dialysis machine operations

1. Hospital workshop
Presentation

2. DIALYSIS MACHINE
•Dialysis is an artificial way to eliminate waste and
excess fluid from the body.
• Dialysis is carried out when the kidney does not
function normally. It is a process that eliminates
wastes and excess fluid from the blood.
• It is required when the kidney loses 80% of its
efficiency and has a glomerular filtration rate of less
than 20%.

3. Dialysis maintains the body
balance in the following ways:
•It controls blood pressure.
•It removes excess water and metabolic wastes
from the body.
•Prevents chemicals such as potassium,
bicarbonate and sodium from reaching
hazardous levels.

4. Dialysis machine diagram

5. MECHANISM
• The arterial blood is passed through the dialyzer and
then back to the body through the vein. Heparin is
used as an anticoagulant while passing the blood
through the machine.
• Inside the dialyzer, the blood moves through the
hemofilter, which contains tiny channels that are
interposed between two cellophane membranes.
These are porous membranes.

6. Cont..
• The outer surface of these membranes is bathed in
the dialysing fluid called dialysate. The used dialysate
is constantly replaced by fresh dialysate.
• Urea, phosphate, creatinine, and other unwanted
substances from the blood pass into the dialysate by
the concentration gradient. The essential substances
required by the body diffuse from the dialysate into
the blood.

7. Cont..
• Except for plasma proteins, almost all substances are
exchanged between the blood and dialysate through
the cellophane membranes.
• The dialysis machine also has several blood
pumps with pressure monitors that enable easy flow
of blood from the patient to the machine and back to
the patient. It also has pumps for the flow of fresh
dialysate and for drainage of used dialysate.

8. Hemodialysis
• A machine removes blood from your body, filters it through a dialyzer
(artificial kidney) and returns the cleaned blood to your body.
• Arteriovenous fistula (AV fistula): A surgeon connects an artery and
vein in your arm.
• Arteriovenous graft (AV graft): If the artery and vein are too short to
connect, your surgeon will use a graft (soft, hollow tube) to connect
the artery and vein.
• AV fistulas and grafts enlarge the connected artery and vein, which
makes dialysis access easier. They also help blood flow in and out of
your body faster.

9. During hemodialysis, the dialysis
machine:
• Removes blood from a needle in your arm.
• Circulates the blood through the dialyzer filter, which
moves waste into a dialysis solution. This cleansing
liquid contains water, salt and other additives.
• Returns filtered blood to your body through a
different needle in your arm.
• Monitors your blood pressure to adjust how fast blood
flows in and out of your body.

10. SIDE EFFECTS OF
HEMODIALYSIS
• low blood pressure (hypotension)
• anemia
• muscle cramps
• difficulty sleeping
• itching
• high blood potassium levels (hyperkalemia)
• Pericarditis, an inflammation of the membrane around the heart
• sepsis
• bacteremia or a bloodstream infection
• irregular heartbeat
• sudden cardiac arrest

11. Peritoneal dialysis
• Tiny blood vessels inside the abdominal lining
(peritoneum) filter blood through the aid of a dialysis
solution. This solution is a type of cleansing liquid that
contains water, salt and other additives.
• Peritoneal dialysis takes place at home;
• Automated peritoneal dialysis uses a machine called
a cycler.
• Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
takes place manually.

12. During peritoneal dialysis;
• Connect the catheter to one branch of a Y-shaped
tube. This tube connects to a bag that has dialysis
solution. The solution flows through the tube and
catheter into the peritoneal cavity.
• Disconnect the tube and catheter after about 10
minutes, when the bag is empty.
• Cap off the catheter.

13. Cont..
• Go about your usual activities while the dialysis
solution inside the peritoneal cavity absorbs waste
and extra fluids from the body. This process can take
60 to 90 minutes.
• Remove the cap from the catheter and use the other
branch of the Y-shaped tube to drain the fluid into a
clean, empty bag.
• Repeat these steps up to four times a day. You sleep
with the solution in your stomach all night.

15. Side effects of peritoneal dialysis
• Peritoneal dialysis may increase your risk of infections in or around the
catheter site, such as peritonitis.
• Other risks include:
• abdominal muscle weakening
• high blood sugar due to the dextrose in the dialysate
• weight gain from dextrose and excess fluids
• nausea or vomiting
• hernia
• fever
• stomach pain

16. References
• https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-
disease/kidney-failure/hemodialysis
• https://www.kidneyfund.org/kidney-disease/kidney-
failure/treatement-of-kidney-failure/dialysis/