### Money:
Money serves as a universal medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value in economic transactions. It facilitates the exchange of goods and services by providing a commonly accepted medium that reduces the complexities of barter systems. Modern economies use various forms of money, including coins, banknotes, and digital currencies.
#### Functions of Money:
1. **Medium of Exchange:** Money facilitates the buying and selling of goods and services, simplifying transactions compared to barter systems.
2. **Unit of Account:** Money provides a standard measure for expressing the value of goods and services, aiding in price comparisons.
3. **Store of Value:** Money allows individuals to store wealth and access it later. It retains its value over time.
4. **Standard of Deferred Payment:** Money enables agreements for future transactions, serving as a reliable medium for deferred payments.
#### Types of Money:
1. **Commodity Money:** Has intrinsic value (e.g., gold, silver).
2. **Fiat Money:** Has no intrinsic value but is recognized as legal tender by the government.
3. **Representative Money:** Represents a claim on a commodity (e.g., gold certificates).
4. **Digital or Cryptocurrency:** Exists only in electronic form (e.g., Bitcoin), providing decentralized and secure transactions.
### Credit:
Credit is a financial arrangement where a borrower receives something of value (usually money) with the promise to repay it in the future. It plays a crucial role in modern economies, allowing individuals and businesses to access resources, make investments, and manage cash flows.
#### Components of Credit:
1. **Principal:** The initial amount borrowed.
2. **Interest:** The cost of borrowing, expressed as a percentage of the principal.
3. **Term:** The duration for which the credit is extended.
#### Types of Credit:
1. **Revolving Credit:** Allows borrowers to repeatedly borrow up to a certain limit and repay, such as credit cards.
2. **Installment Credit:** Involves fixed, periodic payments over a specified term, common in auto loans and mortgages.
3. **Open-End Credit:** Similar to revolving credit, offering flexibility in borrowing and repayment.
4. **Closed-End Credit:** Involves a fixed amount borrowed with structured repayment, typical in personal loans.
#### Importance of Credit:
1. **Access to Resources:** Credit enables individuals and businesses to access resources, facilitating investment and economic growth.
2. **Smoothing Consumption:** Allows individuals to smooth out consumption by borrowing during periods of low income and repaying during high-income periods.
3. **Entrepreneurship:** Supports entrepreneurs by providing capital for business start-ups and expansions.
4. **Economic Activity:** Credit plays a vital role in stimulating economic activity by encouraging spending and investment.
2. BARTER SYSTEM
• It is a system in which goods are exchanged
for other goods.
3. LIMITATIONS OF BARTER SYSTEM
• Lack of double coincidence of wants
• Difficulty of storing value.
• Differed payments are difficult
• Some goods are indivisible
4. MONEY
• Anything which is used as a medium of exchange,
store of value and standard of differed payments is
called money
14. CREDIT
• Credit (loan) refers to an
agreement in which the lender
supplies the borrower with
money, goods or services in return
for the promise of future
payment.
15. TERMS OF CREDIT
• Collateral security
• Documentation required
• Term of the loan
• Mode of repayment
• Rate of interest
16. IMPORTANCE OF CREDIT FOR FARMERS
IN RURAL AREAS
• Farmers need credit to buy seeds, fertilisers
pesticides, electricity, equipments,etc.
• There is a minimum period of three to four
months between the time when the farmers
buy these inputs and when they sell the crop.
• Farmers usually take crop loans at the
beginning of the season and repay the loan
after harvest.
17. FORMAL SOURCES OF CREDIT
• Commercial Banks, co-operative societies and
Regional Rural Banks constitute the formal sector of
credit
• The Reserve Bank of India supervises the
functioning of formal sources of loans.
• They collect low rate of interest.
• They follow some well defined rules and procedures
18. INFORMAL SOURCES OF CREDIT
• The informal lenders include moneylenders,
traders, employers, relatives and friends, etc.
• There is no organisation which supervises the
credit activities of lenders in the informal
sector.
• They collect high rate of interest
• They do not follow any rules or procedures
19. SOURCES OF CREDIT IN RURAL AREAS
• Money Lenders - 30%
• Other informal sources – 18%
• Co operative Societies – 27%
• Banks – 52%
20. CREDIT IN URBAN AREAS
• Poor takes 85% credit from informal sources and
only 18% from banks and other formal sources
• Rich takes more than 90% of loans from formal
sources
• So formal sources mostly serve the rich people
21. WHY ARE THE BANKS NOT ADVANCING
LOANS TO THE POOR PEOPLE?
• Poor people do not have anything to offer as
collateral security
• Banks are not available in many rural areas
• Banks do not consider the poor people as credit
worthy.
• Poor and ignorant people find it difficult to produce
the needed documents.
23. SELF HELP GROUP
• A SHG has 15-20 members, mostly women of a
neighbourhood
• Each member contributes some money
• Members can get small amounts as loans from the
group. Rate of interest is low and it is decided by
the members.
• After 2 years the group can get loans from the bank
24. IMPORTANCE OF SHGs
• Members can get loans at low rate of interest.
• The group will encourage the members to find self
employment
• Members can discuss and act on many social issues
such as health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc.
• Banks will give loans to SHGs without any collateral
