stated that "Roman Catholics could not be king or queen of England. The Sovereign was required to sear a coronation oath to maintain the Protestant
Religion" (The English Bill of Rights) This stopped the worry that caused by Catholic taking over the throne of

James I Influence
James VI of Scotland/James I of England and Ireland (Charles James Stuart) The popularity of the King James authorized version of the Bible,
published in 1611 is well known; however without research, the history behind this Biblical translation can be obscure. Without the influence of King
James VI and I, the translation would not exist. In addition, the life of King James VI and I reflects important societal and personal values that are in
conflict today. Born into royalty within a country with political and religious turmoil, his actions and ambitions laid the course for events that affected
the course of history. His impact upon lesser known figures in history as well as future rulers in England is also certain. King James VI and I has ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
King James VI regarded the English Puritans as similar to the group of Scottish Presbyterians he had previously dealt with and was often harsh in his
decisions, banning many religious petitions. He upheld conformity of the clergy and opposed their efforts. The Hampton Court Conference, despite
many disagreements and unsuccessful outcomes for the Puritans, did provide the opportunity for the agreement of a new translation of the Bible,
completed in 1611 and was called the King James Bible. Although the two sides differed in their reasons for the translation, the effect was a Bible that
was noted for its "majesty in style", the most acknowledged accomplishment of English literature and a great impact upon shaping the
English–speaking world.King James VI gave the translators direction to ensure the new version would conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the
episcopal structure of the Church of England. Forty–seven scholars who were all members of the Church of England completed the translation and as
common with other translations at the time, the New Testament was translated from Greek and the Old Testament from Hebrew and Aramaic with the
Apocrypha from Greek and Latin. The Puritans were members of the Church of England, opposed ecclesiastical policy and wanted reform in the

How The Growth Of Cities And Scotland Influenced The...
If time travel was possible and one could somehow travel from Scotland nineteenth century to Scotland twentieth, a dramatic difference would be
noticed. In those one hundred years much in Scotland transformed. This essay shall look at the changes that took place and how the growth of cities in
Scotland influenced the development of social welfare.
During the 1760s Scottish economy started undergoing some important transformations. There was a shift from agriculture to industry which did not
happen overnight and some effects of this were not seen until sometime later. The change started within the linen industry. Cotton soon started to take
over as it turned out to be more adaptable to the new textile machines that came in to use in the last 1700s. A number of revolutionary inventions
changed how the productions of textile goods were produced in Scotland. The Spinning Jenny in 1760s allowed steam power to be introduced in the
1780s to mule spinning. Steam power changed everything about production. At this time the size of the cities compared to the outer parts such as
villages and highlands expanded hugely. The population in Scotland almost doubled in fifty years from 1.625m in 1801 to 2.896m in 1851, with this
rapid growing happening mostly in the industrial cities. Glasgow's population went from 77,000 to 275.000. Dundee from 26,000 people to 166,000.
Even smaller industrial towns were expanding; Paisley had only 4,000 people during the 1750s and rose to 24,000 in

Thomas Trial
The Trial: Government Officials When it comes to trials, the government or the state are influential and necessary parts of a trial within Scotland.
There are greatly diverse laws within England and Scotland, which needed to be obeyed by all. They required a person of law, such as a judge, which
the majority of witchcraft trials were not. Witchcraft within the country of Scotland was seen as committing a crime against the law of Scotland as well
as God. Therefore, the prosecution was seen as justifiable according to both religion and the government. When it comes to Thomas and Jane's trial, the
government would be a major contributing factor because they are in charge of the courts along with the Church of Scotland. "Provost of Edinburgh, ...
Men were less likely to be executed while women's likelihood increased. When it comes to the witch trials, men are seen as backseat threats, unlike
their female counterpart. "Elite men in the localities might thus have been spurred into witch hunting by perceiving themselves and their property as
under threat." Men during the time of the Weir Trials mainly focused on Thomas Weir and his major convictions in 1670. Men throughout the
documentations of the trials were portrayed more as priests, judges, officers, witnesses, and clergymen. While discussing the crimes of Thomas Weir,
the main judge brought in witnesses (such as John Oliphant, William Johnstone, Archibald Hamilton, and Alexander Pitcairn) who ended up
witnessing the numerous crimes of Thomas Weir. When it came to Thomas Weir, there was mainly a feeling of negativity since, "he was no longer
able to endure the remorse of his awakened conscience; which he first of all among those of his own party and desired them to bring him to public
justice to expiate for his abominable crimes." There tends to be so much more controversy when it comes to men being accused of crimes and
witchcraft compared to women who are more commonly accused so that it did not seem as much of a substantial

Social Hierarchies In Scotland In The 20th Century
Scotland – Social
Social hierarchies
Race in Scotland
Whites take up the majority of Scotland population. In the 20th century Whites took up over 90% of the population. Asian Indian, Pakistani, Black, and
other being only 10%
In 1807, when the slave trade ended, Scotland continues to use slaves labour.
It was considered fashionable for wealthy white families to own young black boys.
Even when the slave trade ended, Scotland Gov. still outsourced wealthy whites owners to work in other countries to help control the slave(s/trade)
Women in Scotland
Women in the 13th – 20th century mostly played a "mother's role". Often taking care of their kids, cooking, cleaning, baking, etc...
At the end of the 15th century, girls were able to get an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1928, all women received the right to vote
Patriarchy
Patriarchy Changing
The first time patriarchy in Scotland was challenged was in the 20th century
Women Showed that they were able to maintain a household and a job, even when the man was gone
If a women were to get a divorce before 1937, she could lose custody of her kids, no matter her reason.
That's if she could even get a divorce. Most women until 1857, couldn't file for a divorce
Women couldn't control their land until 1882. It would go to their son, brother–in–law, any boy in the family, if the husband died.
How religion played a role in everyday life and basically dominated the country, until recent years.

The Church of Scotland was/is very quick to condemn sinners and reluctant to forgive sinners.
Obeying the laws of the Sabbath. Scottish towns were dead quiet on Sundays, closing shops and even forbidding kids from playing outdoors. Reading
the newspaper was even considered a sin.
In recent years, the Church has loosened its laws finally started to ease up during the 1950's.
Most of the Catholic Church is labour–voting and urban

Scotland In The 13th Century
Scotland during the late 13th century and early 14th century was in relative shambles in regards to political and economic situations from degrading
agency and relationship to England. The Scottish Kingdom caught up in a perilous situation after the succession crisis after King Alexander III died
suddenly in 1286 without a proper heir. Alexander's children had predeceased him by his first wife and the only proper heir was the Margaret of
Norway. Margaret of Norway was the daughter of Margaret of Scotland (Alex's daughter) who died beforehand married to Eric II of Norway that
added to the complexity of the situation. The death of the Maid of Norway in September 1290 left no closely related bloodline in Alexander III family
and opened the door ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When Robert the Bruce ascended the throne in 1306 the defiance and animosity toward the English became apparent with the battles and land
claims. Bruce's ascension to the throne came at the murder John Comyn in Greyfriars Church, Dumfries in February 1306. This incident before his
crowning in March which he was excommunicated by the Pope for the argument and killing of a Scottish noble in a church. The ascension of the
throne came with a convoluted history of the Bruce family strong arm approaches to gain power and reputation against other tribes and the quest to
rule the kingdom of Scotland. Sources under Robert the Bruce came to acknowledge the bias against William Wallace similar to how the English
pinned him as a robber, ruffian, and cruel leader of Independence. This notion of the Bruce prejudices and censorship add to the negative perceptions
toward the mythology of Scottish leaders and their control over literature at the time of their reign. A series of military victories between 1310 and
1314 won Bruce a majority of control over Scotland. The Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 against the Edward II English forces solidified his position as
the rightful king of Scotland. The military victories fueled more intervention in other states on the British Isles with the boosted moral of the Scottish
soldiers for independence from England and other monarchical

The Many Factors That Religion
When it comes to Thomas and Jane Weir, there are many factors that religion has to do with their lives. Both of them are supposed radical religious
people as well as pretenders. Around the time of the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660, Thomas Weir was thought to hold intense radical beliefs
in the Presbyterian religion and met to worship with many members of a Presbyterian group and he was seen as a devoutly religious man. "And last
of all for aggravation of his fault and to make it without a parallel, the Dittay bears he was conscious to himself of these abominations, yet he had the
confidence or rather impudence to pretend to fear God in an eminent way." Trials within the early modern Scotland tend to rely on religion as one of
the stepping stones to furthering the witch hunts. Religious members in Scotland tend to be in charge of the main courts for trials. The Weirs' have
two sides when it comes to religion within their trial. On one side of the spectrum, there is the need for religion in Thomas' life. "Many resorted to his
house to join with him and hear him pray...leaning upon it, which made those who heard him pray admire his flood in prayer, his ready extemporary
expression, his heavenly gesture; so that he was thought more angel than man...ordinarily Angelical Thomas." On the other hand, later in their trial
before the execution, both Jane and Thomas repented God and did not believe that there was anything to do with God in the afterlife. Thomas believed
that God

How Did John Knox Change The Style Of Government
"Live in Christ, die in Christ, and the flesh need not fear death." –John Knox. John Knox was a religious figure that was born 1514, near Haddington
Scotland, and died in November 24, 1572 in Edinburgh, Scotland. John Knox was influenced by George Washart, who was trialed and burned for
heresy in 1546. The spokesman for the reformation in Scotland the following year was John Knox. John Knox was the founder of the Presbyterian
Church of Scotland. In response to the King's attempts to change the style of worship and form of government in the churches that had previously been
agreed upon covenanted by the free assemblies and parliament, a number of ministers allowed their adherence to those previous agreements by
becoming signatories.

Essay about George Babbitt of Sinclair Lewis' Babbitt
George Babbitt: Image of a Presbyterian
In Babbitt, Sinclair Lewis portrays religion as a corrupt business. In fact, he emphasizes this by focusing on his main character George Babbitt.
George Babbitt is characterized as a businessman in Zenith. He is a man preoccupied about his reputation and his image before the main leaders of the
town he lives in. Lewis creates a hypocritical figure for Babbitt through his reasons for being a Presbyterian. He says that if you were to question
Babbitt about his religion he would say, "My religion is to serve my fellow men, to honor my brother as myself, and to do my bit to make life happier
for one and for all" (199). Of course, if you heard this from Babbitt you would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His participation within his religious denomination was his stepping stool. Chum Frink and Mr.Eathorne accepted Babbitt because of his proposals for
the Sunday School. He wanted to divide the school into four armies with militaristic characteristics. This would help the children feel as if they were
doing something worthy. Secondly, he insisted on improvement of the advertising committee (Lewis 207). This goes to show you how businesslike the
Sunday School was becoming. Babbitt was only thinking of business morals and forgetting the religious morals.
Lewis also draws an image of George Babbitt's sanctimoniousness through his idea of Hell. We see Babbitt's hypocrisy when he says, "if one was a
Bad Man, that is, if he murdered or committed burglary or used cocaine or had mistresses or sold non–existent real estate, he would be punished"
(199). Notice how everything Babbitt mentions at the time is something he has not done, however as he continues to live his life he eventually pulls
a crooked real estate deal and begins to cheat on his wife, Myra. Babbitt's flirtatious character is seen when he dates several women and is careless
because of his wife's absence. Lewis practically points out Babbitt's hypocrisy through his failure to comply with his own criteria of who does and
who does not go to Hell.
Lewis portrays the Presbyterian Church

The Spread Of Christianity Analysis
Introduction
As one of the largest religions in the world, Christianity played a prominent role in shaping western civilization in the late Roman and early medieval
periods. It is generally known that the development of any religion is not smooth or through a single channel. Based on the case of Christianity, from its
establishment in the mid–first century until the early fourth century, it was persecuted for three hundred years. Despite this, the conversion eventually
happened at different times in different regions of Europe. In 313, the so–called Edict of Milan was issued to mark when Constantine (306–337), the
emperor of the WesternRoman Empire, recognized Christianity's legitimacy and then in 392, Theodosius I (379–95) officially determined ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2009, the excavation of Grave 12 provided the newest information regarding various practices of burial rites at Forteviot. The usage of the charred
wooden coffin is unique in Pictish cemetery excavations, however, there are some other such cases of the internment with wooden coffins at West
Heslerton, Northumbria and Whithorn, Galloway in the early medieval period. For example, at Whithorn, the log coffin burials are part of a larger
cemetery associated with a shrine and it is considered to have a high status ecclesiastic character (Hill, 1997). Besides of the wooden case, the burial
rite also involves placing stones centrally on top of the coffin lid perhaps to keep the spirit in the afterlife. (Campell & Gondek, 2009). The findings in
this excavation provide some new perspectives of the burial practice which help connect Pictland with early medieval Britain as a

The Authority Of Religious Elites In The 1640s Witch Hunts
The Authority of Religious Elites in the 1640s Witch–Hunts The large–scale witch–hunts that occurred from 1638 to 1651 gathered momentum via
major happenings in the political, societal, and religious domains developing at the time. Individuals who had either political, religious or economic
power in society, also known as elites, together had absolute control over the pursuit and prosecution of individuals who partook in witchcraft. The
clergy played a crucial role in the witchcraft prosecutions and were slower than the state and localities to desert their beliefs in the reality of witches as
the prosecution of witchcraft was, in their eyes, an effective tool to eradicate social deviance. Though local authorities and the Parliament did
contribute to the witch–hunts significantly, without the kirk of Scotland declaring and encouraging this sanction on witchcraft, both other parties
would not have taken the actions they ultimately did. This essay will provide a brief description of events that took place from 1638 to 1651 and then
utilize evidence from a multitude of sources to argue that the religious elites were the most influential of these forces during the witchcraft
prosecutions that occurred in the 1640s. Due to the Scots' dissatisfaction with the current monarch, King Charles I, the National Covenant was formed
by on February 28th in 1638 at Greyfrairs Kirk in Edinburgh. All his subjects were welcome to sign this document as it was viewed as an irrevocable
contract

St. Margaret Of Scotland Essay
St. Margaret of Scotland was born in present day Hungary around 1046. She had two siblings named Edgar and Cristina. St. Margaret grew up
extremely privileged. She was the daughter of English prince, Edward the Exile, and granddaughter of Edmund Ironside, king of England. She and her
family were very religious, as was the Hungarian court. Still young, Margaret moved to England with her family. Her father died, therefore her brother
was considered as a possible successor to the English throne. But it was some time until her brother was finally proclaimed as king. He was
considered too young when his father died, so Harold Godwinson was elected king. After his defeat at the battle of Hastings, Edgar was finally given
the title as king. Agatha, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Margaret died just three days after finding hearing the news her son and husband has passed. She had just turned fifty, but her life of constant fasting
had taken its toll and made Margaret ill.
St. Margaret was canonized a saint in 1250 by Pope Innocent IV in recognition of her "personal holiness, fidelity to the Church, work for religious
reform, and charity." On June 19th, 1250, her remains were taken to a chapel in Dunfermline Abbey where she was buried before the high altar.
Today, we celebrate her feast day on November 16th (the day of her death.) She is patron of Scotland and known as "The Pearl of Scotland." There are
hundreds of schools named after St. Margaret that remember her reformation of the church and help to the poor.
I chose St. Margaret as my patron saint because she gave a lot of time and money to the poor. She read the Bible daily, even though people (like
her husband) didn't have the same beliefs as her. She was focused on her faith and encouraged people in her life to live a devout life and grow in
prayer and holiness. I admire that she barely slept every night and fasted often in order to spend more time worshipping the Lord. St. Margaret is
someone who I will continue to admire even after my

Witchcraft and Great Powers
In early modern Europe witchcraft was considered a crime due to people of this time period being very superstitious. During this time period
Witchcraft lead to the invention of such things as Devils and monsters. The bubonic plague and crimes of Heresy lead to many deaths and therefore
the ideology that developed was it was the work of Witchcraft. It will be established during this essay the reasons why the use and practice of
Witchcraft was deemed to be a crime.
The most favourable belief during early modern Europe was that that women were more susceptible to becoming Witches then a male would be. The
main reason for this being that Eve was fell pray to the serpent's temptation in the Garden of Eden and becoming the morally corrupted. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ginzburg states that many Jews acts of violence carried out against them until they handed them selves in and reported that they were the ones who
had started and spread the Bubonic plague. As a result of this they were seen to confess to spreading this by using their powers to poison the water
and air. Jews were condemned in the same ways as witches and therefore were burnt at the stake; this was seen to be the most favoured punishment for
crimes of witchery.
During this time period of early modern Europe many religious and scholarly men had combined the effects of the plague with witchcraft. This said to
have occurred because witches had used there powers to poison people through the water and air and they would state that once people are infected by
these spells that they would die within three to four days.
Due to many Jews and women being of lower class in this time period it was also a belief that because they were unclean they helped spread the
plague rapidly. Due to many women of this time during such jobs and Midwives and developing herb to heal their family this gave way to women
being labeled witches. This view was prevalent throughout Scotland and as a result many were tried and convicted of witchcraft.Between 1550 to early
1700's witch–hunts I Scotland developed the theory that witches were nearly always female and that as a result these attacks were not against the
female gender as such. They

The Three Main Religions Of Scotland
Scotland Research paper
The three main religions of Scotland is The Church of Scotland,The Roman Catholic Church,and Muslim religion.The Church of Scotland is known
informally by its Scots language the Kirk.The Roman Catholic Church is governed by a hierarchy with the pope at the top, and, at the lower levels,
Bishops and priests. A Muslim is a person who follows or practises thereligion of Islam.Over the years, as immigrants and travelers began to arrive on
the shores of the country, different religions were established. Visitors to Scotland will also find that religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism and
Sikhism are also practiced.
Scotland celebrates their holy days by visiting their families right after New Year's Eve.
Also the whole country

Glasgow The Uneasy Peace Analysis
Glasgow the Uneasy Peace: Religious Tension in Modern Scotland – Tom Gallagher
Gallagher provides a detailed narrative on the exertion of power and authority within the Catholic community from the second half of the nineteenth
century, and on the development of strategies for the promotion of Catholic interests without instigating a Protestant backlash. His story skates back
and forth over the last one hundred years from internal Catholic Church politics in Scotland, through the role of the Catholic press, Church and lay
voluntary organisations, to the formation of the Labour Party machine in Glasgow municipal politics and the slowly widening portal of Glasgow
University and the professions in the West of Scotland. He has much to say on the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This invoked a scenario that can only be described as institutional religious bigotry especially in the inter–war period. Anti–Irish prejudice was far more
prominent in this era – and not simply discrimination uniquely identified with working–class Orangemen. A cabal of churchmen, academics and
politicians were complicit in spreading the narrative that Irish Catholics were not simply a threat to Scotland's Protestants, the established religion of
the country, they were a threat to the whole Scottish race. The 1923 report published by the Church of Scotland "The Menace of the Irish Race to Our
Scottish Nationality" formally proposed the deportation any Irish person in receipt of poor relief and advocated positive job discrimination for native
Scots due to the country being "over–gorged with Irishmen". The Church of Scotland and United Free Church attacked the General strike with stories
about "Catholic manipulation". In the Depression years, anti–Catholic parties such as the Scottish Protestant League (SPL) in Glasgow and Protestant
Action (PA) in Edinburgh– took up to a third of the votes in local council elections. Ratcliffe of the SPL had previously been a member of the
"British Fascists", along with Billy Fullerton of the notorious Brigeton Billy Boys. Fullerton, known as the 'Butcher of Bridgeton" was awarded a
medal for strike–breaking in the 1926 General

Witch Craft Trials Research Paper
There has been a plethora of research conducted that supports the notion that witch–craft trials occurred in Scotland primarily during the 16th and 17th
centuries in England and Scotland and had an impact on the way people chose to live their lives during this time period. Witches were seen as people
who had turned their backs on God and Christianity and entered a pact with the Devil. Due to this belief, people were quick to prosecute potentially
witches to keep the community safe. Furthermore, there were many different elements of life that had an impact on witch–craft trials and their
outcomes, such as the state/national government, local officials and arguably most importantly, the church. Specifically during the Civil War we saw
an increase... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to be tried as a witch, someone who believed themselves to be victimized would come forward to the authorities. However, before a witch
received a formal trial by a criminal court she was generally identified by a kirk session. Being involved in the first stage of witchcraft trials allowed
the church to help identify 'witches' and begin the interrogation process. In order for an individual to be tried by a criminal court the church had to
seek the approval of the Privy council. Cases with an abundance of evidence were more likely to have a trial – this is still the case today in court cases.
If the court believes there is a high success rate that the accused will be convicted they are more inclined to bring the issue to court. In addition, the
best piece of evidence in the 17th century and today is a confession. Unfortunately during witchcraft trials confessions were frequently acquired by
illegitimate and morally reprehensible ways. As stated by Goodare "... [the witch] had often been arrested and interrogated (typically with deprivation
of sleep) to obtain a

Blessed Clement Of Dunblane Research Paper
During the thirteenth century, Scotland was in full restoration. The entire region was in disorder; there were many conflicts between the monarchy and
the aristocracy. The New Scotland, specifically Dunblane, was restored and revived by a nobleman who went by name Blessed Clement of Dunblane.
Although there was more than one individual that aided in the reconstruction of the province, Clement of Dunblane was the man who was recognized
with the majority of the changes that were made during the 1200's in Scotland. The transformation of the Scottish Church mainly took place in the
eleventh and twelfth centuries, when the new churches were constructed and new bishops were appointed to care around the clock for the well–being
of the buildings. Before the adjustments, the crown of Scotland and the crown of England were seldom at peace, resulting in the tremendous growth and
development of the Catholic Church. Going back further into the history of medieval Scotland specific dates and significant events were recorded in
Irish chronicles, which happened to vanish when the king of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not much is recorded of his birth, childhood, or adolescence. Whether it was due to loss of documentation or no documentation at all, the only
information that has survived the test of time was that Clement of Dunblane was born in Scotland in the year of 1200 ("Undiscovered Scotland").
He was a Scotsman by birth and his native tongue was Gaelic (Rabenstein, 1998). He later went on to pursue an education at the University of
Paris, during this time he received his habit and grew fairly close to a man who is now known as Saint Dominic ("March 19 Blessed Clement of
Dunblane", 2011). He was admitted into the Dominican Order of Paris in 1219. The Order of preachers is a Catholic group that was originally created
by Saint Dominic

How Did Henry Viii Change England
From the period of 1400s to the 1600s, great changes in the attitude of Divine Right of Kings and the general population were taking place. Since 1215
and the signing of the Magna Carta, King John and the following monarchs were destined to change the course of government to a limited government
for future generations.
The Tudors ruled England from 1485 to 1603 after defeating Richard III, King Henry VII was able to claim the British throne through his mother,
Margaret Beaufort. He believed in the Diving Right to rule. Henry VII's son, Henry VIII was a deciding factor in the change by uniting the country and
breaking ties with the Catholic Church.
Henry VIII under the influence of Thomas Cromwell married Anne of Cleves and severed ties with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The establishment of the Church of England by Henry VIII and leaving the protection the Catholic Church brought to England world wide issues. Then
comes Elizabeth I and England becomes one of the most important European powers and gains political and economic strength internationally.
After the death of Elizabeth I, King James VI of Scotland, the great–grandson of Henry VII's oldest daughter, becomes England's first Stuart king.
Unification of Scotland became possible when the king of Scotland became the king of England. During the reign of the Stuarts, there was almost a
hundred years of government disturbances and instability including plague, fire, and war.
The Stuart dynasty was a period of religious disagreement and debate and very radical political ideas. There was a bloody civil ware between the
Crown and Parliament. Parliament was made up of the Cavaliers and the Roundheads which was a victory of Oliver Cromwell and the political
execution of King Charles I. For the first time England had a very short period of being a republic. Thus, bring about ideas of a more limited
monarchy and a more limited style of government that most of Europe had not

My Father And God : The Power Of God
I live with my Dad, Mom, Grandpa, Grandma, two Brothers, and Sister. I have always had a very close relationship with my entire family, but also
with the members of my church. My Father has instilled in me as well as my siblings that God is the ultimate authority over all things. My view of
authority is that we are commanded by God to obey our earthly leaders that he has put in place for us such as parents, government leaders,
administrators, teachers, etc. I believe that a piece of scripture that displays God's command to obey authority is "And he asked them, 'Whose image
is this? And whose inscription?' 'Caesar's,' they replied. Then he said to them, "So give back to Caesar what is Caesar's, and to God what is
God's."(Matthew 22:20–22) This excerpt from Matthew addresses how God commands us to obey the leaders he has put in place for us. The entire
dynamic of my family revolves around scripture. Every morning me and my family set aside ten to twenty minutes for a family devotional time. Our
devotion times usually include reading scripture, praying, and having conversations about how God has affected our day to day lives.
My Dad has been a pastor all my life and I have always been heavily involved with my church. However, Even with a large christian background I
never truly became a Christian until I was about ten years old. That is when I went to Big Sandy Bible Camp and made the decision to let Christ
be the center of my life. Almost immediately after my initial decision to dedicate my life to Christ I noticed a dramatic change in my lifestyle.
Before I was a real Christian I sought out to find my value in earthly things like money, video games, or being in a good clique. After I became a real
Christian I stopped trying to find my value in those material things and found my identity in Christ. I started looking at scripture as the truth inspired
by God rather than just some meaningless book we recited in church. I now have a scheduled quiet time each day that I spend in prayer and scripture.
One of the reasons I am now such a strong christian is that i have many places where i find christian fellowship. Some of the opportunities I have for
that include, youth group, sunday school, finding christian

The Real Revolution In 1688-Nine In Scotland Not England
Alba gu brГЎth: An Essay on the Events of 1688–9 in Scotland 'The real revolution in 1688–9 happened in Scotland not England.' Discuss In reference
to the events of 1688, diarist John Evelyn wrote, "The Popists in offices lay down their Commissions...it lookes like a Revolution." According to the
OED, writers at the time, such as John Evelyn, defined a revolution as the "overthrow of an established government or social order by those previously
subject to it." The term revolution has different meanings to different historians; because of this, this paper will use the definition as used by writers of
the time. By this definition, then, the real revolution in 1688–9 happened in Scotland not England. When discussing revolutions, one should consider
the presence of violence and force, any change in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Religious violence during the period from 1670–88 contributed to the revolution settlement of 1689, as outlined by the Claim of Right. Presbyterians
found themselves in a precarious position; on one hand, they were not Anglican, so Anglicans feared them and sought to limit Presbyterian power; on
the other hand, Presbyterians were still protestant and thus could find no allies in Catholicism. Charles II and James II (and VII) saw Presbyterians as
a potential seditious element in Scotland and wanted to limit their ability to revolt, especially after Covenanters staged a rebellion in 1679 led by John
Graham. A crackdown on Presbyterian meeting houses forced Presbyterian Covenanters into the field; literally, they started meeting in what were
known as "field conventicles." Attacks on these field conventicles led Covenanters to rebel against the government forces, a rebellion which
culminated in the Battle of Bothwell Bridge, which occurred on June 22nd, 1679. There was a lot of violence, particularly directed toward
Presbyterians, that led up to the Scottish Claim of Right in

King Henry Viii's Conquest
Three years before Henry's death, he impulsively declared war on France and tried to gain Scotland and Ireland into England's powers. Henry wanted
to merge England, Scotland, and Ireland together so, he could rule over all three countries. Although, Henry VII had not involved Parliament in his
affairs very much after Cromwell had reformed, he had to turn to Parliament during his reign for money, for grants to fund his wars. Throughout 1543
and 1544, England fought wars above and below it and, "The French and Scottish campaigns cost England, in the five years leading up to Henry's
death, the stupendous total of more than ВЈ2.2 million..." (Meyer 296). The war plunged England back into bankruptcy like before King Henry stole
money from the monasteries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He should be credited with the initiating of the English Reformation. Henry VIII's desire for a divorce from Catherine of Aragon showed that he
did not respect some the rules of the Catholic faith which he practiced. His divorce caused kindle of a religious disputes between England and the
Roman Catholic Church, which eventually created the Church of England. Even though, the Church of England did practice the Catholic religion,
Henry shut down every Catholic monastery in England just to upset Rome. It is said that,"Henry cannot be seen apart from his occupation, it's
nature and its diseases. He was a man before everything, but his Kingship colors his drama and sets his scene" (Hackett 550). Henry VIII's reign
became one of the most pivotal regimes in England's history because he started the initial jump into Protestantism. However, many people remember
Henry VIII as a horrible tyrant because of his actions, and oversee all the dramatic changes he made throughout his reign. Henry VIII was not the first
Protestant king of England, unlike his son Edward VI. However, King Henry VIII was the first domino to tip in the English Religious Reformation.
Further noted that, Edward VI grew up watching his father rule, so he had many ideas from observing his effects on the country and was the first
monarch of England to be raised a

The Enlightenment And Its Influence On Scotland's Culture
Before the Scottish Enlightenment which began in the second half of the 18th century, religion was a centerpiece of many western cultures. Members
of Scotland's society viewed the world with a religious–––specifically Christian–––lense (Dickenson 260). Essentially the highest authority in Scotland
at this time was the Presbyterian Church of Scotland ("Constitution of the.."). Once the Enlightenment began in Scotland this religious lense was
challenged and the idea of viewing religion and the world as a whole through a rational lense became popular. Great thinkers such as David Hume
challenged the church and the general public with arguments that put the validity of faith and religion as a whole into question. In addition to there
being critics of religion, there were also thinkers such as George Campbell who actively defended Christianity. It is no doubt that this shift in thinking
significantly impacted Scotland's culture, but in in what ways was this shift to more rational important? Why was ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It was during the Enlightenment that there was a great shift in where people found authority–––a new emphasis was placed on finding authority from
personal experiences and rational thinking (Broadie 298). While many religious members and leaders of the church were angry at this encouraged shift
from finding authority in the church to finding authority in rational thinking (McGrew), studying religion in the context of the Enlightenment forced
Christians to better understand and articulate their beliefs. This urge to think rationally was not only important for the religious, but it also gave
nonreligious individuals the opportunity to criticize and outwardly assert that they disagreed with the

Presbyterian Denomination Of Christianity
Presbyterian Denomination of Christianity
The Presbyterian Church is a branch of Reformed Protestantism established by John Knox. This variant of Christianity derives its name from
Presbyterian form of ecclesiastical polity. The church is governed by representatives of elders or ministers.It also primarily follows Calvinism since
Knox was in Geneva along with Calvin and took his teachings back to Scotland where Presbyterian form of church started. Protestant Reformation was
due to several reasons including distrust in papacy, Western Schism, corruption of priests and bishops, and Renaissance humanism.
Western Schism was the division in Roman Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417.Several menfrom Avignon and Rome, later Pisa as well,claimed to be...
In England, Henry VIII was desiring to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragorn and marry Catherine Parr. However, the pope at the time did
not approve of this. Because of this, he passed Act of Supremacy in 1534 and made the king the head of Church of England. This did not affect
Scotland because it was about 70 years before the two kingdoms were united. In Scotland, John Knox started as a Catholic priest. Historians are not
very clear about the earlier life of John Knox but in 1546, he turned away from Catholic and embraced reformation probably provoked by Wishart's
death. George Wishart was a reformist who fled to Scotland in 1538. Knox became one of the closest associates of Wishart and deeply rooted in
Protestantism. In 1546, reformists forcefully took a garrison to take refuge. Scotland called for France for help and Knox was captured as a onboard
slave for a French galley for nearly two years. Knox was released in 1549 and returned to England to take refuge. He was appointed one of royal
chaplain for Edward VI. His position was changed due to the reign of Mary I, so called Bloody Mary. She restored Catholicism to England from
1553 onwards. John Knox fled to Geneva in 1554 and met Calvin. He learned more of reformed theology and Presbyterian polity. There he wrote a
series of tracts on political disobedience to idolatrous rulers, misogynist view of women's rights to rule, and right

Essay On The Middle Ages
England in the Middle Ages
The Middle Ages represents a periodization of European history which took place from the 5th century to the 15th century; this age was also know as
Dark Ages because of the complexity of the period and lack of written documentation and archeological evidence. The Middle Ages was a time of
tremendous historical, social and linguistic changes.
Great Britain during the Middle Ages (from the 5th century withdraw of Roman forces from the province of Britannia and the Germanic invasions,
until the Early modern period) was divided into a number of independent kingdoms; by the High Middle Ages, after the end of the Viking Age and the
Normal Conquest, the kingdoms of England and Scotland came forth as the main poles of political power. The medieval period on England can be
dated from the arrival in Kent of Anglo–Saxon troops led by the legendary Hengest and Horsa. Subsequently the Brythonic, Celtic powers were
conquered by Jutes, Angles and Saxons Germanic tribes, from the contemporary Angeln and Jutland areas of northern Germany and mainland Denmark.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From a political point of view, the Norman Conquest of England divides medieval Britain in two distinct phases of cultural and political history. From a
linguistic point of view the Norman Conquest had only a limited effect, Old English evolving into Middle English, although the Anglo Norman
language would remain the language of those that ruled for two centuries at least, before mingling with Middle English. At the height of pre–Norman
medieval English power, a single English king ruled from the border with Scotland to the

Charles I: England's Civil War
England was experiencing arising conflict in its country in large part from religious conflict between different types of Protestants and factors including
financial problems Charles I experienced as King. England was a Protestant country and when Charles I started implementing changes to the church,
many got upset and fears he was turning the nation to Catholicism. Charles I also didn't spend his money wisely, just like his father, and found himself
in the need to find more money in different ways. With Charles looking for money, he upset many people.England's civil war in 1642 arose in large
part due to differences in religious attitudes, the authority of the King and the lack of money he had for England.
Charles I's marriage to Henrietta ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consequently, Charles had to prepare an army for what would be known as the Bishops wars. This was the Bishop's war because many saw it as
the aim of Charles to restore the bishops to their authority in Scotland. England was unprepared for this war as they were just coming from a long
period of peace, so there was a lack of experience in war. Charles also lacked the funds to send an army to war as well as support from his nation.
Many didn't want to go to war with the Scottish; many puritans felt it would be "an act of faithlessness on an unparalleled scale" (Rebellion, p.
182). After many years to finally raise funds, England lost the first Bishops war. A year later in 1640 was the second Bishops war. England lost this
battle to the Scots as well as they were, again, unprepared. Both of these losses resulted in England having to form treaties with Scotland and
disheartened English. The Treaty of Ripon resulted from the second Bishops War. With that treaty Charles had to pay the Scottish. This resulted in
what became known as the Long Parliament as Charles had no choice but to call Parliament because it was his only way to raise the money to pay the
costs of the failed Bishops'

The Dionne Family
The Dionne family, was started by father Oliva–Eduardo and mother Elzire Dionne, got married on September 15, 1925.They lived just outside of
Corbeil, Ontario, in a farmhouse. The Dionne's were a family of five previous children: Ernest, Rose Marie, Therese, Daniel and Pauline. The
Dionne's also had three sons after the quintuplets: Oliva Jr, Victor and Claud. The quintuplets were born on May 28 1934 at approximately 4am.
The mother of the quintuplets, Elzire, thought she was carrying twins because no one at the time thought it was possible to have five babies at
once. Elzire gave birth to five identical girls, there names were (in order of birth) Yvonne, Annette, Cecile, Emilie and Marie. The quintuplets were
born two months premature, weighing approximately 13 lbs and 6 oz. All the girls were born twenty minutes apart except for Marie, she was born
two minutes after Emilie. The doctor that gave birth to the quintuplets was Dr. Allan Roy Dafoe. He had a theory that all the girls were made from a
single egg cell. Annette and Yvonne shared the same embryonic sac, Emilie and Marie shared, and it is believed that Cecile shared the same
embryonic sac with a miscarried sixth fetus. Each girl became closest to the sister who they shared the same sac with, and Cecile tended to be alone
most of the time.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The parents of the quintuplets were persuaded and agreed to put them on

Irish Dbq Essay
In 1790s Glasgow there were no more than thirty–nine Catholics living in the City, yet there were forty–three anti–Catholic societies. Ironically, it
could be argued that it was only after the question of Irish independence had been essentially removed from politics in Scotland, that the Catholic
Church discovered a sense of nationalism in the journey for political power and influence. Moreover, the Catholic Church could not put a stop to their
flock's identification that voting Labour was a basic issue of class. This invoked a scenario that can only be described as institutional religious bigotry
especially in the inter–war period. Anti–Irish prejudice was far more prominent in this era – and not simply discrimination uniquely identified... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
McCaffrey contends that even though many Irish Catholics were ignorant of the social and political realities of life in industrial cities, with many
browbeaten by the obscurantism of their priests, they gradually emerged as a major factor in the embryonic Labour Party. Additionally, Gallagher
defines the rise of Catholic Unions, asserting "they were particularly energetic in the inter–war period in the realm of politics" with a mission to
organise the Catholic vote to guarantee that the interests of the Catholic population were catered for politically, thus they looked to the Labour Party to
support them in this need. Catholic activists, up until 1914, were predominately in the form of the United Irish League. It could be argued that the
United Irish League had skillfully garnered the Catholic vote in support of Irish nationalism. This was based on the premise Irish Catholics in Scotland
feared Labour politics were dominated by Protestants and could lead to secular education. The passing of the1918 Education Act, a situation that incited
sectarian anger, with the phrase "No Rome on the Rates" was pivotal in changing the relationship between the Catholic Church and Labour

The Political System of Scotland Essay example
The Political System of Scotland Unlike Wales, which was subdued by conquest in the thirteenth century, Scotland was never permanently incorporated
into the United Kingdom by force of arms. In 1603 the succession of James I to the throne of England united the crowns of England and Scotland.
However, the union was only a personal one and Scotland retained its own political and legal system and its own church. In this essay I will explain the
distinctive features of the Scottish political system, describe the voting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within the Treaty of Union the different national institutions would remain within the Scottish political system. The Church of Scotland, which is
Presbyterian, would remain as the national Church, along with the Scottish legal system. In addition Scotland would maintain a separate education
system and a different system of local government from that obtaining in England and Wales.
The Scottish legal system is the single most important factor explaining why Scotland has been accorded separate governmental treatment since the
Act of Union. Unlike the English legal system, the Scottish system has depended more on the principles of continental jurisprudence derived from
Roman law than on indigenous common law. Whenever a piece of legislation has been intended to apply to Scotland as well as to England and Wales
this has had to be achieved either by a separate appendix to the measure of by a distinct Act for Scotland. In addition Scotland has a separate system of
courts and its own legal profession. The independent legal system of Scotland is one of the strongest clues to the existence of a Scottish Political
system. The Scottish people are subject to Laws exclusive to Scotland. Scottish national institutions are strong and constitutionally protected.
The political culture of Scotland has always been strong on its emphasis on democratic organisation

Robert The Bruce Research Paper
Robert the Bruce was born on the 11th of July, 1274. Bruce was born into Scottish nobility although his family was originally from Normandy. He
lived in a time where people resorted to violence when faced with problems and it was accepted as a normal thing.
Bruce was born during the High Middle Ages and lived through to the Late Middle Ages. The spread ofChristianity was prominent in Scotland during
the time of Robert the Bruce. Education heavily relied on the church and schools were mostly for boys until 15th century when there were schools for
girls in places like Edinburgh.
Bruce married Isabella of Mar in 1296, and despite them being married for strategical purposes, they were claimed to be 'very much in love'. However,
she soon died

John Knox Research Paper
Part # 2
Today we continue with men who were involved in the reformation before,during and after the reformation.
John Knox 1514 – 1654
The exact place and date of his birth is not known with certainty, but it is generally accepted to be Giffordgate, 16 miles east of Edinburgh, in 1513 to
1514.
During his youth the church was going through many changes, the church owned more than half the real estate and gathered an annual income of
nearly 18 times that of the crown. Bishops and priests were often mere political appointments, and many never hid their immoral lives: the archbishop
of St. Andrews, Cardinal Beaton, openly consorted with concubines and sired 10 children.
In the early 1540s, Knox came under the influence of converted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1554, while living at Geneva, he met with Calvin's counsel a call to the English Church at Frankfurt. His travels took him many placed to minister. He
later returned to Geneva, where he was invited to become minister of the refugee English congregation. In August of 1555, Knox set out for Scotland,
where he remained for nine months preaching Evangelical doctrine in various parts of the country, and persuading those who favored the Reformation
to cease from attendance at mass, and to join with himself in the celebration of the Lord's Supper according to a Reformed ritual. In July an urgent
call from his congregation at Geneva, along, probably, with the desire to prevent the renewal of persecution in Scotland, caused him to resume his
Genevan ministry. His marriage to Marjorie Bowes, daughter of Richard Bowes, captain of Norham Castle, had meanwhile taken place, and his wife
along with her mother accompanied him to Geneva, where they arrived in

Essay On John Knox
Did you know John Knox is famous for his preachings? John Knox left a legacy behind which is one topic that will be mentioned. Along with his life
and career, contributions, and life without the individual. John Knox was a important figure in the Scottish Reformation and caused the people of
Scotland to live. John Knox was a Scottish minister and founder of the Church of Scotland. John Knox was born in 1514 near Haddington, East Lothian
Scotland. There is not much known about John Knox before 1540. Knox's mothers name was Sinclair and his father's name was William. Knox's father
William helped John carry on with his international communications. We know that his family may have been farmers. It is known that John trained
for priesthood, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example if he never became a preacher the religious revolution in Scotland would've never been instigated. Also John Knox was the founder of
the Presbyterian Church, so if he never existed it would never be founded. The Presbyterian church is a community of believers in Jesus Christ that
seek love. The church encouraged people to worship not just in church but in everyday settings. I don't think that things would be completely
different now if he never existed but I do believe that some things would. For example Knox made worshipping Jesus a everyday task. If it weren't for
that who knows what could be different. John was Scotland's leader for the reformation and the reformation was the process on how the Papacy broke.
Knox lead the Protestant Reformation in Scotland. For all we know many others things that John had an input on could've changed our world

The Reformation Of England And Germany

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