Are Monopolies Necessarily Less Efficient Than Perfect...

Are Monopolies Necessarily Less Efficient Than Perfect...
This essay will look at efficiency between both a monopoly and a perfect competition, and whether a monopoly is necessarily less efficient than
perfect competition. Using diagrams and equations reflecting the optimal choice of output, marginal revenue and marginal cost for monopolies, I will
explain how efficiency is affected by low levels of production. At the same time monopolies can increase efficiency due to their ability in price
discrimination, they price people differently and therefore people pay what they truly believe the good is worth. There needs to be a clear description
of the differences between monopoly and perfect competition as well as efficiency; an analysis of deadweight loss and natural monopoly is also
important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Snyder and Nicholson describe Pareto efficient allocation as an allocation of resources, where it is not possible through further reallocations to make
one person better off without making someone else worse off (Snyder and Nicholson, 2005, p.467). Varian further explains that a competitive industry
operates where price equals marginal cost, while a monopolised industry operates where price is greater than marginal cost; therefore a higher price
creates a lower output (Varian, 1996, p.411–412).
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From the diagram above we can see that if we get the firm to behave as a competitor and take the market price as being set exogenously. Then we
would have (Pc, Yc) for competitive price and output. If the firm recognised its influence on the market price and chose its level of output so as to
maximise profits, we would see monopoly price and output (Pm, Ym). Since P(y) is greater than MC(y) for all the output levels between Ym and Yc,
there is a whole range of output where people are willing to pay more for a unit of output than it costs to produce it. Clearly there is potential for
Pareto improvement (Varian, 1996, p.412–413).
A measure of efficiency can be produced by analysing the total surplus for a given market; this is seen by subtracting the total cost from gross
consumption benefits. The higher the level of total surplus the more efficient production
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Assignment 2-1: Government Regulation Of Business
2–1.) In most cases, private businesses would prefer not have government regulate how they achieve their interests, but there are situations where
private businesses benefit from some types of regulations. One of the purposes of government includes the promotion of business to grow and expand,
so that its outputs and outcomes benefit all of society. This is done via a trickle down affect that includes changes to employment opportunities,
community incomes, business sales and services and state revenues. Government is also mandated, through another purpose, to protect the health,
safety and welfare of the public from being harmed by threats or actions from internal or external entities. Business regulation by government is a
process that restrains... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This collaborative effort between government and business to provide infrastructure, access and security is to ensure confidence for all participants so
that they can communicate and do business on the internet, thus providing businesses a lucrative way to obtain sales. Another way government
regulation benefits businesses are by administering research programs and grants that produce knowledge in areas like medicine, agriculture and
communication, business in these fields can freely apply the knowledge gained onto the products and services they provide, but under the strict
oversight of a relevant administrative bodies from which the source knowledge was derived from, such as the Food and Drug Administration which is
under the Department of Health and Human Services. These businesses can than expand and deliver services to the public at lesser cost to them
because research and trial were done under government funding. Other ways businesses can benefit from government regulation is through rationale
interventions by government to intercede in areas of market failure. One such rationale is the protection of competition. This is where government
protects a market from being controlled by a business holding 90 percent of the market

The Microsoft Monopoly Issue Essay
The Microsoft Monopoly Issue
The best position on the Microsoft monopoly problem is one best for the general public, those who are and will be using Intel–PC products. This
position is in opposition to Microsoft and to support the State and the public. This will consequently give the public better choice, thereby keeping the
price of the product down and benefiting the general public. To understand why this position is the best choice two simple questions must be answered.
The first is, is Microsoft a monopoly? And the second is, whether Microsoft is a monopoly or not, does that have a negative effect on the consumer? The
answer to the first question is found by examining Microsoft and the second question is found by considering ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
RealNetworks Inc. is a software company that makes a media player that competes directly with Microsoft's Windows Media Player.
RealNetworks has filed suit recently because it claims Microsoft has cause it as much as 30 billion dollars in damages because it promotes
Windows Media Player directly in Windows, as well as having it come with the system. (Krim) Rob Glaser, CEO of RealNetworks, claimed
Microsoft used its prevalence with the Windows OS to push its media player by bundling. (Krim) Later the operating system Windows NT, this
encompasses a device driver that only allows their plug–in cards to communicate with that operating system and placing a barrier for other companies.
Netscape, which makes the web Internet browser Navigator, was one of the original plaintiffs against the Microsoft Corporation. Its browser competed
directly with Internet Explorer, which is a Microsoft product. The Netscape browser was "a market leader in the mid–1990s" until "Microsoft's
aggressive business moves." (Krim) These instances of control of the relevant market and its barriers show that Microsoft is a monopoly, or at least
uses monopolistic means for its benefit.
Whether Microsoft is a

Cons Of Communism Research Paper
"Capital as such is not evil, it is it's wrong us that is evil. Capital in some form or other will always be needed"(Winston Churchill). There are three
main economic systems of governance. Communism is under the control under one major party that is the only producer, no private property and the
goods are available and equal to all. One of the major cons of communism is that it takes away the voice of the people which goes against equality
which is very important. Socialism has a government that produces and distributes goods based on their work unequally. There is not a major party but
is democratic. It is the median of capitalism and communism. One of the major cons of socialism is that it can result in a lack of motivation. In
capitalism, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"When firms have such power,they change prices that are higher than can be justified based upon the costs of production." Monopolies are not a
problem because there is still money being acquired and there is still competition. To produce high–end products, it is easier to have one large firm
rather than several smaller ones. In other cases monopolies are essential for utilities like water and electricity. It makes the most sense for a monopoly
to control this because of the upfront expensive cost. If they are not essential, the other companies would need to work harder to take down the
monopoly. More competition from the humans in animal farm rather than support might have animal farm more success.
Competition and promotive equality are the main essentials for capitalism to be the most effective. Competition makes businesses work harder to top
each other. Companies can even think they have a chance of taking down a monopoly. This system of government would have made animal farm more
of a success where all the animals were equal but the competition between animals and human would be strong the the point where everyone was
making

Wealth In Haiti
5. What economic factors explain why Americans enjoy much more wealth than Haitians? It's safe to say that Haiti is poor. Especially compared to
the U.S. One of the causes for Haiti being so poor just happens to be humans. They are entrenched in greed and power. The rulers there have ensured
Haiti's despair. Things like soil erosion, bad education system, illiteracy, unemployment, inadequate roads, water systems, sewerage, and medical
services are also some of the causes of Haiti's despair. The international community also has a lot to do with Haiti being so poor. But the main root of
Haiti's problems comes from their government. The rulers there have used beatings, killings, illegal arrests and detentions, forced exiles etc., all to keep
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There will always be someone else trying to sell your product for less money. Many monopolies are enforced by government. One example would be
operating a cab in New York City. You would need a government issued medallion. The number of medallions are fixed which develops profits for
initial owners. The profits are not because of talents or resources, instead these profits come by the absence of government enforcement of the
medallion requirement. The government enforcement of monopolies is an attempt to solve market failure. An example would be New York City
enforcing the medallion rules because they are under the assumption that if they don't restrict cabs, there would be a lot more traffic jams in the city.
When government enforcement of monopolies is appointed for the well–being of subset being granted a monopoly instead of the well–being of society,
that is when greed steps in. But monopolies can also improve welfare. For instance, a drug company developing new heart medication will pay lots
of money in research and development for perfecting the drug without selling anything to achieve revenue. It anticipates that it will sell under a patent
over some period of time and cover the development cost. If you take away the monopoly it takes away the motivation to produce better drugs. So if
markets are not competitive then greed isn't really a problem. It is only a

Importance Of Economic Market Structures
Importance of Economic Market Structures Before an organization or investor makes a strategic decision to enter a product in today's economy, a
thorough market analysis is vital to fully comprehend the domestic and international demand, current suppliers, entry and exit barriers present, and cost
of production for the product or service being provided. The culmination of this investigation identifies the market structure the product resides in,
associated potential long–run profitability, cost efficiency, survivability, and incentives for future entrepreneurs. This paper will describe the
characteristics of four such market structures: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly while providing an illustrative ...
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It is important to keep in mind that this is a theoretical model. Real data does not exist, and the model does not precisely describe reality." (Amacher
& Pate, 2012) The perfect competition model is based on defined assumptions which prevent its adaptation into a real–life economy; however it is often
described as the baseline model to compare all other structures. These assumptions are: (1.) Large volume of buyers and sellers: A perfect
competition market has many buyers and sellers so none are able to influence the market. (2.) Homogenous products: All producers generate the same
product with no differentiation. (3.) Excellent or perfect knowledge: Buyers and sellers have an extensive amount of information about the product
and other producers. (4.) Free entry and exit into the market: Firms are able to allocate resources in and out of this market easily with little expense.
(5.) Firms are able to quickly to respond to a changing consumer demand. (6.)Workers and other resources are easily moved in and out of the industry.
While there is not one organization which is able to meet all of these assumptions, one of the best examples to illustrate a perfect competition market
structure is the agricultural model. If a farmer produces one field of corn out of literally thousands harvested per year, it will not affect the market
supply or price if he or she produces more

Monopoly Industry And Its Economic Effect
Monopoly Industry and its Economic Effect.
We live in a world where different economic systems exist and its existence is can create balances or imbalances in the economical arena. These
economic system can be characterized as Laissez–faire economy, command economy and a mixed economy, implemented by each state. Within those
segments of economy, a country can have companies following different structures of industries in the marketplace with distinctive levels of
competitions.
To understand how fluid a country 's economy can be, it would be wise to understand a bit more about the types of industries involved here. An
industry can be described in four types; Pure competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition and oligopoly.
In the Pure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Last, but not least industry is the monopoly industry and this is the industry we will dig further in this discussion.
Since monopolistic competition or oligopolistic market structures are the most commons in the United States, it would be very interesting to actually
analyse more of the monopolistic structure industry and how that impacts the economy overall. In order to understand more about the monopolistic
industry is important to understand the fundamental of this industry.
In the monopolist industry only one seller sells a products and take over the control of those products. In this industry there is no close substitutes. Its
also important to understand that in order for that to happen this firms are given exclusive protection of production by the government. Not just by the
government, but these firms can acquire their monopoly through a smart and efficient free market production and with economies of scale.
To better have a picture of a monopoly industry, why not given examples of one major monopoly industry in the world, the Microsoft. Not sure if
there is familiar to this product, but if anyone wants to buy its software, windows is the only choice since they are the only ones who provides it. So
whether we like windows or not, if there is need for a computer that 's the only one we can buy. Another example, nationally recognized is the U.S
postal service, where there is no competition and it's protected by the government. Whether

The Effects Of Monopoly On Economic Development
Discuss the effects of monopoly on economic development. Is monopoly legal in your country? If so, give three examples. If not, what are the actions
of the government that have been taken to prevent monopoly?
A Monopoly power as study showcases is when a firm has monopoly power it will engage itself a little competition. Which also means that amonopoly
is a price maker and its demand curve will be inelastic. If Monopoly set to increase prices demand, it would only fall by a small percentage.
According to Pettinger, R. (2013), a monopoly is likely to cause the following effects in the economy development as stated below:
i.Monopoly would increase price and decline consumer surplus, in that case, demand is will be inelastic. By so doing, the ... Show more content on
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Monopoly will cause allocative inefficiency by introducing higher prices and less choice for consumers. vi. A situation where monopolies get too
high, they may experience what we call diseconomies of scale. vii. Monopolies can use their monopoly power to achieve a goal by paying lower
prices to their suppliers. For examples, A Supermarkets will pay low prices to farmers since the farmers do not have any other choice than to sell their
products.
The effects of monopoly on economic development can also be seen from another aspect where we have Price exceeding Marginal Cost, Price
exceeding lowest Average Total Cost. This results to an efficiency loss (dead weight loss) where we have sum of consumer surplus plus producer
surplus is less than maximum. It can be viewed as a "private tax" on consumers since the higher price will generates higher economic profit that is
distributed amongst shareholders of the company, who are mostly from high–income groups. Monopoly owner's benefit at the expense of the
consumers, since owners have more income than the consumers, monopoly increases gap between rich and poor. For example, when a buyer is richer
than owners of the monopoly, then income transfer from consumers to owners may decrease income

Role Models Influence Us As Humans
Role models influence us as humans. We use our parents, community leaders, and even celebrities to shape ourselves in a similar way to them. Media,
like a role model, influences society. Also, media, which society creates, is also the tool that shapes and moulds it. The theory that media (technology)
shapes society – technological determinism – is introduced by Canadian scholars Harold Innis and Marshall. Though this is a technologically
determinist way of looking at communication, the different modes of communication (media) – oral, literate, and electronic –influence society through
the way we store knowledge, through the manner in which we share knowledge, and through the way we connect with each other socially.
First, the oral mode of communication influenced society through the way we store knowledge. In an oral society, particular members of society store
important knowledge. For instance, in First Nations communities in Canada the Elders store their history and tradition and share it with the future
generations. In the book Aboriginal Perspectives, the Kainai Board of Education, who educates the Nitsitapi tribal members in Alberta, states that
"past generations depend upon Elders to pass along their stories, and future generations depend on the young to learn and remember the Elder's
knowledge" (KBE 50). This society depends heavily on its members to survive. As a result, separating the members of this society can result in the
loss of vital knowledge –for example,

Essay on Four Market Structures in Australia
NAME: LKHAGVASUREN KHURELBAATAR
ID: EMV 20110
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Individual Essay
Four Market Structures in Australia.
NAME: LKHAGVASUREN KHURELBAATAR
ID: EMV 20110
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Individual Essay
Four Market Structures in Australia.
Introduction
Market structure reflects all the most important aspects of the market – the number of firms in the industry, the type of product produced, the
possibility to enter and exit of firms, number of customers, the ability of a single firm to influence the market price.
The lower the firm's ability to influence the market, the more competitive the industry is considered. In the limiting case where the degree of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main objective of marketing in a monopoly – to control the market and to maintain the uniqueness of the product.
Examples of companies in Australia: Telstra, Energy Aus.
2. Oligopoly occurs when a small number of suppliers control a significant share of supplies. In this case, each of the suppliers to take into account
the reactions of other suppliers to changes in market activity. Products manufactured oligopoly may be homogeneous, e.g., aluminium or differential
such as cigarettes and automobiles. For example, due to the fact that it requires a huge financial cost, very few companies can afford to enter the
market of oil refining or production of steel. In some industries, requires a certain level of technical and marketing skills, which is an insurmountable
barrier for many potential competitors. Companies on the oligopolistic market try to avoid price wars due to the fact that this approach is costly to all
involved in the war.
Examples of companies in Australia: Toyota, Ford, British American Tobacco.

3. Monopolistic competition
Monopolistic competition occurs when potential competitors of the company are trying to develop a differential marketing strategy in order to capture
market share.
There are several firms, but different marketing structure, although similar products.
For Example: Coles, Wolly, Aldi, IGA they all sell

Monopoly And Monopolistic Competitive Market
The study of Microeconomics tells us of the different market structures the economy is made of. For the purpose of this paper, we will take an in depth
look at three of these such market structures. Monopoly and Monopolistic competitive market along with Oligopoly. We will look at how and why
these markets exist in conjunction with the advantages to the producer and the disadvantages to the consumer. As we researchMonopoly in detail,
compare the monopolistic competitive market and Oligopoly, we will also discuss the Gas market in relation to these types of markets. To begin to
understand monopolies, we have researched several things. Why do they exist? What do they do, in response to the economy? Although, we don't see
many monopolies now due to antitrust laws to prevent monopolies from forming, there are natural monopolies. There are several reasons why
monopolies exist. These are known as barriers to entry. Scarce resources with one producer can limit the number of other firms joining the market as
competition. Increasing returns to scale prevents smaller firms from entering an industry because as output rises average total cost falls. This in turn
enables these producers to grow and tolerate the monopoly. This is now where a natural monopoly is formed. A single producer of an industry has a
large cost advantage over other smaller firms, if they existed in the industry. A natural monopoly includes local water, gas and electricity providers.
These

Disadvantages Of Perfect Competition
Definition of market:
Market is a place or space where buyers and sellers meet to exchange product or services in a specific period of time.
Definition of marketing structure:
Marketing structure is a group of factors that determined how buyers and sellers interact in market (how the price change, how is the different levels of
the production and selling process interact.)
The first definition in Perfect competition
The definition of the perfect competition is that there is an equal level for all firms involved in the industry to produce the best possible outcomes for
consumers. All the firms have the perfect knowledge and information that they are free to sell the same product with different prices and no one can
stop them.
There are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All the buyers can make the decisions from their own.
The advantages of perfect competition:
1)They can achieve the maximum consumer surplus and economic welfare.
2)All the perfect knowledge is available so there is no information failure.
3)Only normal cost profits cover the opportunity cost.
4)They allocate resources in the most efficient way.
The disadvantages of the perfect competition:
1)There is no chance to achieve the maximum profit because of the huge number of other firms that are selling the same products.
2)There is no courage to develop new technology because of the perfect knowledge and the ability to share all of the information.
3)Lack of productdifferentiation because all of the products are the same and they are not branded.
4)Reducing the research and development process.
Examples about the perfect competition:
Actually, there are no perfect market in the real world but there are some industries that might be close to this perfect competition. For example, street
food vending or farmers that will sell the fruits and vegetable in the same price.
Monopoly
The definition of the monopoly is the market where is only one seller of a specific product or service which means that there no

Monopolistic And Oligopoly: The Four Types Of Market
Nature Of Markets
There are four types of nature of markets, which is monopoly, monopolistic, perfect competition and oligopoly.
Monopoly
Monopoly can be defined as a market structure which is characterized by a single seller which sells a unique product or service in the market. There
are four characteristics of monopoly which is that monopoly is a single firm selling all output in the market, a firm which sell that particular product
which is unique, requires barriers to enter and exit and is specialized in information. First of all, a monopoly market is a market which is controlled
by a single seller. So in this case, the seller will have full control on stating the price. A hypothetical example that be used to illustrate the features of...
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Each firm acts independently and has a limited share of the market. So, and individual firm has limited control over the market price while large
number of firms leads to competition in the market. Despite of large number of sellers, each firm is in position to exercise some degree of
monopoly through product differentiation. Product differentiation refers to the products on the basis of brand, size, color, shape and etc. The product
of a the firm is close but not perfect a perfect substitute for other firm. The implication of " Product Differentiation" is that buyers of a product will
differentiate between the same products produced by different firms. So, they are willing to pay different prices for the same product produced by
different firms. This gives some monopoly power to an individual firm to affect market price of its product. Under monopolistic competition, products
are differentiated and these differences are made known to buyers through selling costs. Selling costs is the expenses incurred on marketing, sales
promotion and advertisement of the product. This is to persuade the buyers to buy a particular brand of the product in preference to competitor's brand.
Because of this, selling costs constitute a substantial part of the total cost under monopolistic competition. So, under monopoly, selling costs are of
small amount as the firm does not face

Market Structure : A Monopoly And A Perfect Competitor
Abstract
Market structures are either imperfect competition or perfect competition, referring to the environment in which a firm competes in. These are
monopolies, oligopolies, monopolistic competitions, and perfect competitions. A monopoly is one market in which there are no substitutes and entry is
difficult into the market. There are four variables for a monopoly to occur. Anoligopoly is a market structure that has only a few sellers but the products
are either differentiated or homogeneous. Monopolistic competition has elements of both a monopoly and a perfect competitor. With multiple sellers
and differentiated products, a monopolistic competitor is able to produce with these advantages of both market structures. The final market structure is
perfect competition. Perfect competition occurs when there are many sellers and buyers, identical products, mobility of resources, and complete
knowledge of the market. Overall, a firm must decide which market structure is best to involve themselves in. A pure monopoly is not legal in the
United States, but a natural monopoly or one enabled by the government is. An oligopoly is uncertain in the long run analysis. A monopolistic
competitor must make sure it's price strategy is suitable for the industry or they will stand to lose profit. Perfect competition, however, "has never
really existed" (Salvatore, 2012, p. 374). Therefore, a firm faces a difficult task in deciding which market structure to produce in and must

Natural Monopoly Supplies All for a Lower Price
atural monopoly is a type of monopoly that was because of high fixed or set up cost of operating a business in an industry. And governments often
regulate those in operation, to make sure that every consumer can get a fair deal. In fact, the size of production that can achieve productive
efficiency may be a high proportion of the total demand of the products in the industry. Natural monopolies are often associated with industries
sector where there is a high ratio of fixed to variable costs. For example, for a product to establish a national distribution network the fixed cost can
be enormous but the marginal cost of each additional output supply can be very small. Natural monopoly occurs when one large business can
supply the entire market at a lower price than two or more smaller ones, which there cannot be more than one efficient provider of a good. In this
situation, competition might increase costs and prices. It is an industry where the minimum efficient scale is a large share of total market demand
such there is room for only one firm to fully exploit all of the available internal economies of scale, and the industry has long run average cost curve
falls continuously as output rises. Market failure is when resources cannot be efficiently allocated due to the fault of price mechanism caused by
factors such as establishment of monopolies. It's also used to describe when market can't satisfy public interest, and will result of a loss of economic
and social welfare.

How Did Rockefeller's Monopolies
The monopoly of oil created by Rockefeller caused smaller business to go out of business or make it very unprofitable for them to function. The
regular oil companies could not compete with the Standard Oil Company, for they were trying to put smaller companies out of business. Rockefeller
joined with competing companies in trust agreements. Participants in a trust turned their stock over to a group of trustees. This made it so you either
had to join the bigger company or stop selling oil because it would not be profitable. The first hand account of this happening shows the negative
effects to big businesses. How could a business survive when it is being attacked by a monopoly that was formed illegally? The Sherman Antitrust Act
made this illegal. The large businesses forming monopolies would say this is the point of capitalism. They can sell their better product for whatever
they want. Is it really illegal to undercut prices, but it is morally wrong to do. Unfortunately the owners of the monopolies did not care about others
they only cared about themselves. Overall the monopolies formed by Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Pullman were very beneficial to themselves, but to no
one else that wasn't making money. The next document is about how Carnegie feels about giving money away. Carnegie claims that to be rich you
must show that you are rich. You must have shunning displays that show wealth. People have to look up to you for answers. People have to want to be
you and they must

Merger Is The Merging Of Jds Fitel Inc. And Uniphase Corp
1.Definitions:
1.1.Merger: "A merger is a combining of two or more companies to form a new company". An example of a merger is the merging of JDS Fitel Inc.
and Uniphase Corp. in 1999 to form JDS Uniphase.
1.2.Acquisition: To acquire another firm, usually through the purchase of shares of the company or to buy assets of the business directly. "Acquisition
is the purchase of one company by another in which no new company is formed". An example of an acquisition is Manulife Financial Corporation 's
2004 acquisition of John Hancock Financial Services Inc.
2.Types of Mergers:
2.1.Horizontal Merger – One company acquires a competing company. After being carefully reviewed it may be deemed as anticompetitive.
2.2.Vertical Merger– When a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are mixed conclusions as to whether mergers have a positive effect on innovation and synergies, research, productivity of the new company.
However, mergers and acquisitions appear to have a positive economic effect on the company in the short–term, allowing the company to reduce costs,
it can have a negative effect on productivity and innovation longer term.
3.Advantages and disadvantages of mergers:
3.1.Advantages:
3.1.1.Small, biotech firms and university labs can help to plug the innovation gap, and even some mid–size pharmaceutical firms are operating with
R&D visions and in a therapeutic area to build detailed knowledge.
3.1.2.Other Economies of Scale. All the potential economies of scale that can arise is the main advantage of merger. Example: In a horizontal
merger, this could be quite extensive, especially if there are high fixed costs in the industry. Note: if the merger was a vertical merger or
Conglomerate Merger, the scope for economies of scale would be lower.
3.1.3.Avoid Duplication. In some industries it makes sense to have a merger to avoid duplication. For example: two bus companies may be competing
over the same stretch of roads. Consumers could benefit from a single firm with lower costs. Avoiding duplication would have environmental benefits
and help reduce congestion.
3.1.4.Regulation of Monopoly. Monopoly is characterized by an absence of competition, which often results in high prices and

Disney's Monopoly
Industry concentration. It's imperative to choose if there's really a danger of a Monopoly, before the anti–trust law takes any action. For those new to
the idea, or the individuals who have constantly heard it was a terrible thing while never knowing why, a Monopoly is "thorough control of the whole
supply of products or of a company in a specific region or market," as indicated by Merriam–Webster. This doesn't generally characterize Disney.
Disney does not control the rights to all film, TV, and amusement establishments, nor does it deliberately step out the opposition. Disney is pursuing
the cream of the yield. Disney has dependably had complete knowledge of their audience requirements. Disney knows precisely what a crowd of
people needs even before they even dream of it. So it bodes well that Disney is using geek culture as its most up to date promoting apparatus. On the
off chance that there are two things geeks and nerds cherish more than anything its superheroes and Star Wars. To the extent business choices go,
purchasing Star Wars from George Lucas is one of the best, and one that has been to a great extent fan–endorsed.... Show more content on
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Disney doesn't need to do any of the truly difficult work; the loving people will do that for it. Be that as it may, in what manner can this be the
situation, Disney doesn't claim each IP, and huge numbers of the other real studios are as yet doing fine. However, is Disney truly a monopoly? At the
point when all the greatest motion pictures are Disney's, to what extent will it be until Disney is the main organization who can chance huge

Persuasive Essay On Hard Work
It's common to think that hard work is the key that will help people move up in the world, and that is true for the most part. However what is one
supposed to do when there's a roadblock that is difficult to overcome? There are factors that may all together or by one at a time cause someone to not
achieve that pay that wish. Due to education and wealth, discrimination, worker abilities and monopoly power, the opportunities of equal pay isn't
always obtainable to workers.
First factor of income quality, not every citizen has the best education they can get for that high paying job, and not many has the funds to get that job
they really desire. In our world, not everything can be as fair for those who strive for success. Consider this, many people start at working minimum
wage which is about nine dollar an hour. For one waitress addressed in a PBS news article by Paul Solman, that one waitress only earned $2.13 an
hour before taxes. It is stated by many who are struggling with minimum wage that it is not enough to live on. As the cost of living increases, the
minimum wage becomes insufficient in covering bills and cost. As a result of this situation, there are inspiring students who are unable to go further
with their education and move up in life. Being stuck near the poverty line creates a situation where as much as those workers desire to progress in
their career, insufficient funds and the lack of education keeps them from doing so as many higher paying jobs require

Effects of Monopolies in the Usa Economy
The effects of monopolies on the U.S. Economy
What is a monopoly?
The concept of a monopoly is largely misunderstood and the mere mention of the term evokes lots of emotions that make clear judgment almost
impossible. The standard economic and social case for or against monopolistic businesses is no longer straightforward.
According to Mankiw (2009) a monopoly is defined as a market structure characterized by a single seller of a unique product with no close
substitutes[1]. When a business dominates a market, it becomes a monopoly by virtue of its power. A company (or a group of affiliated companies) is
considered to have a dominant position in a particular market if it exerts a decisive influence over the general ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
(Haas, 2006) Citizens of The United States value competition in their market system. Competition not only keeps prices low and encourages
production of new products to the market place but also fosters innovations that help to bring down the cost of doing business. Contrary to popular
belief, monopolies are not illegal in the United States .Indeed a government–created monopoly is exemplified by the patent and copyright law. This is a
law that governs intellectual property. A pharmaceutical company that develops an original drug can patent it for several years during which it enjoys
exclusive production rights. Such a patent offers the producer monopoly status where the producer can charge higher prices and earn greater profits.
On the other hand, such a law is beneficial because it encourages innovation and continuous research within pharmaceutical companies to develop new
and more superior products.
Moreover only big monopolies with significant market power have the capacity to carry out research and development on their products. This leads to
innovation since new knowledge is applied to the production process. The nearly twenty year monopoly enjoyed by Microsoft in manufacturing of its
computer software has not only ensured harmony and uniformity in computer software but also facilitated accessibility of computers by the greater
population. Consequently, this has lead to the information technology revolution

Different Types Of Market Structures
Market Structures A market is defined as an institution that brings together buyers (demanders) and sellers (suppliers) of a particular good or service.
A Market structure is the relationship among the buyers and sellers of a market and how prices are determined through outside influences. There are
four different types of market structures. Two on opposite extremes, and two comfortably in the middle. On one end isperfect competition, which acts
as a starting point in price and output determination. Pure competition is when a large number of firms sell a standardized product, entry and exit is
very easy, and an individual firm cannot control the price. On the other extreme end is Pure monopoly. A monopoly is characterized by an absence of
competition, which will often allow one seller to control the market. A Pure monopoly is essentially the same thing, but also includes near impossible
entry and no substitute goods. Two more common market structures are monopolistic competition and oligopoly. Monopolistic competition has a large
number of sellers producing different products, while an oligopoly has only a few number of sellers producing similar products. All in all pure
competition, pure monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly are all unique market structures with differing characteristics, but have one
main goal, profit maximization. A pure competition market may be be rare in the real world, but it acts as a vital introduction into the topic of markets.
To

AM General Monopoly
Monopoly by the government can be beneficially introduced procedure in industries. The government can/has created knowledge in technology
industries. The Humvee is a good example (as you read below) of the government monopolize the market. Since its release to the military in the 1980's
it took about ten years before being retail to the public before this time the government contract with Am General stated that they could not sale to the
public. Monopolize by government subsidized AM General for the Humvee and keeping it to a military vehicle.
"In 1979, AM General began preliminary design work on the M998 Series High Mobility Multi–Purpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV, pronounced
HUMVEEВ®); a 1.25–ton truck intended to replace the M151 and other light tactical vehicles. The U.S. Army awarded AM General a prototype
contract in 1981 and the development and operational testing was conducted over a five–month period in 1982. In March 1983, AM General won an
initial $1.2 billion contract to produce 55,000 HUMVEEs to be delivered in five basic models and 15 different configurations over a five–year period.
The Army subsequently increased their order with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the A Critique of the Austrian School ofEconomics "The correct relationship between competitors can only be worked out through buying and
selling, not bureaucratic fiat. Austrian economists, in particular Rothbard, argue that the only real monopolies are created by government. Markets are
too competitive to allow any monopolies to be sustained." (huppi n.d.)
The Humvee change the SUV industries by technology and design other producer could compete against the Humvee to entry the market nor could
AM general entry the public market with the Humvee. Ones desire to own the Humvee was at high demand. Selling to public in the 90's AM General
entry the public market; making them a

Use InnisвЂ™s Concepts of вЂњTime-BiasedвЂќ and вЂњSpace-BiasedвЂќ...
The 20th century has witnessed dramatic developments in the history of media communications as well as human society. During the first half of the
last century, electronic media such as the telegraph, radio and television to name a few were invented and became prevalent. Afterwards, the internet
came into being and developed at an unprecedented rate to the point where it is now widely accepted that human history has entered into an
information age. As claimed by a number of scholars, the appearance of new types of media can bring about dramatic influences on living conditions.
Among them, Harold Innis, pioneer in this area of communication studies, is influential, firstly by employing two dimensions to media, namely time
and space, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To clarify, the Internet adopts a distributed information storage model which means information is saved in different computers in a distributed
manner, so if some information is lost from one computer, it still can be accessed in another (Kleinberg, 2006). Furthermore, along with the
development of computer technology, a series of new data storage devices further make up for its duration, for example current popular data–sharing
softwares such as BT (ibid.). With enlarging storage abilities, information stored on the Internet can last for long periods of time (ibid.). According to
Innis, in history, few empires with a notable exception of the Greek Empire can maintain a balanced relationship between space and time. Often there
is the likelihood that one will be given priority over the other (Innis, 1950). Nonetheless, as analyzed above, the Internet has achieved a relatively stable
balance between space and time.
Following this, corresponding to the two biases of communication, there are both oral and written media. Oral communication can be seen as
time–binding because in oral societies, knowledge can only be passed through generations by word of mouth which generally take place within groups
or communities (Innis, 1990). Also, because memory is limited, it is necessary to be particularly selective about knowledge, as a result of which,
knowledge not related to maintaining tradition is difficult to be handed down (ibid.).

A Business 's Responsibility For An Efficient Allocation...
It is a business's own responsibility to define the external economic environment to ensure their market will be successful. When businesses are free
and left to peruse their own private objectives it is extremely important economic efficiency is carefully thought about as there are a range of market
failures that could occur which lead to government intervention. "Market failure occurs when freely–functioning markets, fail to deliver an efficient
allocation of resources. The result is a loss of economic and social welfare." (Geoff Riley,2012).To avoid market failure businesses must be aware of
changing market conditions.
All organisations have to face the 'Economic Problem' this is deciding what to produce, how to produce it and who to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Legal monopoly can be companies that operate as a monopoly under government order, these companies will offer products or services at a structured
price and can be independently run and government regulated or both government run and regulated. An example of legal monopoly is the price of
alcohol or air flight prices, the government can always intervene and change the prices. Natural monopoly are companies which produce a product in
economies of scale for example production would be permanently concentrated in a single firm rather than contested competitively, such as water, gas
and electricity firms. Local monopoly is usually where an organisation is the only supplier in that area– for example a petrol station in a small town far
from the city. They will receive all purchases for that particular product as there is nowhere else to get it.
There a number of problems that can occur within production leading to market failure within an organisation. Markets who are in high competition
are often run by big firms with high monopoly power which can lead to exploitation of suppliers, consumers and employees. Big firms also try avoid
direct costs which will lead to environmentally damaging use of resources. In order for the govern–ment to attempt to correct their monopoly
manipulating any stakeholders, The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) and The Office of Fair Trading, investigate possible abuse of market
power.

Essay On John D Rockefeller
In 1870 Rockefeller and a few other people incorporated the Standard Oil Company. Also in 1870 Rockefeller became the president for this
company. He also gained monopoly of it. So what he did was he would pay for all of the companies in New York but later on the government said that
he couldn't have all of those companies. After that shut down in 1881 he tried again in 1899 but the same outcome with the government (John Davison
Rockefeller, 1995). The government played a huge role in Rockefeller's career. He also was known for his monopoly over his businesses. Also he had
a thinking that everyone is wrong and he was always right ( The Men Who Built America,
John D. Rockefeller had to face many setbacks. He had some minor setbacks but he had plenty of major setbacks. One of the minor setbacks was the
government shutting down his business twice. But his major setback was when Edison and Tesla made the first lightbulb. This was so huge for him
because this meant that the lightbulb would shut down his oil/candle company. So many people thought that the light bulb was so good so Rockefeller
had to do something. So what he did was he tried was to make the light bulb look ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rockefeller made a huge footprint in the world. Just like the setbacks he made some minor and some major footprints. One of the minor footprints was
he was one of the most rich people of his time plus he was also one of the only people to ever gain monopoly off of buying/shutting down other
businesses. But then the major footprints are sabotaging the light bulb in its early stages which attacked his business and the light bulb business. Plus
he made the first trust (monopoly) in history of the USA. With that trust the court and government became suspicious about his actions. Another major
footprint was that he made one of the most well worked companies that still exist today, his company turned into two major ones they are Exxon and
Mobil that soonly moved together to make

The European Parliament 's Quest For Limit Its Market Control
Perhaps the most critical approach to Google's position has been the European Parliament's quest to limit its market control. The company, which
controls over 90% of searches in many European countries, has faced a number of legal challenges from the European Parliament in recent years.
The European Union is known for its criticism of antitrust probes – it challenged Microsoft's position as a market leader a few years ago. It has since
turned its attention towards Google and criticised the search giant for abusing its market position.
EU has accused the company for its anticompetitive practises, claiming the company promotes its own services over those of its rivals. The European
Parliament has called the company to unbundle its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While there are many who have welcomed the EU's decision to go after Google's monopoly position, the US government has sometimes accused the
EU for looking after its own interests. Nonetheless, the US Federal Trade Commission did look at antitrust complaints against Google earlier, but
decided not to pursue stronger action.
The dangers of a digital monopoly
But should digital monopolies be limited? Are there any dangers associated to companies such as Google having such a big market share? The
following are some of the dangers of a digital monopoly and the reasons why regulators are right to keep an eye on market position.
Problems over the ownership of data
Many experts, who argue against digital monopolies, aren't necessarily concerned about the market positions per se or their influence on the
competition, but the ownership issues over data. Companies such as Google are able to collect a vast amount of data from their users through the
different operations and use this data in order to stay ahead of other businesses.
Furthermore, many argue the company hasn't always acquired this data through appropriate measures. For example, Google has been accused of using
exclusive deals in order to attract new customers and that some of its services collect data without its customers'

Monopoly : A Business With No Competition
Monopoly Aggressive business owning, buying up your competitors or distributors to maximize a company's profit, running a business with no
competition. Webster's defines a monopoly as "exclusive ownership through legal privilege, command of supply, or concerted action" or "a commodity
controlled by one party". A clear example of what a monopoly is as simple as the board game Monopoly, the game is played exactly what the name
says it is, the player becomes a Monopoly, buying up multiple companies that are related in some way to maximize the most money that play can
gain from those businesses. Monopolies are quite simple, take for example, there is a local company that makes car parts out of steel, the company
purchases the stock steel from a factory that makes steel stock. To make the steel stock the steel stock company buys the raw materials from a
mining company. If the car parts company wants to maximize their profits, they simply buy up the steel company. That way they are not over charged
for the steel stock and can get it at a low rate. If the wanted to further maximize their profits they would buy the mining company as well, giving the
car parts company total control of where their supply came from and control of the cost, this is called vertical integration. There are two types of
monopolies: vertical monopoly and horizontal monopoly. Vertical monopoly or vertical integration is buying up the companies that are a part of the
whole manufacturing process. Examples

Perfect Competition In The Tapese Market
In this scenario, the Tapese people of the island of Tap are being exposed to two market structures, perfect competition and a monopoly. A perfectly
competitive market is a hypothetical market where competition is at its greatest possible level and some key characteristics of a perfectly competitive
market are, many buyers and sellers, a homogeneous product, which is one that cannot be distinguished from competing products from different
suppliers. In other words, the product has essentially the same physical characteristics and quality as similar products from other suppliers.
Furthermore, a perfectly competitive market has perfect information, they are price takers, and there are no barriers to entry. With perfect information
in a market,

Monopoly Product Life Cycle
12th December 2014 Yannis Azzopardi 380291m
Product Management
Study Unit: Product Development and PLC Strategies
MRK 1603
For a product of your choice, discuss the characteristics of each stage of the product lifecycle and explain the marketing strategy you would implement.
Over 2000 versions in 111 countries and 43 languages, Hasbro had sold 275 million Monopoly games worldwide.
The Monopoly Game is named after the economic concept of monopoly: the domination of a market by a single provider. Just right after Chess
which holds the 1st place, Monopoly is ranked as the 2nd best board game of all time. Monopoly was patented in 1935 and albeit ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Hasbro seems comfortable in gaining a steady cash cow from monopoly until it declines and dies a natural death eventually becoming a dead dog,
but what if Hasbro thought bigger? Some of Hasbro's main core values which some are : Community, Innovation, Fun and Diversity amongst others
, if I myself had to be responsible for the marketing of Hasbro and was in charge to come with new ideas I would come up with a 'Monopoly Theme
Park''. What else could be better and more successful than a theme park for a company like Hasbro?
Having the capital to invest and wait for a long term profit, Hasbro in my opinion is losing out on an idea like this. If Again I had to be in charge
the theme park would include Kiddie Rides to Adult Thrill Rides, Would also include a life size monopoly where people can gather together as
communities and enjoy a day out. Organising also competitions for people to come up with new ideas for different monopolies from around the
world and the winner will get a monopoly made to his name. Why not have a Studio Booth for people to get photographs and make their own
family monopoly? Nan's house could be the least valued property while Uncle Mat's Villa is the highest! Why not challenge people on a short
version of monopoly and see who will be able to play monopoly whilst going on a ride ?
Figure 5
Why not enjoy a game
Of monopoly while

Market Structure Of A Business
"Today, the forces of competition, technology, and globalization have converged to spur innovation and to transform the way business is done in the
securities industry." (Arthur Levitt) Market structure is best defined as the organization and other characteristics of a market. How a business succeeds
is based on the market, they choose to enter into. Another tool to analyze a company's market structure, which includes the bargaining power of buyers,
bargaining power of suppliers, threat of new competitors' entering into the market, threat of substitutes and the intensity of competition. Some of the
most important work in the development of economic theory is associated with the study market structure. From the perspective of a platform owner,
when it owns part of the business on one side of the market, there are no straightforward answer as to whether having the rest of the business owned
by another is advantageous or not. In my opinion a perfectly competition market is the best to open a business. I have outlined my thoughts and why a
perfectly competitive market is the best market. A perfect competing market is a hypothetical market where competition is at its greatest possible level.
Neoclassical economists argued that perfect competitive would produce the best possible outcomes for consumers, and society. The best market to
have a business grow and develop in, would be a prefect competing market. There are many key characteristics of perfectly competitive markets to

Monopolies Essay
A monopoly is a firm that has no rivals in the market. It can decide on the prices and quantity it wants. It set the prices that suit it. It aims at making
profit at the expenses of consumers and at the expenses of other firms. Therefore monopolies are owned by wealthy people who are willing to do
everything they can to keep their power. Some monopolies don't mind using their networks and connections to influence politicians, decision makers,
and policy makers. Monopolies are sometimes, in some countries synonym with corruption. Monopolies are willing to invest their profit in order to
keep their positions and their grasp of the market. In monopolistic models, high barriers entries exist. It is not easy to enter the market. If some firms
manage to enter the market, monopolies create strategies to stop them by lowering their prices so that the new firms don't make any profit and find
themselves bankrupt. Monopolies usually offer products that don't present any close substitutes (Rittenberg & Tregarthen, 2012, 253).... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Microsoft is a monopoly and for years it had a strategy to keep development very slow and even stagnant. (Spaudling, 1982–2015). Keeping
development at bay can has its toll on the economic development.
Another effect of a monopoly on economic development is the low quality of output. Since a monopoly controls the market, and since its products have
no substitutes, it can put anything in the market for the price it wants.
A monopoly can use asymmetric information by not supplying the costumer with enough

What Model Of Market Structure
Business in any city are challenging commodities that produce gain for the population. This city growth is well developed and incumbent by the
market structure it abide by. The wisdom of crowds is based on the assumption that valuable knowledge in social systems frequently exists only as
dispersed opinions, and that aggregating dispersed information in the right way can produce accurate predictions. A prediction market provides a vivid
illustration of the power of the wisdom of crowds. (Qiu, L., Rui, H., & Whinston, A. B., 2014) This outline will break down the various market
structures and will clarify all questions pertaining to the business in the city. The business will have to determine what model of market structure they
will decide... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These business sell the most by the demand of the consumer, this allows the easiest profit for a short run. Oligopoly means that an industry is
dominated by a small number of sellers with market power. They can limit and discount competition. A good example are the cell phone companies
such as Verizon or Sprint. They are their own competition and the government only regulates them but does not intervene with their sales practices.
Monopoly markets used to be the way of the past. Companies had only one provider who offers a good or a service. Monopolies have no one to
compete against nor did it allow others to get in the competition race with its product. As a monopoly the company can set price, and who to sell it to.
It does not allow others to emulate what it sells. The monopolies don't have competitors so they mostly maintain their customers. The National Football
League is somewhat an example. They have exclusive rights to sell goods, they have no competition and most of the products sold are solemnly
offered by or through them. If any other business uses their logo they must pay a fee.
There is an Army base in Fort Lee Virginia. Although it is believed to belong to the U.S government, the agencies departments and firms that well
work within it are structured as markets which provide for the city. It belong to a monopoly but it can also be considered to operate as an oligopoly.
Some of the departments available are the AFFS Exchange, The military clothing and sales,

Microsoft Essay
Microsoft
There have been many arguments and issues that have been raised with the controversy over Microsoft and the U.S. Department of Justice's claim
against Microsoft and its founder Bill Gates of monopolistic practices in bundling its internet browser "Internet Explorer" into its popular Windows
computer operating system. By doing this, Microsoft would effectively crush its competitors (it's main rival being Netscape Navigator), and acquire a
monopoly over the software that people use to access the Internet.
I recently heard a listener on NPR (National Public Radio) comment about the monopoly issue between Microsoft and the U.S. D.O.J. that "Intellectual
endeavors are vastly infinite and thus cannot be monopolized." I wonder ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many corridors and keys that allow someone to gain access to the Internet. The real question here is whether Microsoft is seeking to
widen it's doors at the expense of others and at the same time seeking gatekeeper access to the Internet by seeking to obtain the only key that allows
access to the Internet. A metaphor of this problem can be explained through a library building that has many entrances in which to reach the
knowledge of books contained within. Is Microsoft seeking to close off the other entrances of other providers so that the only access is through its
entrance? It would be very tempting to say yes, but that would be wholly unfair. Now that the problem and issue which is presented to us is clear, an
examination of whether or not Microsoft is violating any anti–trust (anti–monopolistic) laws can now proceed. Before he installed "Windows 95," John
Dodge connected to the Internet using software from a Microsoft competitor, CompuServe's "Internet in a Box." Not anymore. "Windows 95"
silently disabled a key piece of his setup and made it too difficult for him to reinstall it. Dodge was not a novice. He is senior executive editor of the
trade journal PC Week and so had access to the highest level support engineers. Even software professionals learn to take the path of least resistance, in
this case, the path leading to Microsoft. He has become a

Monopoly Vs Monopoly
You will never make friends by playing Monopoly, but you will definitely make enemies by playing Monopoly wrong. Too often, playing monopoly
with my immediate family has ended with tantrums and tears and general uproar. But rarely have I seen the breadth and intensity of pandemonium
caused by playing monopoly with my extended family.
At first, it seemed as if everything would go without a hitch. Naturally, there was some drama when choosing pieces, as both my cousin and my sister
wanted to be the dog, but that was resolved with only a minor headache. Later, however, the real trouble began.
It seems that the standard rules for playing monopoly are not standard across the country, and especially not with a monopoly manual so long no one
had ever bothered to read it. Not only was chaos caused by confusion over when someone can buy houses and hotels (a controversy that remains
unresolved today), but the mere action of paying taxes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead of a shout into the void, you suddenly begin having a conversation. If you believe that the collective knowledge and understanding of the human
race is larger than any single human consciousness, then the combination of different understandings brings us closer to the truth and closer to progress.
Miscommunication can certainly be frustrating and obstructive of the truth. The beauty of miscommunication, though, is that everyone is able to add
their own ideas and contribute, and in doing so, change our understanding of the world.
While the spread of inexactitude can be incredibly discouraging and even sometimes life threatening, it can also allow for incredible growth. I concede
that there are times when such false truths are not welcome, such as in politics, science, or language, but this miscommunication serves as both a
symptom and a catalyst for human growth in our changing world.
Possible Essay

Case Study : Cat And Mouse
As a consumer, having knowledge behind the interworking of the economy can only be beneficial in assisting in maximizing savings in cost while
simultaneously maximizing our product consumption. The economy tends to be involved in the classic game of "cat–and–mouse" where one half of
the economy, the producers, tries to trap consumers into purchasing their products by over glorifying certain aspects of the product against virtually the
same product as another producer, offering slightly lower prices than their competition, appealing to the reported results of market research, etc. In
order for producers to continuously gain and control profit outcomes, businesses and corporations alike must know where their breakeven points are,
where they can find the perfect compromise between output and input (of resources, labor, costs, price, etc.), as well as their minimum and maximum
limits (price ceilings and floors). Producers use these statistics and charts/graphs to help manage their productions and to even help predict future
trends based off of previous trends and estimated values shown on graphs. As Dr. Phil said "The best predictor of future behavior is ... past behavior"
(Phil, 2013). In the economy, there is a constant cycle between the producers and the consumers (mainly). The consumer purchases products produced
by the producers, while the producer uses statistics and charts to map the trends and the potential course of future purchases of the consumer in order to
maximize

Use InnisвЂ™s Concepts of вЂњTime-BiasedвЂќ and вЂњSpace-BiasedвЂќ...
The 20th century has witnessed dramatic developments in the history of media communications as well as human society. During the first half of the
last century, electronic media such as the telegraph, radio and television to name a few were invented and became prevalent. Afterwards, the internet
came into being and developed at an unprecedented rate to the point where it is now widely accepted that human history has entered into an
information age. As claimed by a number of scholars, the appearance of new types of media can bring about dramatic influences on living conditions.
Among them, Harold Innis, pioneer in this area of communication studies, is influential, firstly by employing two dimensions to media, namely time
and space, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, as Innis and Macluhan both highlighted, it is its social implications, such as the emergence of monopolies of knowledge, centralised
authorities and uneven distribution of power rather than the aural or written nature that should be the focus of studying oral and written media (Innis,
1990). Because written media requires the capability of reading which is relatively demanding compared with oral media since it takes years to
develop, a hierarchy of knowledge is very likely to be created and with it, centralization of power (ibid.). This group of elites tend to dominate social
institutions and this dominance tends to further strengthen their status, such as during the Roman Empire when reading was a privileged ability
(Hadrill, 1988). Apart from this, in modern times, mechanization resulting from technologies should also take responsibility for monopolies of
knowledge as well as the disappearance of innovative ideas by causing "complexity and confusion" (Innis, 1990). This has been, as Innis pointed out, a
major problem in Western civilisations today (ibid.). Responsively, many believe that the prevalent use of theInternet allows for free thinking as well as
a meaningful way for individuals to gain knowledge. On the one hand, it is a fact that abundant information can be equally accessed and shared on the
Internet. The costs of distributing information using the

Microsoft: Thank Goodness it is a Monopoly Essay
Microsoft: Thank Goodness it is a Monopoly Many people, with the government are trying to label Microsoft as a monopoly. Why is there any delay
going around doing that? There is no reason to brand Microsoft as a monopoly. There is part of monopolistic competition and supply–demand acting
on this case.
The whole trial is about the free internet browser, Internet Explorer, that Microsoft gives out free and includes with its Operating system, Windows.
Netscape does the same marketing of its product except that it does not have any operating system to sell with. Netscape is a relatively older browser
and prior to Internet Explorer, there was only one browser, Netscape. There have been innumerous upgrades and newer versions of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Microsoft has been monopolist in this field for a longer period because of its evolution and enhancement of its products. Netscape would have been in
power if it had thought of more upgrades and improved quality.
The government's role is to prevent harmful monopoly. A harmful monopoly arises when a company starts abusing its power as a monopoly. A
harmful monopoly restricts output of the market creating greater demand and thus charging higher prices. A harmful monopoly also does not
innovate or change since there is no matching competition. By charging higher prices and having power over key resources a monopoly could
restrict entry of other potential competitors. Microsoft does not violate any of these criterion for a monopoly. It has created competition and it does
not charge ridiculously on its major software like Windows. The charges on the software reflects not the cost of making copies of the software but
the high salaries of programmers, and cost of packaging, printing costly manuals and providing other support and services. Would you like to have
10 different operating systems each with different software and memory formats. So that we have to use 10 different floppy disks to work, school, at
friends' place, at uncle bob's, in the park with our lab tops, just to name a few. The world would become ridiculous if we were to have any more
software companies. Amongst all these data

Income Inequality In Education
In today's economic society, the presence of income inequality has only grown worse and shows no visible signs of stopping. According to an
economics professor Emmanuel Saez, "U.S. income inequality has been increasing steadily since the 1970s, and now has reached levels not seen
since 1928." This calls for an alarm to the people in social groups such as women and low–income families. Income inequality is brought to life by
factors the can be influenced by properties of our nations policies. The economic and public policies in the United States has led to income inequality
due to the factors of education, discrimination, and monopoly power.
In the United States, education has been known cause a larger economic gap for income inequality to fill and sustain itself. This gap can be directly
correlated with the price or tuition costs of education. According to Catharine Bond Hill, "The increased net price that lower–income students face,
hurts both their enrollment and completion. The high cost of education causes low–income individuals to receive lower paying jobs due to the inability
to receive higher education. The ability of the federal government to participate in policies have slightly decreased over the years. When it comes to
the reduction of policies, the correlation between an increase in the income inequality of education can be seen. This occurs because government
policies are responsible for changes such as allocating resources to entities such as education. The

Monopoly, Perfect Competition, Imperfect Competition
NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS CURRICULUM SUPPORT
Economics
Microeconomics
The Theories of the Firm
[ADVANCED HIGHER]
О±ОІП‡
Acknowledgements
This document is produced by Learning and Teaching Scotland as part of the National Qualifications support programme forEconomics.
First published 2002
Electronic version 2002
© Learning and Teaching Scotland 2002
This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational purposes by educational establishments in Scotland provided that no profit
accrues at any stage.
ISBN 1 85955 929 8
contents

Introduction1
Section 1:The theory of perfect competition3
Section 2:The theory of monopoly9
Section 3:The theory of monopolistic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After a time, the existence of subnormal profits would cause firms to leave the industry. Supply would fall and prices rise. Hence long run equilibrium
is one of normal profits only.
Perfect Competition – Long Run
[pic]
Advantages of perfect competition
Because firms produce where MC=MR=Price, allocative efficiency is achieved.
Productive efficiency is also achieved because the firm produces at the lowest point of the AC curve.
Prices are lower because of increased competition.
Because of perfect knowledge firms must keep up to date and innovate or they will be forced to leave the industry.
In the long run all firms will earn normal profits.
Cartels and other restrictive agreements cannot emerge to exploit consumers.
Perfect competition can be used as a model in economic analysis.
Disadvantages of perfect competition
Firms have little time to benefit from inventions because they quickly enter the public domain.
Since firms make only normal profits they might not have the funds to undertake expensive research that often yields the most outstanding discoveries.
Firms might not benefit from economies of large–scale production.
In order to prevent abuse of the consumer, some industries are best run by the state as natural monopolies and so perfect competition would be
inappropriate.
Perfect competition is a goal that cannot be reached in the real world.
Student exercises/activities

1.To what extent does agriculture

Are Monopolies Necessarily Less Efficient Than Perfect...

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