Presenter: Kimo van Dijk
Organization: European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP, www.phosphorusplatform.eu) / Wageningen University
Title: Need for better Data on Nutrients to Support Stewardship (DONUTSS)
Location: 1st meeting FAO LEAP Technical Advisory Group on Nutrient cycles modelling and Impact AssessmentFAO, Rome, Italy
Date: 12 July 2016
Countries:
Austria AT
Belgium BE
Bulgaria BG
Cyprus CY
Czech Republic CZ
Germany DE
Denmark DK
Estonia EE
Spain ES
Finland FI
France FR
Greece EL
Hungary HU
Ireland IE
Italy IT
Lithuania LT
Luxembourg LU
Latvia LV
Malta MT
Netherlands NL
Poland PL
Portugal PT
Romania RO
Sweden SE
Slovenia SI
Slovakia SK
United Kingdom UK
Switzerland CH
Phosphorus:
Fosfor
Fosfor
Fòsfòr
Фосфор
Fosfor
Фосфор
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Fosforas
Fosfors
Fuosfuors
Fosfor
Ffуsfforws
Fosfar
Fosfaras
Fosfaar
Fosforus
Φωσφορος
Ֆոսֆոր
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
ফসফরাস
فسفر
ફૉસ્ફરસનો
फास्फोरस
Fosfor
Fosfori
Foszfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Паликандур
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Фосфор
Фосфор
Fosfor
فوسفور
Fosfor
Fosforoa
ფოსფორი
[fūsfūr]
זרחן
Fosfru
Lìn
リン
인
ฟอสฟอรัส
Photpho
磷
Posporo
Fosfor
Pūtūtae-whetū
Fosforus
ഫോസ്ഫറസ്
பொஸ்பரசு
Fosofo
Fosforase
Posfori
Fósforo
Phusphuru
Fosforimi
Fosforo
Fosforon
Pesticium
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Need for better Data on Nutrients to Support Stewardship (DONUTSS)
1. Need for better Data on Nutrients to
Support Stewardship (DONUTSS)
Kimo van Dijk
Wageningen University / European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
kimo.vandijk@wur.nl / kimovandijk@phosphorusplatform.eu
1st meeting FAO LEAP Technical Advisory Group on Nutrient
cycles modelling and Impact Assessment
FAO, Rome, Italy, 12 July 2016
2. Phosphorus challenges
Source: Cordell, D., J. O. Drangert, et al. (2009). "The story of phosphorus:
Global food security and food for thought." Global Environmental Change-
Human and Policy Dimensions 19(2): 292-305.
Non-renewable at human time scale
Spatially concentrated: geopolitical
dependency and tension
Relatively low price, but price
volatility (2008 case)
Lower P-rock quality:
● Decreasing P content
● Increasing impurities (e.g.
cadmium, uranium)
Pollution and eutrophication
3. Geological versus anthropogenic cycles
RESOURCE
RESERVES
SINKS
Society
Crops
Animals
Industry & retail
Consumers
Non-
food
LossesInputs
[90% fertilizer,
and other
mineral P use]
Geological cycle
Direct
IMPACTS
Anthropogenic cycle
4. Phosphorus use in the EU-27 in 2005
Detergent,
wood, paper
& fibres
Crops, fish,
food products &
mineral additives
Animal feed,
mineral additives
& live animals
Mineral fertiliser,
seeds & pesticides
Solid & liquid
organic waste
Organic waste
Wood, paper &
fibres
Slaughter
residues, solid &
liquid waste
Crops &
food products
Manure losses
Live animals
Leaching & runoff
Seeding materials
Input
2392
Output
1468
Flows & stocks in Gg = Mkg = kton P per year
Van Dijk et al. 2016
5. Import, export and losses per sector
Van Dijk et al. (2016)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Gross import Gross export Net trade Losses Accumulation
Phosphorusquantity[Gg
P/year]
Absolute quantity
[Gg P/year]
Relative fraction of total
system import, export &
losses [%]
Primary P import
Import Export Losses Import Export Losses Gg P/year % of
total
system
primary
import
% of
total
sector
import
CP 1399 4 84 58 1 7 1391 78 99
AP 440 21 62 18 9 5 250 14 57
FP 338 216 339 14 86 28 27 2 8
NF 215 11 77 9 4 6 110 6 51
HC - - 655 - - 54 - - -
Total 2392 251 1217 100 100 100 1777 100
Van Dijk et al. 2016
6. EU-27 P use efficiency per sector in 2005
Van Dijk et al. 2016
CP AP FP NF HC
PUE-1 Output flows minus losses 70 97 80 76 21
PUE-2 Upward output flows plus
export
70 24 52 76 -
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
∗ 100
8. Animal feed P origin in EU-27 in 2005
Source: Miterra-Europe model, CAPRI & FAOSTAT data 2003-2005
9. Agricultural P balances per country for
2005 & period 1905-2005
Van Dijk et al., in preparationVan Dijk et al. 2016
128 Mtons P accumulated
in agricultural soils between 1905 -2005
10. Agronomic P balances in the EU
Annual regional agricultural P
balances [kg P/ha] for EU-15
in 2000
Estimated cumulative P balances [kg
P/ha] of EU countries during 1991–2005
Source: Csathó & Radimszky 2012
Source: Grizzetti
& Aloe, 2007
11. EU-27 annual soil P balances 1961-2009
Western Europe (EU-15) Eastern Europe (EU-12)
Van Dijk et al., in preparation, Modelling crop yield responses to drastic
decreases in phosphorus fertilization in EU-27
14. Reuse of organic waste in EU-27 in 2005
Based on Barth et al. 2008
15. Sludge destinations in EU-27 in 2010
Source: P-Rex, FP7 project, www.p-rex.eu; based on Eurostat
2010, Milieu Ltd 2010 & Destatis 2011
16. Transition towards sustainable P use
•remove non-essential P inputs (e.g. detergents)
•match P requirements more closely (precision
agriculture)
•utilise legacy P stores
Realign P inputs
•optimise input management
•minimise runoff and erosion
•strategic retention zones
Reduce P losses
to water
•avoid wastage
•improve utilization efficiency
•adopt integrated production systems
Recycle P
in bioresources
•recover P in societies' wastes
•produce fertilizer substitutes
Recover P in
wastes
•influence dietary choice
•define end-user P requirements
•re-connect crop and animal production systems
Redefine P in
the food chain
Withers, Van Dijk, et al. (2015): Stewardship to tackle global phosphorus inefficiency: the case of Europe
17. R/P ratio for P, K & micronutrients
Source: de Haes et al. 2012. Schaarste van micronutriënten in bodem, voedsel en minerale voorraden:
Urgentie en opties voor beleid. Utrecht, Netherlands, Platform Landbouw, Innovatie & Samenleving.
AND Chardon & Oenema, 2013. Verkenning mogelijke schaarste aan micronutriënten in het
voedselsysteem, Wageningen: Alterra Wageningen UR.
A simplistic way of expressing resource scarcity
R/P ratio = reserve / production
18. EU-27 P fertilization reduction scenarios
Van Dijk et al., in
preparation),
Modelling crop yield
responses to drastic
decreases in
phosphorus
fertilization in EU-27
2116
2170
Fertilisation scenarios
of 100, 80, 60, 40, 20
and 0 % of original P
application in
baseyear 2005
21. Data quality & monitoring challenges
Data quality: trade > production > consumption > recycling
Unclear definitions & not enough detail in data
Public data is incomplete and inconsistent
Data gaps for waste flows & (new) recycling flows
Literature data mostly not recent and only specific base years
Trade databases not available for all products/materials
Data gaps requires data filling procedures & flow balancing
Industry data not publically available, sometimes
commercially, but no peer reviewed
Uncertainties for most data unknown
Nutrient concentrations not monitored spatially & temporarily
From quantity to quality, from theory to practise
22. WssTP RR WG 24th June 2015 - n°23European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
DONUTSS
Data on Nutrients to Support Stewardship
- workshop Ghent with science and important all
stakeholders
- EU Commission DG GROW support
identify data needs to support decision making
for industry & regulators
define how and who to monitor & compare data
www.phosphorusplatform.eu/DONUTSS
23. WssTP RR WG 24th June 2015 - n°24European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
Data systems on nutrient flows should be:
• Adequate, reliable, coherent and targeted to
support improved nutrient management decisions
• Available at regional, national and global level
• Specific to be useful for certain specific
stakeholders and sectors
• Covering both quantities of flows and quality
• Designed to target identification of key
management points
24. WssTP RR WG 24th June 2015 - n°25European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
National policy initiatives on phosphorus
• Switzerland: waste ordonnance, proposal to make
obligatory P-recovery from sewage sludge and animal waste
ash (or separate storage pending recovery)
• Sweden: proposal to oblige 40% recycling of P & 10% of N
(including via agricultural valorisation of sewage biosolids)
• Germany: political commitment to make P-recovery
obligatory in sewage works
• Netherlands: struvite allowed to the market, in regulation
25. WssTP RR WG 24th June 2015 - n°26European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform
European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP)
info@phosphorusplatform.eu
www.phosphorusplatform.eu @phosphorusfacts
26. Thank you for
your attention
Questions? Comments? Suggestions?
kimovandijk@phosphorusplatform.eu
kimovandijk@xs4all.nl
Twitter: @kimovandijk
Website: kimovandijk.weebly.com
27. Additional literature and links (1)
Van Dijk et al. 2016. Phosphorus flows and balances of the European Union Member States.
Withers et al. 2015. Stewardship to tackle global phosphorus inefficiency: The case of Europe.
Schoumans et al. 2015. Phosphorus management in Europe in a changing world.
Withers et al. 2015, Greening the global phosphorus cycle: How green chemistry can help achieve planetary P sustainability.
Outcomes 2nd Scientific European Phosphorus Workshop in Wageningen: http://www.wageningenur.nl/sepw2013
Lesschen et al. 2013. Options for closing the phosphorus cycle in agriculture; Assessment of options for Northwest Europe
and the Netherlands. edepot.wur.nl/289653
K.A. Wyant, J.R. Corman, and J.J. Elser. Phosphorus, Food, and Our Future. Oxford University Press, New York City, New
York, USA. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199916832.do#.UcHr6fY6VVM
European Commission - Sustainable Phosphorus Use:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/IR7.pdf
Dutch Nutrient Platform: www.nutrientenplatform.nl and
European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform: www.phosphorusplatform.eu