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Renal cell carcinoma case based scenarios
1. RCC – case based scenarios
Dr.K.Priyatham
MCh Urology, Fellowship in Uro-oncology(RGCI)
Prashanth Hospital
2. 1) Small renal mass
2) Localised RCC
3) Locally advanced RCC
4) Metastatic RCC
3. Para-neoplastic syndrome
A. Anaemia
B. Blood pressure (HTN)
C. Cachexia
D. Deranged LFT
E. Elevated ESR
F. Fever
G. Glucose intolerance
H. Hyperglycaemia
I. Icterus & Jaundice
5. • 48 yr old male, who is a professor in the engineering college with no
comorbidities presented to us with incidental left renal complex cyst
on ultrasound in the general health check up
• No comorbidities, non smoker, ECOG – 0
• Physical examination & labs - normal
10. CT REPORT GIVEN BY THE RADIOLOGIST
• Well defined isodense lesion of size 3x2 cms in the interpolar region
of the left kidney with peripheral puddlling of the contrast on arterial
phase and homogenous enhancement on venous phase and iso
dense to kidney on delayed phase - ? Haemangioma
15. Prospective performance of clear cell likelihood
scores (ccLS) in renal masses evaluated with
multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging
Clear cell likelihood score (ccLS)
• They confirm the good accuracy and
diagnostic performance of mpMRI to classify
a renal mass as ccRCC in a cohort of patients
with solid renal masses in a bi-institutional
study.
• While ccLS does not provide reliable
information about the likelihood of malignant
histology or oncologic aggressiveness in a
renal mass, it provides valuable information
for management decision making.
• The high PPV of ccLS≥4 and high NPV of
ccLS≤2 for ccRCC can help inform more
selective use of invasive biopsies in patients
with renal masses of any stage.
• 1-very unlikely,
• 2-unlikely,
• 3-equivocal,
• 4-likely
• 5-very likely
16.
17.
18. Diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc-sestamibi
SPECT/CT for detecting renal
oncocytomas and other benign renal
lesions: a systematic review and meta-
analysis
• 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT
demonstrates a high
sensitivity and specificity for
characterizing benign and
low-grade renal lesions.
• This test can help improve the
diagnostic confidence for
patients with indeterminate
renal masses being
considered for active
surveillance.
31. Ideal partial nephrectomy
Trifecta
1. Negative surgical margins
2. Minimal renal function
decrease
3. No Urological complications
Pentafecta
1. Negative surgical margins
2. Minimal renal function
decrease
3. No Urological complications
4. Ischemia time <25 mins
5. No CKD stage progression 1
year after surgery
32. HPE
• Clear cell carcinoma
• Grade 1 (ISUP WHO grading)
• No evidence of sarcomatoid variant
• Margins – negative for tumor
• LVI & PI not seen
• Pathological staging pT1a
33. Positive surgical margins on histopathological
specimens
• 2–8% of PNs
• Most trials showed that intra-operative frozen section analysis had no
influence on the risk of definite positive surgical margins
• A positive surgical margin status occurs more frequently in cases in which
surgery is imperative (solitary kidneys and bilateral tumours) and in
patients with adverse pathological features (pT2a, pT3a, grade III-IV)
• The potential negative impact of a positive margin status on the oncologic
outcome is still controversial
34. • Diffuse or global/focal
• Local tumour bed recurrences were found in 16% in patients with
positive surgical margins compared with 3% in those with negative
margins
• Therefore, RN or re-resection of margins can result in over-treatment
in many cases.
• Patients with positive surgical margins should be informed that they
will need a more intense surveillance (imaging) follow-up and that
they are at increased risk of secondary local therapies
42. • A well defined soft tissue density lesion of size 10x8 cms with central
hypodensities involving upper and mid cortical regions with exophytic
component with heterogenous enhancement with central necrotic areas
• Multiple prominent vessels surrounding the lesion
• Lesion causing mass effect on PCS
• Superiorly abutting the liver
• Renal vein & IVC – normal
• Mass abutting psoas
• Rest - normal
47. Ipsilateral adrenalectomy
• Patients without radiographic adrenal involvement - Level 2 evidence
demonstrates no oncological benefit to adrenalectomy
• No change in OS
• Patient with radiographic abnormality – if patient is N0 & M0, then
adrenalectomy might be beneficial
• If patient has N+ & M+ disease, adrenalectomy is unlikely to benefit
48. Embolization
• In patients unfit for surgery with massive hematuria or flank pain,
embolization can be a beneficial palliative approach
53. Chief Complaints
• Seventy two year old male presented to OPD with complaints
of passing blood in urine, 2-3 episodes for 1 day
54. History of presenting illness
• Passing of clots +, tubular in nature, painless
• No h/o burning micturition, LUTS
• No h/o of trauma or fever
• History of loss of weight 8-9 kgs in last 1 year
55. Past & Family History
• No h/o of similar complaints in the past
• No h/o of previous surgery, no h/o bony pains
• Non smoker nor tobacco chewer
• Hypertensive on Rx, no other co morbidities
• Family history: Nothing significant
56. Physical Examination
• O/E
Patient conscious, oriented, afebrile
No pallor, icterus, lymphadenopathy, edema
BP: 144/88 mm Hg, PR: 82/min
• Systemic Examination
P/A: Soft, non tender
57. • 7 x 6 cm mass palpable in the left lumbar region, firm in consistency,
bimanually palpable, moves with respiration, irregular surface,
fingers can be insinuated beneath costal margins, BS +
Genital examination: Meatus N, left irreducible varicocele +, grade 2
prostatomegaly, firm, smooth surface, anal tone good
RS,CVS & CNS: Normal
62. USG Abdomen Pelvis
• Exophytic hypoechoic to isoechoic mass noted in the lower pole of left
kidney measuring 6.5 x 6.2 cm
• 37 cc prostate
• Right kidney is normal
• Rest of the abdomen normal
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69. CECT Abdomen Pelvis
• Large heterogenously enhancing mass arising from anterior aspect of interpolar
region of left kidney measuring 7.7 x 6.2 x7 cm
• Multiple non enhancing necrotic areas seen with in the lesion
• There is heterogeneously enhancing soft tissue density in the left renal vein
measuring 1.2 x 4 cm – likely tumour thrombus
• IVC is normal
• There are few heterogeneously enhancing necrotic lymphnodes in the left para
aortic region, largest measuring 2 x 3.2 cm
• Prostate gland is enlarged
• Left varicocele
73. • Left Radical Nephrectomy
• Biopsy:
Diagnosis: High grade sarcomatoid renal clear cell
carcinoma with renal vein thrombus
a) Tumor size: 6.5 cm
b) Furhman’s nuclear grade: 4
c) Necrosis: Present 50%
d) Perinephric fat: Involved
74. e) Ureteric cut margin: Free of tumor
f) Gerotas fascia: Free of tumor
g) Hilar vessels cut margin: Free of tumor
h) Lymphovascular emboli: Present
i) Hilar LN: 4 nodes + for metastasis
j) Extra nodal extension: Present
k) Adrenal gland: Free of tumor
l) Hilar LN inclusive of para aortic nodes: 5/6 + for metastasis
m) 50% of sarcomatoid differentiation present
Pathology stage: pT3 N1 Mx, Stage III
75. • Three weeks after left radical nephrectomy he
presented with pain in left hip & thigh after
trivial injury
• He was diagnosed with subtrochantric fracture of
left femur
• Treated by open reduction & internal fixation
• Biopsy was sent from fracture site
76.
77. HPE:
• Specimen: Bone specimen from fracture site ? Pathological fracture
• Report: Section showed sclerotic bone & fragments of compactly arranged
sheets of oval to round cells possessing hyperchromatic pleomorphic cells
with vesicular nuclei, areas of hemorrhage & necrosis seen
• IHC: Vimentin +, Pax 8 +, EMA +
• Diagnosis: Metastatic carcinoma in Femur ( Primary in kidney)
78. • Patient succumbed to death within 8 months from the date of
nephrectomy
• Any role of adjuvant therapy
79. • The potential role of sunitinib in combination with gemcitabine has
been investigated in a phase II trial of RCC with sarcomatoid
features.
• The results show that the combination was well tolerated and is
active, especially in patients with rapidly progressing disease.
• There are ongoing trials studying sunitinib in combination with
gemcitabine compared to sunitinib alone in patients with sarcomatoid
features.
80. • Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma (SRCC) is currently defined in the
2004 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of renal tumors
as any histologic type of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) containing foci of
high-grade malignant spindle cells.
• Sarcomatoid differentiation is reported in 5% of RCCs overall.
• The incidence rates according to RCC histologic subtypes are –
o5-13% for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC),
o2-7% for papillary RCC,
o9-13% for chromophobe RCC, and
o11-26% for unclassified RCC.
o29% of carcinomas of the collecting duct of Bellini.
81. Prognosis
• 5 year survival rates –
1. clear cell RCC 44%–69%
2. papillary RCC 82%–92%
3. chromophobe RCC 78%–87%
4. Sarcomatoid variant – 15-27%
• Median survival is – 4-9 months
• If left untreated 3.8 months – 6.8 months
82. • Sarcomatoid variant of renal cell carcinoma is one of the aggressive
variants of RCC
• Once we get a tissue diagnosis, we should look for any evidence of
metastasis even in patients without any symptoms of metastasis
• A standardized therapy regime for sRCC is not yet available due to
the rarity of sRCC and the lack of information regarding its biology
but chemotherapy should be considered because of high chance of
recurrence & metastasis.
• Despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy for other variants of RCC,
sRCC has the worst prognosis & patients should be counselled
accordingly.
84. Case Presentation
• Seventy five year old male presented to us with loss of appetite, Right
flank pain, loss of weight, dyspnea since 6 months
• Smoker, Diabetic, hypertensive, CAD – s/p PTCA
• ECOG - 3
• O/E – PR- 95/ min, BP – 130/90 mm of Hg
85. • P/a – Soft, no mass palpable
• U/s abdomen – Hetero echoic mass of size 6x4 cms present in the
lower pole of the right kidney
• Hb – 8 gm%, Ca2+ - 10 gm/dl, LDH – 500 IU/L, ALP - 160 IU/L
• Rest of the blood investigations – within normal limits
86. CT
• Ill defined heterogeneously dense
lesion of size 7.1 x 4.3 x 5.3cms noted
in lower pole region infiltrating mid
and lower pole calyces – Likely
Neoplastic.
• Few enlarged para caval and aorta
caval nodes noted, largest measuring
62 x 40mm at renal level on right side.
• Lytic sclerotic foci noted involving
multiple vertebral bodies and pelvic
bones.
89. FDG Pet CT
• PET CT don't play a major role in localised RCC as there is significant
background activity & prevent accurate diagnosis
• Renal parenchyma shows high FDG uptake itself & differentiation to
malignant lesion is difficult
• Positive PET CT results as a good predictive for evaluating metastatic
deposits – higher sensitivity in metastatic RCC (90%)
90.
91. Renal biopsy indications
• Before ablation therapy
• Undetermined mass
• Before systemic therapy
• Active surveillance
• Suspicion of lymphoma
• Solitary kidney
92.
93. HPE
• Clear cell carcinoma
• Grade 3 (ISUP WHO grading)
• No evidence of sarcomatoid variant
• LVI & PI - seen
102. Carmena trial - 2018
• Sunitinib alone was not inferior to nephrectomy followed by sunitinib
in patients with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma who were classified
as having intermediate-risk or poor-risk disease.
103. Comparison of Immediate vs Deferred
Cytoreductive Nephrectomy in Patients
With Synchronous Metastatic Renal Cell
Carcinoma Receiving Sunitinib: The
SURTIME Randomized Clinical Trial
• Deferred CN did not improve the 28-week PFR.
• With the deferred approach, more patients received sunitinib
and OS results were higher. Pretreatment with sunitinib may
identify patients with inherent resistance to systemic therapy
before planned CN.
• This evidence complements recent data from randomized
clinical trials to inform treatment decisions in patients with
primary clear cell mRCC requiring sunitinib.
renal oncocytomas are composed of oncocytic cells with numerous densely packed mitochondria,8, 9 these tumours avidly take up the 99mTc-sestamibi radiotracer. Likewise, RCC tumours do not concentrate the 99mTc-sestamibi radiotracer for two principle reasons. First, most RCCs are relatively devoid of mitochondria.8, 10 A notable example is the clear cell subtype of RCC (ccRCC) which has optically clear cytoplasm owning to a paucity of mitochondria.11 Second, many RCCs express multidrug resistant pumps that actively shuttle the 99mTc-sestamibi out of the cells, leading to a low concentration of radiotracer within malignant lesions.
HU - 20
Epitheloid AML potentially malignant
Fat poor AML is possible
AML – indications for Rx – child bearing age - >4cms, repeated bleeding, emergency care is inadequate, profession involving high risk of abdominal trauma – kabaddi player
20% had progression > 0.5 cms
Preoperative aspects and dimensions used for an anatomical classfication
High inter observer variability
Small mass lying between the polar lines will have higher scores
Patient factors
Large heterogenously enhancing mass arising from anterior aspect of interpolar region of left kidney measuring 7.7 x 6.2 x7 cm
Multiple non enhancing necrotic areas seen with in the lesion
Multiple non enhancing necrotic areas seen with in the lesion
There is heterogeneously enhancing soft tissue density in the left renal vein measuring 1.2 x 4 cm – likely tumour thrombus
There are few heterogeneously enhancing necrotic lymphnodes in the left para aortic region, largest measuring 2 x 3.2 cm
We thought we were dealing with a locally advanced RCC & during follow up
Other cancers which respond to CT – medullary & collecting duct carcinoma - gemcitabine
Mean survival T1 – 49.7 months
T2 – 6.8 months
Median progression free survival & overall survival – 5.3 & 11.8 months with chemotherapy
International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP)
Will the patient live more than an year
Important for planning therapy
Clinical trial design
69 year old female presented with pain abdomen, loss of weight, appetite since 2 months
On evaluation – Three ill defined heterogeneously enhancing soft tissue density lesion present in the interpolar regions measuring around 2x2x2.5
Left kidney heterogeneously enhancing exophytic soft tissue lesion in the upper pole around 3x3x3 cms
Axitinib + pembroluzimab – response for 3 months, 4 lakh rupees per month