Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus For Women

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus For Women
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women
Melody McClain
South University
Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus in Women
Diabetes has been established to be more precarious for women, as it can augment pregnancy
complications such as macrosomia, miscarriage, and birth defects. Women with diabetes also have a
higher prevalence of secondary cardiovascular disease. Among those women who continue in the
spiral of diabetes complications, ischemic heart disease is an even greater complication which will
reduce survival and quality of life (Beckles and Thompson–Reid, 2011). Pregnant women diagnosed
with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in
their lifetime. It has been proven that an average of 25 percent of pregnant women with GDM will
be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes within an average of seven years (Sokup, Ruszkowska–Ciatec,
Walentowicz, Grabiec & Rose, 2014). In such women, blood glucose and triglyceride levels must be
monitored closely, and appropriate action and referrals are given if needed for proper disease
management.
Health Promotion Goal
There are many complications which arise in women as a result of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Incorporating a health promotion goal such as reducing the disabling complications of Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus in women could be very beneficial. It has been proven that a "healthy overall diet
can play a major role in public health efforts to prevent type 2 diabetes, especially in
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A Qualitative Study Of MidwivesExperiences With Routine...
In the study by Henriksen et al (2017) the report was well written, laid out and organised. It included
appropriate tables with relevant information relating to the study. The study did not indicate the
authors qualifications however it stated that the author was attached to the faculty of health sciences,
department of nursing and health promotion Oslo. The report title, "It is a difficult topic"– a
qualitative study of midwives' experiences with routine antenatal enquiry for intimate partner
violence, was clear and accurate and set the scene for what was going to be discussed in the research
paper. The abstract offered a clear overview of the study, it provided a clear background into
intimate partner violence and routine enquiry in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Galletta (2012) discusses that semi–structured interviews give space for further discussion and an
in–depth answer from the interviewee. Eight midwives were purposively recruited from eight
Mother and Child Health Centres in Oslo and a smaller town in in another part of Norway. Although
the study adopted this method it didn't allow for a true representation of midwives' views across
Norway and it evidences a difference in the way the participants were recruited therefore there was a
degree of allocation bias as the midwives will clearly be working with different population groups,
pregnant women from a city and pregnant women from a small town. The paper does however state
that the recruitment process was carried out in that way to recruit midwives with different
experiences and to ensure diversity and socio–economic statuses between the Mother and Child
Health centres.
Data analysis that was undertaken was content analysis. Graneheim et al (2017) reports that
qualitative content analysis is a method that is used to analysis quantitative data. It is a method that
focuses on the subject and the content emphasises variation. The analysis was carried out in four
various stages and direct quotes were used for participants within the study allowing for what they
said to be shown exactly what was said within the paper.
Ethical Approval was received from the Norwegian social science data service. All participants
provided written

Economic And Social Consequences Of Diabetes
Economic and Social Consequences of Diabetes There are many costs to the U.S. as more people
are developing Diabetes at an increasing rate. The American Diabetes Association (ADA)
researched and studied the costs to the healthcare systems and found that the costs were $174 billion
in 2007 and rose to $245 billion in 2012. The cost of diabetes in the six years has risen to an
outstanding 41%. The costs of Diabetes was broke down into two categories: medical costs and lost
productivity. In the 2012 cost of $245 billion, $176 billion went to medical costs and $69 billion
went to lost productivity (NCBI, 2013). The largest parts of the medical costs were hospital inpatient
care, prescription medicine to treat the symptoms of Diabetes, antidiabetic agents and Diabetes
supplies, doctor visits, and nursing facility stays. The diagnosed people with Diabetes usually spend
on average $13,700 on medical bills of which approximately $7,900 is directly related to Diabetes.
The cost for an average diabetic for medical costs is approximately 2.3 times larger than a non–
diabetic with similar health profiles. To put the cost of Diabetes of the U.S. in perspective, about 1
in 5 dollars spent in the health care industry is related to the care and treatment of Diabetes (NCBI,
2013). The cost of Diabetes to the NHS is 14 billion Sterling Pounds (approximately $22.68 billion)
every year. The cost per person with diabetes paid by the NHS is equal to $3,500 per year. The cost
of Diabetes to the

How to Prevent Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Alcohol is a major part of today's society. Individuals are constantly being exposed to alcohol on a
daily basis by simple commercials on the television or while driving on the highway seeing
advertisements of billboards. Alcohol is a dependent substance for many people in society because
not only is it a way to release one's stress, but it is also associated to have a good time with.
Attending a holiday party at a family member's house or a party to celebrate a birthday, alcohol is
always involved. Individuals who abuse alcohol who are pregnant women are risking their unborn
child with many abnormalities and lifelong implications. According to Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (2011), "Approximately one in every eight women ... Show more content on
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Even without a high blood alcohol count the fetus can still receive the same effects. The best way to
prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is to not drink at all. According to Anderson et al. (2014),
"48% of women reported risky drinking patterns prior to pregnancy and during pregnancy most
women 46% continued the risky drinking patterns" (p 4). Women who continued to drink alcohol
during pregnancy decreased only 2%. Knowingly pregnant women still continued to consume
alcohol may be a factor of three reasons: One, not knowing that even drinking a few drinks could
impact the unborn child, two, ignorance of the pregnant women and not caring about the unborn
child, and three, pregnant mothers who have an addiction to alcohol and cannot stop from drinking.
These could be all potential reasons why a pregnant woman still continues to drink alcohol even
after knowing about the pregnancy. A study revealed the use of alcohol in pregnancy increased with
increasing education.
According to Ethen et al. (2009), "20.1% among women consumed alcohol with an education of less
than 12 years, and 37.1% among women with 16 or more years" (p 277). The increased education
means more annual income for women with lower education. This means that the 37.1% of women
with 16 or more years of education also has a higher annual income than those women who have
less education. The study reveals that the higher the

Dietary Intake And Psychological Distress
Abstract
Necessary dietary intake is very important during pregnancy; it can affect not only the mother but
also the unborn baby. There are a couple of factors that play a huge role when the levels are
abnormal. Dietary intake and psychological distress are two major components that make up a
healthy pregnancy. In some parts of the world pregnant women do not get adequate micronutrients
and macronutrients. Not only is this an increasing risk of necessary dietary intake and psychological
distress but this can be the reason why stressors occur in the first place. Not having resources for
pregnant women who are low in social economic status could be the reason why there are health
issues among pregnant women.
Keywords: pregnancy, health, dietary intake, psychological distress Factors Influencing Health
Issues Among Pregnant Women During pregnancy, women's health is crucial to meet nutritional
needs. There are many factors that can affect a pregnancy. Major factors include: stress, diet, health,
substance use, psychological disorder and previous trauma experiences. It is very important during
the pregnancy that the mother is not exposed to any negativity. Any negativity can affect the unborn
baby. There are many stories of previous experiences that have affected the unborn baby due to a
negative environment. The participants' stories (Hanghoj, 2013) shared their experience of risk
associated with physical activity. Health issues are commonly correlated with dietary intake

The Purpose For This Research Proposal Is To Introduce
The purpose for this research proposal is to introduce birth defects transmitted from mother to fetus
from Zika Virus. And suggest an oriented research proposition to accommodate the dilemma of
prevention, and precautions pregnant woman and the public should be aware of. Findings done by
previous studies have provided numerous birth effects caused by the Zika virus. Such as congenital
deficiencies: Microcephaly, sensory outcomes, motor and limb abilities, and neurological
abnormalities. However, the prevalence and incidence rate of transmission from mother to fetus by
trimester hasn't been identified.
Introduction:
It's been 70 years since the introduction of the Zika Virus in Uganda, and so far, researchers have
identified the vector: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meanwhile, in America 6% of fetuses has birth defects, predominately brain abnormalities and
microcephaly. Whereas, 11% of fetuses or infants had evidence of Zika–associated birth defects
from women with first–trimester Zika infection. For this reason, women are screened for Zika virus
exposure (Honein 2017). Which than questions in what specific trimester age is a fetus compatible
with microcephaly. And at what rate?
Sensory consequences, are another concern in infants with congenital infections. The types of
hearing loss that infants may experience include are either alone or in combination of: sensorineural,
neural, and conductive hearing loss, either alone or in combination. In seventy infants with Zika
microcephaly in brazil, 7 were diagnosed with hearing loss, including 5 with sensorineural hearing
loss and 2 with conductive hearing loss (Kapogiannis 2017). Which they didn't include the time of
infection, but only the outcomes of Zika virus.
There has also been smaller cases of motor and limb abnormalities that have been reported. In which
have hip dysplasia and a slight misalignment of large joints, such as the knee, as well as abnormal
posturing of extremities without evidence of fixed malformations (Kapogiannis

Essay On Gestational Diabetes
A study done by the Health Care Agency found that the most common prenatal complication in
women that lived in Orange County was gestational diabetes. The stated target population is women
that live in Orange County, specifically in Santa Ana. The prevalence of gestational diabetes in
Orange County was 7.1% affecting nearly 3,000 women in 2009 (Ramos et al., 2011, 2). This data
shows the prevalence rates according to each city in Orange County Santa Ana as well as Anaheim,
Garden Grove, and Irvine made up almost half of the gestational diabetes cases in 2010 (Refowitz,
2012, 8). Looking at Santa Ana specifically, the prevalence of gestational diabetes was 7.06% with a
total of 438 cases in 2010 with a total of 6,202. The stated target ... Show more content on
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Additionally, those with GDM reported less social support from outside the family (Lydon et al,.
2012). In a comparison study, Hispanic mothers had a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms
(16%) compared with non–Hispanic white mothers (7%). Specifically, Hispanic women reported
25% to 50% depression prevalence among low–income prenatal populations (Chasen–Taber et al.,
2010). Of the participants in cohort study of risk factors for GDM among Hispanic Women, a total
of 33.2% were classified as having probable depression (Chasen–Taber et al., 2010). Undoubtedly,
the "diabetic" label comes with significant psychological complications. Accruing stigma and losing
support, women are sometimes blamed for having GDM, because they eat too much, or do not carry
our their domestic chores. In the end, psychological support from loved ones and the community is a
positive factor for management. If gestational diabetes is not properly addressed in our community,
the women with gestational diabetes will be left to feel isolated, unsupported, scared, and abandoned
(Kalra et al., 2013).
Solutions to the Problem
For those who have gestational diabetes or are newly pregnant, having a strong support group and a
care team is very crucial in preventing and reducing this disease. Two strategies that have been
found to be effective in treating GDM is to follow a healthy diet and to fully participate in prenatal
care. Nutritional therapy is a stepping–stone of having a healthy

Obesity Research And Clinical Practice
Moran, L.J, Z. Sui, C. Cramp, and J. Dodd. "A Decrease in Diet Quality Occurs During
Pregnancy in Overweight and Obese Women Which Is Maintained Post–partum." Obesity Research
& Clinical Practice (2012): 84. Print.
The article by L.J. Moran and his colleagues, show the results of pregnant women who are affected
by their maternal diet during and after pregnancy. The article was published in International Journal
of Obesity, after being peer revised in July 2012 and being published on August 2012 and intended
for an audience of medical professionals, and pregnant woman with concerns regarding their diet.
The research initially included 301 pregnant woman randomized, but had exempted data from 10
due to complications. The 291 pregnant participants in the research shared common trends including
age, body mass index, and a similar background in the lower class with a social disadvantage. The
women were given a Harvard Semi–quantitative Food Frequency questionnaire at 28 and 36 weeks
and 4 months post partum (LJ Moran et al, 705). The questionnaire was then used to compare the
recommended dietary intake and adequate intake of the pregnant woman and the maternal and
neonatal outcomes. The nutritional diet during pregnancy was suggested to have many factors that
determine the potential harm on both the mother and child. It was concluded that when a woman has
an unbalanced diet, the pregnancy is put at a high risk. When associated with a decrease in diet
quality, the pregnancy

Birth Weight Is An Essential Organ Known For Synthesising...
Introduction
The placenta is an essential organ known for synthesising growth factors and angiogenic factors for
its own growth and fetal development throughout gestation. The placenta is made up of two
morphologically and functionally distinct zonal layers, the junctional (JZ) and labyrinth zone (LZ).
The JZ is made up of trophohoblasts and maternal blood vessels but no fetal vessel, and is the major
site for the production of hormones (Choi et al. 2005). The LZ on the other hand is too made up of
trophoblast cells but also both maternal and fetal vessels and is thus, the major site for maternal–
fetal exchange (Waddell et al. 2000). As gestation progresses towards term, we expect there to not
just be an increase in fetal weight, but also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, whether there were any significant gender differences in the weights of the fetus and
placenta, including the two placental zones at E21 of gestation.
Methods
Housing of animals
Prior to the laboratory session, all animals were purchased from the Animal Resources Collection
(ARC). They had ad libitum access to food and water, and were under 12 hour light – 12 hour dark
cycle conditions.
Mating Procedure
Each rat was timed–mated; day 1 of pregnancy was determined by the presence of spermatozoa in
the vaginal smear. Pregnant rats were obtained from ARC on day 2 – day 5 of pregnancy and
maintained thereafter in the Pre–Clinical Facility at UWA.
Euthanization and Cesarean Section
Mothers were euthanized by an intra–peritoneal injection of >160 mg/kg body weight Lethabarb
(Virbac Animal Health, NSW, AU) immediately prior to the laboratory session. The abdominal
cavity was then opened to expose the two uterine horns; to identify the cervix, placentas and fetuses
(through the wall of the uterus and once removed), and the ovary (including corpora lutea).
Implantation sites for the litters were then recorded down, using the "V" system – mark each fetus,
counting from ovarian end of the left horn to the ovarian end of the right horn. Record a resorbed
fetus as an "R"

Risk Factors For Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
While a universal screening strategy is the best strategy to assure that all women with GDM are
diagnosed and treated, the cost of such a strategy may prove to be prohibitive for some populations.
Known risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus include a family history of diabetes, race
(Asian, African–American, Hispanic and Native American women have a higher incidence of GDM
than non–Hispanic Caucasian women [Ferrara, 2007; Slocum and Burke Sosa, 2002]), obesity (body
mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2), high pre–pregnancy fasting blood glucose levels, increased maternal
age, parity, polycystic ovarian syndrome, sociodemographic and behavioral attributes, previous
adverse pregnancy outcomes, and previous GDM (Gunderson, et al., 2007; ... Show more content on
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The risk factors selected for this study were a family history of diabetes, a personal history of GDM,
maternal age of 35 or older, a BMI ≥25 kg/m2, and a history of macrosomia in a previous
pregnancy. It should be noted that two of these criteria (previous GDM and previous macrosomic
infant) cannot be applied to nulliparous women. In this study, investigators found that the number of
risk factors identified was directly proportional to the prevalence of GDM and the incidence of
adverse events related to GDM, including preeclampsia, macrosomia, LGA infants, and shoulder
dystocia. Interestingly, 35% of the women on the study that did not have any of the risk factors
identified were subsequently diagnosed with gestational diabetes. These women also experienced
more GDM–related events, despite being treated, than women without GDM. This high percentage
is likely reflective of the low number of risk factors used in the study (only three risk factors for
nulliparous women), combined with the fact that patients may be mistaken regarding family medical
history. The patients in this study were predominantly of low socioeconomic status, which is
considered by many experts to be a risk factor for GDM (Gunderson, et al., 2007). If socioeconomic
status had been used as one of the risk factors evaluated, it is likely that far fewer than 35% of
patients without risk factors would have

A Short Note On Diabetes And Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes is a disease that plagues many individuals, causes adverse health problems, and if left
uncontrolled can lead to premature death. Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by unstable glucose
levels and has 3 different forms: Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, and Gestational Diabetes. This
research paper will focus on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease
in which insulin is not produced sufficiently or non–existing within the pancreas, causing an
increase in the bodies blood glucose levels (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2014). Gestational
diabetes mellitus is when a pregnant woman develops insulin resistance during pregnancy;
generally, women return to normal glucose levels after pregnancy, but ... Show more content on
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The goal of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2014) is to reach out to these communities,
provide resources for the population affected and improve the lives of the people who suffer with
diabetes.
Though the ADA does not actually provide healthcare services they target various ethnic populations
within the community; provide its residents with resources on how to manage and treat prediabetes
and diabetes. Por tu Familia is an outreach program that is specifically designed to provide resources
and educate Hispanic communities around the United States. "Diabetes is an urgent health problem
in the Latino community. Their rates of diabetes are almost double those of non–Latino whites,"
(American Diabetes Association, 2014). While improving and revamping this existing program, Por
tu Familia Dos, can create a greater knowledge within the community about how to treat and care
for prediabetes and diabetes amongst the Hispanic population. Por tu Familia Dos has a target
population that includes individuals of all ages, males and females, who have Type 2 Diabetes and
are accustomed to dealing with diabetes on their own. The majority of the projected participants are
from low income families and individuals with lower education levels within a specific community.
The program will provide participants with additional resources of how to treat, control and monitor
their diabetes.
Data Collection
This preliminary program will take place in Sunnyside, WA and will be

Diabetes Is A Group Of Metabolic Diseases
Diabetes in African American Populations
Melanie Barber, MSN Student
MPH 855 Principles of Epidemiology
Department of Baccalaureate & Graduate Nursing, Eastern Kentucky University
Richmond, KY
November 21, 2016
According to the American Diabetes Association, diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases
characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
The chronic hyperglycemia associated with diabetes results in failure of various organs including
eyes, kidneys, heart, and blood vessels (American Diabetes Association, 2016). Possible
complications of diabetes include heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, leg amputation, vision loss,
nerve damage, and premature death (World Health Organization, 2016).
The databases for the Centers for Disease Control and Protection, World Health Organization,
National Institute of Health, National Vital Statistics Survey, and Kentucky Data Warehouse and
Kentucky Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were reviewed for datasets and information
for diabetes mellitus.
Globally, an estimated 422 million adults were living with diabetes in 2014. The prevalence of
diabetes has nearly doubled since 1980, rising from 4.7% to 8.5% in adult population. In the past ten
years, diabetes prevalence has risen faster in low and middle income countries in comparison to
high–income countries. Diabetes is responsible for 1.5 million deaths in 2012 (World Health
Organization, 2016).

The Link Between Poverty And Diabetes
According to the American Diabetes Association, more Americans die each year from diabetes than
from AIDS and breast cancer combined. As a result, researchers have extensively studied the causes,
treatments, and interventions for diabetes. Despite efforts to ameliorate its effects, diabetes remains
a prevalent danger in society. In 2014, 7% of U.S. adults were living with diagnosed diabetes
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016). In Louisiana that number was even
higher – 10.4% of adults have been diagnosed with diabetes. Breaking it down by age group,
however, in Louisiana 3% of people aged 18 and 44 have been diagnosed, and 15.2% of people 45–
64. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015a). Several studies have predicted
future rates of diabetes both in the United States and worldwide – nearly all of these studies reached
a similar conclusion: rates of diabetes will continue to rise (Boyle et al., 2001).
Many studies have examined the link between poverty and diabetes. The CDC (2015b) have
identified the following as primary factors that lead an individual to have an increased risk of
developing diabetes: being overweight or obese; having a parent or sibling with diabetes; having
African American, American Indian, Asian American, Pacific Islander, or Hispanic American/Latino
heritage; having a history of gestational diabetes; having blood pressure measuring 140/90 or
higher; abnormal cholesterol; and being physically inactive.
Background

The Effects Of Aerobic Exercise On Pregnancy
Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Pregnancy Aerobic exercise is another fantastic type of physical
activity for pregnant women. It is a great alternative for mothers who are apprehensive about
resistance training. Aerobic exercise guidelines for mostly sedentary pregnant women state that they
should perform at about 60%–70% of their heart rate maximum, and guidelines for active pregnant
women suggest they perform at about 60%–90% of their heart rate maximum (11). The United
States guidelines supports exercise throughout the full nine months of pregnancy as a positive
decision for expecting mothers (2).
Just a handful of gains made while aerobically exercising during pregnancy include maintaining
weight, less complications with delivery, a shorter labor, a decrease in stress, less back pain, a
decrease in arterial stiffness, improved posture, increased self–confidence, improved insulin
sensitivity and glycogen storing, better sleep, a decreased risk of preeclampsia, decreased pelvic
girdle pain, and an increased quality of life (6, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 23). It is also important to
acknowledge that mothers who exercised 3 months before they became pregnant experienced even
more advantages with a significant decrease in pregnancy discomforts (9). In two separate studies
made up of 43 and 37 pregnant women, mothers participated in a moderate aerobic exercise
program. In the first study mothers were trained with general exercise machines, and in the second
mothers performed

Abortion And Abortion Summary
In a discussion of both politics and morality, medical anthropologist M. Jean Heriot compares and
contrasts several proposed Mississippi Laws that concern abortion. In doing so, she discusses both
the implications of various definitions of personhood as given to the fetus, as well as the rights of
the mother and how they are impacted by these definitions. Heriot begins by describing each
proposed bill, all of which aimed to either restrict abortion rights or criminalize the mother for
giving birth to a drug dependent or damaged fetus. In doing so, she also mentions that the bills were
created almost exclusively by white Protestant men, with few exceptions. She uses these bills to
analyze the perception of woman displayed by the legislature, as well as their view on the fetus and
its status as a person– and therefore it's rights. Finding the status of the fetus to the legislators was
relatively simple, as Heriot points out that House Bill 982– an informed consent bill– actually
describes the fetus as an unborn child. To do so would imply from the moment of conception the
fetus is actually a person, or at least has characteristics of personhood. This connection is also
demonstrated in the use of the phrase "gestational age." The gestational age is simply how far along
one is in the pregnancy, but the expression suggests the fetus' age is much like that of an adult
individual or toddler. This would cause aborting the fetus, as an "unborn child", to be much like
murder at

A Qualitative Study On African Women 's Views On Perinatal...
A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON AFRICAN WOMEN IN VICTORIA ON THEIR VIEWS ON
PERINATAL CARE SERVICES. BACKGROUND Excellent perinatal care services results in
positive maternal outcomes. However, barriers still exist in some communities due to inequalities,
language barriers and education levels which compels individuals to access and use appropriately
such services among women of the reproductive age. Perinatal care services refers to care that
pregnant women and their unborn babies receive before, during, and after delivery which
commences from the first visit of antenatal care through the fortieth day after delivery. which in
short are referred to as antenatal, labour and delivery and postnatal period which women undergo
through during maternity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Australia maternity services can be accessed in either public or the private sector(Brown,
Sutherland, Gunn, & Yelland, 2014). In Australia, many studies have been done to explore the
experiences of migrant women of different backgrounds and not much has been done on African
women on their experiences on perinatal care only one study was done on African women's
experience in Brisbane (Murray, Windsor, Parker, & Tewfik, 2010). According toBuckskin et al
2013, recommended that non–english speaking background women are hard to reach group which
needs further to be investigated. This has prompted the researcher to explore the experiences of
African women on perinatal care in Victoria. OBJECTIVES Broad Objective To explore the
experiences of perinatal care services among women of African background who are living in
Victoria, Australia. Specific Objectives To examine their experiences on antenatal care services. To
explore their experiences on labour and delivery. To explore their experience on postnatal care
which they received. Literature Review Antenatal experiences Antenatal period is very crucial for
pregnant mothers and their unborn baby in order to identify and prevent ailments. Thus WHO
recommends that women should start antenatal care services as

Type 1 Diabetes Essay
There are two types of diabetes that occur not due to pregnancy: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1, also
known as "insulin dependent" and "juvenile" diabetes occurs because of a genetic hiccup in which
the pancreas' beta cells can't properly create and distribute insulin, causing the individual to have to
take injections. The second type of diabetes, Type 2, occurs when the body can't make enough
insulin for adequate function of the body, albeit from age or weight. In this type of diabetes insulin
injections are less common (although can still be prescribed depending), which is why the main
focus and recommendations will be based on Type 1 diabetic mothers.
Organizations like The American Diabetes Association (ADA), The National Institute of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using a population–based study, researchers used a Medical Birth Registry in Sweden, gaining data
on about 5,000 type 1 diabetic pregnancies. They also used approximately 1,200,000 pregnancies
deemed "healthy" as a control group. In studying these births and the health of the children from
1991 to 2003, researchers found a prominent correlation between type one diabetic mothers and
"preeclampsia, cesarean section delivery, . . . still births, perinatal mortality, and major
malformations." On top of these issues, there was a seen increase in preterm births and cases of fetal
macrosomia among the diabetic group (Persson, Norman, & Hanson, 2009, p. [Page #]).(Persson,
Norman, & Hanson, 2009)
To get even more specific, a study was done about the sole issue of the number of stillbirths that
result in diabetic pregnancies. Using pregnancies from 1990–2000, researchers analyzed
characteristics of the pregnancy: the mother, her control over her diabetes, the pregnancy itself, and
the still born. Looking through 1300 women, 25 stillbirths were found among 22 women. Within
those stillbirths, 9 were caused by poor glycemic control, with the rest due to explainable (smoking,
poor environment, diabetic nephropathy etc) or unexplainable causes.
To further test how insulin boluses change through out pregnancy, a study was conducted to test the
difference between the use of an insulin pump

This Essay Will Address the Role of Health Screening and...
Diabetes is a disease that 'currently affects 346 million people worldwide' (WHO 2011, Diabetes
Program, p. 1). The National Health Priority Action Council (NHPAC) highlighted that 'the direct
health care expenditure on diabetes in 2000–01 was $812 million'(NHPAC 2006, p.7). This essay
will address the role of health screening and health promotion in regards to diabetes mellitus. It will
discuss the topics of morbidity, mortality, and aetiology as well as strategies to reduce incidence and
prevalence, current strategies for health promotion, the role of health screening, future planning, and
the effectiveness of such strategies. There are a variety of classifications of diabetes, which include
Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1), as the varying classifications of the disease occur from varying origins.
Type 2 diabetes, which is the most common, is caused by mostly modifiable health factors, which
include 'obesity, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy diets' (WHO 2011, p. 2), although it is also
related to increasing age, strong family history of diabetes, and ethnicity (Zimmet & Magliano
2011). This type of diabetes is most likely to decrease if there is an increase in health promotion.
Type 1 diabetes 'usually develops in childhood or adolescence' (WHO 2011, p. 2), and will result in
death if the disease is not treated by consistent insulin injection. This type of diabetes is slightly
more complex as it is substantially caused by gene mutation (WHO 2011, p. 2). The World Health
Organization (2011, p. 2), describes the aetiology of the disease as the 'autoimmune destruction of
the beta cells of the pancreas.'
Gestational diabetes, which is much less common, only occurs during pregnancy and is caused by a
resistance to the actions of insulin brought on by the hormones a woman's body releases during
pregnancy (WHO 2011, p. 2). Once diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus you are at a greater
risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life (Zimmet & Magliano 2011). For this reason it is
particularly important to use preventative measures and consistent health checks.
Health screening is an important

Type 2 Diabetes Teaching Plan Summary
Type 2 Diabetes Teaching Plan
In order to create change healthcare providers must work together to educate their communities.
According to a study found that Type 2 Diabetes is the highest among all Hispanic/Latino groups in
which 16.9 percent for both men and ladies, contrasted with 10.2 percent for non–Hispanic whites.
It is evident communities are not being educated on preventing Type 2 Diabetes and their risks
(American Diabetes Association, 2014). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the summary of the
teaching plan, epidemiological rationale for topic, evaluation of teaching experience, community
response to teaching, areas of strengths and areas of improvement.
Summary of Teaching Plan Within the teaching plan it is important to incorporate all the aspects of
Type 2 Diabetes prevention. To know the history of Type 2 Diabetes it is vital that everyone in the
community knows the past struggles of this condition and the efforts that have been made to treat
and prevent Type 2 Diabetes. In like matter, the inclusion of Type 2 Diabetes overview is presented,
which includes the process of the pancreas that release's insulin to the bloodstream to help decrease
blood sugar levels. Overtime the increased blood sugar levels lead to other health complications,
such as eye, kidneys, nerves, and heart problems. Moreover, the presentation presents with the risk
factors to Type 2 Diabetes, which includes family history of diabetes, being overweight, unhealthy
diet, physical

The Pros And Cons Of Ultrasound
Ultrasound has been used in obstetrics for over fifty years and is generally regarded as being very
safe for both mother and fetus. However, there is also some limited research to suggest that
ultrasound – especially when combined with certain influencing factors – may in fact carry potential
to harm the fetus. The character of these potential risks range from relatively harmless effects to
those that could result in more serious negative outcomes. When considering the available data, the
potential for these adverse effects seems very low, but the rapid advancement of ultrasound
technology and protocol in recent decades makes it difficult to be sure of the true consequences.
Although ultrasound is generally considered to be safe, there is not currently enough evidence to
prove definitively that modern obstetric ultrasound does not carry potential risks to the fetus, and so
this technology should be used prudently with efforts taken to minimize its potential risks.
First, it is important to understand exactly how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One factor is dose, in other words, the output frequency of the probe; in general, it is thought that
higher frequency output carries more risk of causing thermal and mechanical effects (1, 166). It
follows then, that ultrasound modes that require a higher output would also be considered a greater
risk; for instance, Doppler requires a much higher output than the more traditional B–mode
ultrasound (5, 625). A longer duration of the exam has also been shown in animal models to have
negative biological effects on the fetus (5, 625) and cumulative effects of multiple ultrasounds over
the course of gestation may be an important component as well (1, 169). Finally, gestational age
must also be considered; it could be theorized that if any damaging effects from ultrasound are
possible, they could be incurred during the vulnerable first trimester (5,

Essay On Retrospective Cohort Study
Discussion and Conclusion
This population–based retrospective cohort study showed association between maternal smoking
during pregnancy and low birth weight. The maternal age (25 years and younger) and (35 years and
older) was significantly associated with LBW in our study and also similar findings were showed by
Zheng et al. We found that the quantity of cigarettes smoked per day had a dose–dependent effect,
whereby the infants of mothers who reported smoking more than 15 cigarettes a day during their
pregnancy had more LBW babies than those whose mothers smoked fewer than 15 cigarettes a day,
in both crude and adjusted analysis. This finding was similar with findings in study by Langley et al.
Smoking during pregnancy has a negative effect because the nicotine and carbon monoxide in the
blood of a pregnant woman can decrease the blood flow to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Recall information is the main bias in retrospective cohort studies. Self–reported information tends
to underestimate the proportion of mothers smoking during pregnancy and might thereby exaggerate
or understate the association between maternal smoking and birth weight. Thus, in this study,
mothers might be not informing the truth about smoking, alcohol use and drug use because it is
considered as sensitive information. These could have lead to underreporting of smoking exposure.
Study implications
According what we found from this study that maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated
with increased the risk of LBW in the offspring. Thus, quitting smoking completely during
pregnancy is the primary goal of health care strategies for pregnant women. In addition, it is
necessary to pay special attention to very younger and older mothers with smoking habits when
carrying out education programs.

Effects Of Stress On Fetal Development
Research into the effects of stress on fetal development first began in the mid 1950s (Wadhwa,
2005). Stress is an overarching term that can cover different areas and is something that is ever–
present in life, it can be 'acute' and therefore only be small, or it can have serious effects on
individual's health and become 'chronic' (desAnges Cruser, Hall, Jones, Mummert, Mummert and
Podawiltz, 2012). In relation to this essay stress is when our mental and physical state can be
distressed by a reaction to a certain stimulus. When people react to these stimuli hormones are
released (adrenaline and cortisol) and these move through the body causing a change in people's
states. Stimuli that can cause this reaction are known as stressors and ... Show more content on
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Using a model in this way allows psychologists to investigate processes in ways that would not be
allowed in a human because of the harmful effects that would be considered unethical (Shapiro,
1998). Using these models a range of effects of stress on fetal development have been discovered,
these include: early birth, weight loss, and developmental problems in the early years of a child's life
such as talking, social and growth problems. This essay will discuss these effects with reference to
both human and non–human animal models. The advantages and disadvantages of both models of
data will be analysed with a decision being made as to which is the best model to assess the effects
that stress can have on the development of the fetus both prenatally (before birth) and postnatally
(after birth).
The idea that maternal psychological distress has deleterious effects on the fetus is very focused on
today. Both human and animal models can tell us a range of things. Human models are helpful at
providing longitudinal data, which can help with long–term intervening methods. There are a large
amount of reviews that indicate women who express greater distress during pregnancy give birth to
babies earlier, that are lighter than normal and have a higher tendency to develop mental and
physical problems later in life, than those who do not experience as much stress (DiPietro, 2004).
Wadhwa, Sandman, Porto, Dunkel–Schetter and Garite (1993) conducted a study where they

Women 's Prevalence Of Diabetes
According to Harris, Bhattacharyya, Dyck, Hayward, and Toth (2013), "National survey data have
consistently shown that the national age–adjusted prevalence of diabetes is 3 to 5 times higher in
First Nations than in the general population" (Introduction section, para. 1). Gestational diabetes
mellitus is just one of the many types of diabetes Aboriginal people are faced with. It is a type of
diabetes that occurs during pregnancy; when your body is unable to produce an adequate amount of
insulin to cope with fluctuating hormones and a growing baby (Harris, Bhattacharyya, Dyck,
Hayward, & Toth, 2013). Although gestational diabetes mellitus (GMD) is seen throughout Canada,
the cases are much higher in the countries' Aboriginal population ... Show more content on
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1). The lifestyle change resulting in diabetes for the Aboriginal people can be explained through Dr.
B Zinmans analysis.
Zinman (2010) explains how the Aboriginal population lifestyle change has resulted in ever growing
cases of diabetes:
Aboriginal people in the past lived mostly hunter–gatherer lifestyles. They moved with the seasons
and stayed very active while searching for food. Consequently, they developed a certain genotype
that allowed them to effectively store energy during feasts, which helped them survive during times
when food was scarce. Their current nutritional circumstances have changed dramatically. (para. 4)
Zinman (2010) goes on to explain, how many of the Aboriginals now live on the reserves and as a
result: they don't do as much physical labour as they used to (hunting, fishing), they are exposed to
more fatty foods (versus their traditional hunter–gatherer diet), and there is a high rate of
unemployment. Due to this drastic change of lifestyle that occurred over a short period of time, the
Aboriginals are faced with a high rate of obesity (Zinman, 2010). Obesity in turn, is one aspect that
has a role in the result of gestational diabetes for the

Should Marijuana Be Legal?
Introduction There are many researches educating pregnant women about the danger of cigarettes,
alcohol and women are also aware of the potential negative effects of cigarettes, alcohol on fetus
development. However, not many the data or research addresses specific effects of marijuana on
pregnancy women because women who use marijuana also tend to smoke cigarettes and are more
likely to use other drugs such as cocaine and alcohol. Thus, it is difficult to identify the precise
effects of marijuana on pregnant women and fetus (Leemaqz, 2016.). Marijuana is the most
commonly used illicit drug in the United State (Murray & McKinney, 2014). According to the
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 40–60% of marijuana users continue to use
during pregnancy. Studies have shown that marijuana crosses the placenta producing negatively
affect brain development, and significant increases the risk of pre–term birth. Proposition 64, the
California Marijuana Legalization Initiative for adult use just passed after election, California is
added into the list of 26 states legalizing marijuana for medical or recreational purpose which could
increase the number of women using marijuana during pregnancy even higher in the future studies.
Due to above evidences, doctors warn pregnant women or women planning to pregnancy or
breastfeeding women should discontinue use of marijuana and should consider alternative therapy.
Effects of Marijuana Use on Pregnancy Marijuana

Lbw Case Studies
Overall, of 103830 records 82534 mothers' data were analyzed that were obtained from the
Commonwealth of Virginia's Certificate of Live Birth. Descriptive results of maternal and birth
characteristics are shown in Table 1. Approximately, 57% of the mothers were white, 33% black, 7%
Asian, and 3.6% other ethnicities, respectively. 29% of the maternal age at delivery was between
20–24 years old, 22% was between 25–29 years old, 19% was between 30–34 years old, 14% was
between 19 years and younger, 11% was between 35–39 years old, and 4% was between 40 years
and older, respectively. The number of LBW babies (< 2500 g) among mothers who smoked and
non–smoked were 1359 (1.6%) and 81144 (98.3%), respectively. 16 % of mothers who smoked
(n=5544) gave low birth weight babies. 5.4% of low birth weight babies had mothers smoked
between 10–14 cigarettes per day.
The prevalence of low birth weight by different characteristics of mothers and births is shown in
Table 2. The higher prevalence of low birth weight was among black women, which was (OR=
2.70%, 95% CI [2.45–2.95]) and lowest prevalence of low birth weight babies were among white
women, which were (OR=1.30%, 95% CI [1.21–1.39]). The youngest age group (19 ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The risk of maternal age statistically significant increased LBW infants to mothers who smoked
(OR= 5.73, 95% CI [3.93, 8.34]). Thus, there was a potential confounder with third variables
(maternal age) that affect an association between LBW and mothers who smoked during pregnancy.
The crude OR of mothers who smoked and non–smoked was (OR= 2.80, 95% CI [2.41, 3.23]). For
controlling the maternal age confounder we calculated the Mantel–Haenszel (OR=2.50, 95% [2.15,
2.90]). Thus, the risk of low births weight statistically significant increased LBW babies to mothers
who smoked 2.50 times compared with LBW to mothers who non–smoked when adjusted by
maternal

A Brief Note On Diabetes And Pregnancy Among First Nations...
1. When reviewing "Diabetes in pregnancy among First Nations women" by Oster, Mayan, and Toth
(2014) for its relevance to nursing/healthcare, the purpose of the study, research questions, and
significance were made very clear. The purpose of the study was to acquire a deeper understanding
of the perspectives held by First Nations women with the intention of discovering more culturally
appropriate interventions to prevent and treat diabetes in pregnancy among this group (Oster,
Mayan, & Toth, 2014). The study is relevant to nursing in that its questions focus on the Aboriginal
woman's lived experience of diabetes in pregnancy and what she believes contributes to a healthy
pregnancy (Oster et al., 2014). At the core of nursing care is ... Show more content on
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By implementing a person–centered approach to care, healthcare providers such as nurses can work
with First Nations women who are pregnant to help them acquire the knowledge necessary to
manage their diabetes and to connect traditional and mainstream health practices that will support
these women to make positive lifestyle changes in attempt to control their diabetes throughout
pregnancy (Oster et al., 2014).
2. After examining the literature review within Oster et al. (2014), both strengths and weaknesses
were observed. Quantitative research was used to explain the inherent difference in health status
among First Nations and non–First Nations populations. A measured decrease in the age of diabetes
diagnosis and higher fertility rates among First Nations individuals (Oster et al., 2014) alluded to the
urgency of exploring effective care options for pregnant Aboriginal women with diabetes in order to
mitigate the growing "epidemic" (p. 1469). The qualitative studies used were also significant as they
identified a disconnect between traditional and Western views to be explored and bridged in attempt
to deliver effective Type two diabetes health care to First Nations people (Oster et al, 2014).
Referencing quantitative and qualitative studies to demonstrate the importance of identifying
culturally appropriate Type two diabetes care for First Nations women who are pregnant could be
seen as a major strength of the

The Effect Of Gestational Age And Gender On Fetal And...
A study conducted on Wistar rats at two time points in late gestation investigating the impact of
gestational age and gender on fetal and placental weight. This study demonstrated that fetal and
placental weight increased significantly between days 16 and 21 of gestation whereas gender
showed minimal effect on growth.
Introduction
Fetal development during pregnancy is predominantly related to the placenta and its function in
fetal–maternal exchange (Ishikawa et al. 2006). Alterations in the interactions between the fetus and
maternal uterine environment thus permit for the modification in fetal growth. In addition, the
placenta also acts as an endocrine organ that produces hormones necessary for the establishment and
maintenance of pregnancy as well as fetal growth and wellbeing (Malassine, Frendo & Evain–Brion
2003). Literature suggests fetal growth relies on the mobilisation of maternal nutrients, which
involves placental growth hormone and that dysregulation of the hormone may have an adverse
impact on fetal growth (Newbern & Freemark 2011). The placenta consists of two distinct regions,
which are the junctional (JZ) and labyrinth (LZ) zones that differ in morphological and functional
terms (Ishikawa et al. 2006). This complexity therefore reflects the placenta as a highly specialised
unit required for the exchange of gases, nutrients and waste products between mother and fetus as
alluded to earlier. The interrelationship between the fetus and placenta has been made

The Common Definition Of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
The common definition of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is glucose or carbohydrate
intolerance with onset, first recognition or first diagnosis during pregnancy; it is a common
complication in pregnancy that typically ends a few weeks after birth (Coustan, 2013; Zhang &
Ning, 2011; Brown, 2011). Although the causes of GDM are not known, it appears that hormones
from the placenta lead to insulin resistance in the mother; this insulin resistance combined with an
inadequate insulin secretion to compensate for its resistance has a central role in the
pathophysiology of GDM, which can then lead to hyperglycemia and gestational diabetes mellitus
(Zhang & Ning, 2011; Blake, Munoz, & Volpe, 2014). It is thought that women who develop GDM
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2014; Zhang & Ning, 2011; Tobias, et al., 2012).
Diagnosis and management of gestational diabetes According to Blake (2011) glucose screening is
recommended for women at high risk (including the risk factors mentioned above) for gestational
diabetes, but is not recommended for certain women; women who are: under the age of 25, no first
degree familial diabetes, normal pre–pregnancy weight and healthy pregnancy weight gain, no
history of glucose intolerance, and no previously poor outcomes obstetrically. In comparison, the
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) endorses universal screening of all
pregnant women for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (Coustan 2013). The usual screening test
used for GDM is a 50–gram 1–hour glucose challenge (50–gram oral glucose test) at 24–28 weeks
gestation (Coustan 2013; Brown, 2011). This one hour glucose test is used as the initial screening
tool to identify potential cases that may need further testing; further testing is required if the glucose
level is greater than or equal to 130 mg/dL (Brown, 2011). The first test is followed up with either
the 100–g/3–h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or the 75–g/2–h OGTT; the OGTT is usually
performed by giving a pregnant woman a drink containing

Oral Anti Diabetic Agents Are Used As Pharmacotherapy Options
Introduction:
Oral anti diabetic agents are used as pharmacotherapy options mainly for type 2 diabetes patients or
as an adjuvant therapy for type 1 diabetes patients, who need an oral agent along with insulin/insulin
analogues for better glycemic control. There are a wide variety of oral anti diabetic drug classes that
are available. The choice of pharmacotherapy is patient specific and usually a stepped therapy
approach is applied and titrated as per individual patient requirements. The article here is a detailed
overview of the different classes of these oral agents, their pharmacology, comparative efficacy,
efficacy results from clinical trials, general recommendations etc.
The different classes of oral anti diabetics starting from traditional therapy to the latest
developments are as follows :
 BIGUANIDES [METFORMIN]
 SULFONYLUREAS
a. FIRST GENERATION SULFONYLUREAS.
b. SECOND GENERATION SULFONYLUREAS.
 MEGLITINIDES
 THIAZOLIDINEDIONES
 DPP–4 INHIBITORS
 ALPHA–GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS
 SGL2 INHIBITORS (NEWEST CLASS OF DRUGS) CLASS I: BIGUANIDES [METFORMIN]
According to the ADA (American Diabetes Association) 2013 guidelines, metformin is considered
as first line therapy for initiation of treatment in a type 2 diabetes patient when lifestyle
modifications, diet and exercise fail to achieve glycemic control.
Mechanism of action: Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production thereby decreasing intestinal
absorption of

Pregnancy And The Birth Of A Fetus
Since 1955, ultrasounds have been performed on pregnant women to search for imperfections and
abnormalities during gestation. 1 These ultrasound machines use non ionizing sound waves to
produce images of the growing fetus. When they 're used in moderation and for diagnostic purposes
only, they 're considered safe. However, different studies have shown that there are possible harmful
affects that can come from obstetric sonography that directly affect the fetus when they 're
improperly used. There are a variety of types of ultrasounds that an expecting woman can receive
throughout the duration of a pregnancy. All of these types of ultrasounds use sound waves and have
the same goal in tracking the gestational age of a fetus, growth and development, placental location,
to detect irregularities that may occur throughout a woman 's pregnancy, and to monitor amniotic
fluid volume levels. 1 Obstetric sonography can affect a fetus by creating mechanical vibrations,
heat, and air bubbles in the fluids of the baby 's body. When women receive ultrasounds for medical
use, they are performed by trained technologists, supervised by doctors, and the principle of
ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) is applied during the exams. After the development of
ultrasounds, people started to use them for entertainment purposes and to have a souvenir picture of
the baby.2 These unnecessary exams were administered by "untrained, unlicensed technicians, and
often without a doctor 's
supervision."3

Health And Patient Education For Diabetic Foot Care
Population Health and patient education for diabetic foot care
Generally our population sees diabetes as a disease for people that can't eat sugar, but, those with
diabetes know it comes with some life changing events. Diabetes effects an estimated 29.1 million
Americans each day. Diabetes develops in one of two forms, Type one and Type two. Type one is
insulin dependent diabetes, where the body lacks production of insulin (Ignatavicius & Workman,
2013). Type two diabetics are insulin resistant, affecting mostly adults (Ignatavicius & Workman,
2013). Diabetes is a chronic illness that accounts for many comorbidities and complications to those
suffering from the disease. Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death from conditions including,
hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, heart attacks, stroke, blindness, kidney disease,
and amputations (American Diabetes Association, 2016). Management of these complications can
occur with proper education, health promotion, and prevention from the patient. Foot care and ulcer
prevention can reduce or eliminate complications suffered by diabetics; leading to infections
requiring hospitalization and the most serious amputations. Teaching this population or any
population about their healthcare needs and requirements can be difficult. Establishing the best way
to education will be explored within this paper. Throughout this paper the author will take a look at
daily foot care and prevention of ulcers. The paper will

Diabetes Culture
The student will choose a culture or ethnicity and develop a written and oral presentation that
addresses the required elements listed above. "We work tirelessly to reach communities throughout
the United States to create awareness, prevent diabetes among at–risk populations, and ensure that
all people with diabetes get the best care, treatment, and information about how to manage their
diabetes " as stated by the American Diabetes Association ("Awareness Programs," n.d.).
They have divided their community outreach into different sectors by 3 distinct cultures and
ethnicities: African American, Latino, and Asian/Pacific Islanders. We choose to describe the
initiatives directed at African Americans and to analyze its strengths and weaknesses. ... Show more
For example, smoking in public places has been banned, why because enough people in the public
supported it. On the contrary, taxing sugary drinks, the way cigarettes are taxed, has not picked up
the same political support. Should the American Diabetes Association spend more money on
commercials to help spread their message amongst African Americans? The national budget for the
ADA is 132 million dollars annually, that can buy a lot of commercials. At this time, there isn't a
particular health policy that has been made into law that will fight the obesity epidemic, which in
turn will help curb the number of Type 2 diabetics. Until there is a public outcry against sugary
drinks there will not be an effective health policy made ("Awareness Programs,"

Diabetes : The Fastest Growing Chronic Disease Essay
Summary
Diabetes has become the fastest growing chronic disease in NZ and major cause of death in Maori.
Studies had suggested that the majority can be prevented by alternating beahviour and lifestyle
changes. Community approach is chosen to target the Waikato region as it is more focus and
adaptable. The importance of awareness and health screening are the key interventions in this
programme. By doing this, it can minimize further chronic complications such as cardiovascular
disease and neurological. The programme is evaluated by using a survey or interview to compare
before and after implementation. The results will show whether the goal has been met and guideline
for later programmes.
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine disorder, affecting carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism
(American Diabetes Association, 2011). Due to the increase in population growth and ageing, the
burden of diabetes has become a rising global issue. There are three types of diabetes– Type 1
(inherited, lack of insulin production), Type 2 (reduce effectiveness of insulin produced in the
pancreas) and gestational diabetes (World Health Organisation, 2014). Type 2 most frequently
affects aged 35 to 64 years, although there had been reports of increased proportion with onset at a
younger age. It involves in multiple complex factors, Type 2 are in large caused by rapid increases
in overweight, poor nutrition and physical inactivity. Behavioural change in individual remains a

Essay about Community Teaching Diabetics
Community Teaching Work Plan Proposal
Directions: Develop an educational series proposal for your community using one of the following
four topics which will be chosen within your CLC group: 1) Bioterrorism/Disaster 2) Environmental
Issues 3) Primary Prevention/Health Promotion 4) Secondary Prevention/Screenings for a
Vulnerable Population *
Planning Before Teaching: Name and Credentials of Teacher: Red Group RN to BSN student |
Estimated Time Teaching Will Last: 1 hour | Location of Teaching:Church hall of the local Hispanic
Church | Supplies, Material, Equipment Needed:Power points, handouts, lap top, glucometer, and
supplies, common foods used by Hispanics to show calorie /carbohydrates. | Estimated Cost:$20 ...
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3. Self –Determination Theory
This theory focuses on the differences between control and autonomous motivation .Controlled
motivation means to do things to make others happy. Autonomous motivation means doing things
for oneself. This type of motivation is predictive of successful self–care , weight loss and glycemic
control. 4. Social learning theory
This focuses on the group's ability to understand and follow through an action plans . It is similar to
the concept of self–efficacy on self – confidence. Self–efficacy is one of the most consistent
predictors of successful self–care behaviors.
Goal: Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) objective(s) utilized as the goal for the teaching. Include the
appropriate objective number and rationale for using the selected HP2020 objective (use at least one
objective from one of the 24 focus areas). If an HP2020 objective does not support your teaching,
explain how your teaching applies to one of the two overarching HP2020 goals.
Healthy People 2020 has one main goal: Reduce the disease and economic burden of diabetes
mellitus (DM) and improve the quality of life for all persons who have, or are at risk for, DM. There
three main types of DM but there are many causes and

The Death Of Fetal Medicine
A 21 year old woman, who was 20 weeks pregnant, was brought into the emergency department
after being found unconscious and without a pulse for an unknown time after an apparent heroin
overdose. Emergency medical services secured her airway with an endotracheal tube and initiated
cardiopulmonary resuscitation, resulting in return of spontaneous circulation. The patient was
stabilized and admitted to an intensive care unit for treatment. Multiple neurological assessments, an
electroencephalogram and magnetic resonance imaging were performed. Results showed
irreversible anoxic brain injury and clinical diagnosis of brain death. Fetal medicine assessed the
patient and found a normal fetal heart rate and fetal movement. The father of the child ... Show more
It is estimated that each year approximately 1060 pregnant women suffer brain death worldwide
(somatic support). There are many ethical dilemmas wrapped into this one scenario making it
difficult to navigate for healthcare providers. Each state has individual laws regarding treatment of
pregnant women unable to make healthcare decisions. In Pennsylvania, the law necessitates life
sustaining treatment, including nutrition and hydration to pregnant women who are unable to make
healthcare decisions and have an end–stage medical condition. The only exceptions to this law
require an attending physician and an obstetrician to agree that providing life sustaining treatment "
(1) will not maintain the pregnant woman in such a way as to permit the continuing development
and live birth of the unborn child; (2) will be physically harmful to the pregnant woman; or (3) will
cause pain to the pregnant woman that cannot be alleviated by medication." (Title 20 Ch 54 A 5429)
Although this law seems clear, interpretations may differ due to case–by–case differences and gray
areas.
Per the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), a diagnosis of brain death is
considered legally and clinically dead. It is evidenced by coma, absence of brainstem reflexes and
apnea, and is defined as an irreversible loss of brain function. (Brain Death) As a healthcare
provider, it can be easy to make a

I Choose Certified For The Diabetes Educator Certification
There are over one hundred specialties in nursing, each requiring different specifications of
educational level, degree attained, and clinical contact hours. Numerous studies have shown that
advanced education and certification improve collaboration and communication, patient satisfaction,
and fewer adverse events in patient care, as well as improved outcomes in patient compliance. The
state of Montana accepts 26 advanced practices registered nursing specialties. But each hospital
encourages nurses to specialize and become certified to improve patient care. Certified Diabetes
educator is a certification that requires only contact hours and an examination, no college courses
required, although there are college course that prepare nurses ... Show more content on
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I have a passion for education, I first started college to be teacher, but I was also interested in health
careers, so I changed my major and pursued a community health promotion degree in order to
become a licensed health educator, life happened and I didn't finish, but I am now and LPN and
pursuing my RN. This background, lays a foundation that to me leads to different types of health
education, and to me diabetes education feels natural, in addition it is subject I know I would be
passionate about, as it brings many of my past experiences together. According to National
Certification Board of Diabetes Educators website the Diabetes educator certification began in 1986;
the national certification board of diabetes educators was created to establish to develop criteria and
an exam that would ensure excellence in diabetes education. Diabetes certification is not entry level
you must acquire the skills of becoming a diabetes educator through practiced based experience,
before applying to sit for the exam. Because of the increasing need for diabetes educators across the
country, the criteria as of 2014 has changed 1000 contact volunteer experience and practice hours of
diabetes self–management education hours are needed, in the past only hours through a diabetes
mentorship program were excepted. Also over 15 other health

Effects of Prenatal Maternal Stress on Development
Although there are many factors that affect the development of the fetus, research on the specific
effects of prenatal maternal stress and the resulting negative outcomes for the development of the
fetus will be reviewed. While there is knowledge of these harmful effects in scientific and medical
communities, researchers are still in the midst of discovering the results of these negative effects on
human development. An overall review of the literature suggests that this topic is still relatively new
in research as most of the articles make note that despite the amount of current research studies,
there are still many unanswered questions.
Each second of fetal development during pregnancy is of extreme importance. This period of ...
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Consequently, a large number of issues can and have arisen that have been caused by an increase in
Glucocorticoids during prenatal development.
Maternal stress also plays a role in the prenatal development affecting the length of gestation. Most
commonly, maternal prenatal stress affects birth outcomes including prenatal delivery. Emerging
research suggests that measures of pregnancy–specific stress are better than measures of general
psychological distress for predicting developmental outcomes including preterm delivery (Davis &
Sandman, 2010). Goals from the study in this article investigated maternal cortisol and stress and
how each affects cognitive and motor development. Women who reported having higher levels of
stress during the prenatal period reported a strong correlation with cognitive and motor development
were associated with a stronger correlation of cognitive and motor development in their children,
and reported higher levels of stress and anxiety earlier in pregnancy. However, one could question
the validity of this report because the information was self–reported.
Another important part of this study was looking at how these effects occurred during different
stages of prenatal development, as the "consequences of prenatal maternal stress were determined
by the

Exploring The Negative Effects Of Maternal Obesity
Nusrat Jahan
Nicole Garret
WRT 102
10/21/2015
Exploring the Negative Effects of Maternal Obesity Obesity in pregnant women is a global concern.
In The United States, obesity is a critical public health issue–one in every three women is obese
(Masho, et al). This issue becomes crucial in the context that 36% of pregnant women in the United
States are obese (Shub, et al). Studies show a strong association between maternal obesity and
health risks during pregnancy and labor. In addition, a disconnect in perception and awareness exists
such that most obese pregnant women who gain weight during pregnancy underestimate their Body
Mass Index (BMI); and also have poor knowledge about the risk associated with obesity. In our time
period, there is a significant increase in the average body index in all age groups and most
commonly with the women who are entering their reproduction age. According to the article,
"Weight Gain During Pregnancy", a normal weighted gravida, or pregnant woman, has BMI of
18.5–24.9 Kg/m2, over–weight gravida has BMI of 25–29.9 Kg/m2, and obese gravida has BMI of
30 and greater Kg/m2. Obese pregnant women face many critical health risks compare to normal
weight pregnant women. In the study "Maternal Obesity a Global Health Problem and Its
Implications on Maternal and Fetal Health", by Hashmi and his colleagues, they aimed to find out if
obese women were at greater risk of having adverse reproductive outcomes compared to women
with a normal BMI. By using

Preventing Complications From Gestational Diabetes
Promotion of a Healthy Lifestyle to Prevent Complications from Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes, glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition occurring during pregnancy,
is a problem more pregnant women are facing. The exact prevalence rate of gestational diabetes
mellitus is unknown but in the United States it is estimated to affect anywhere from one to 14
percent of pregnancies (Desisto, Shin, & Sharma, 2014). There are several risk factors which
increase a woman's risk for gestational diabetes. Some of these risks include: family history of
diabetes mellitus, previous history of gestational diabetes, advanced maternal age, previous infant
weighing 9 pounds or more at birth, glycosuria, polycystic ovary syndrome, and ... Show more
Complications to the fetus include: macrosomia, hypoglycemia, neural tube defects, preterm
delivery, shoulder dystocia, hyperbilirubinemia, and being large for gestational age (Elkins & Smith
Taylor, 2013) (Kim, 2010). So, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the care management
strategies to promote a healthy lifestyle in obese pregnant women diagnosed with gestational
diabetes mellitus, to control their gestational diabetes mellitus without the intervention of insulin
treatment and to prevent complications from gestational diabetes mellitus.
Care Management Process
Expected Outcomes Gestational diabetes is a significant diagnosis in pregnancy but it is expected
that obese women diagnosed with gestational diabetes will be able to control their diabetes without
the intervention of insulin treatment. They should be able to do this through lifestyle changes. By
controlling their gestational diabetes mellitus, the women will be able to reduce the risk or even
prevent maternal complications and fetal complications associated with gestational diabetes
mellitus.
Assessments
The first step in managing gestational diabetes to reduce risks of maternal and fetal complications,
one must be diagnosed with it. To be diagnosed women go through a screening process. The
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Diabetes Association
recommend that all women should have their initial screening

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus For Women

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