Symptoms Of Lung Cancer

Symptoms Of Lung Cancer
I have chosen lung cancer because I already know so much about it and how it can be harmful to
people. Also I have seen people with it and it is not such a great thing to have at all. There is so
many organization that raise money for all kinds of cancer because cancer is the worse out of
anything you can have due to the fact that it takes loved ones from families and friends.
The symptoms for lung cancer are a cough that never goes away and having problems breathing
when coughing and laughing even having chest pains. Weight loss is another symptom of lung
cancer. Lung cancer description is a uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that start in one or both
of the lungs. Sometimes the cells divide rapidly and then form the tumors. As time goes
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Lung Cancer
Adenocarcinoma
Carly MacKenzie
Technical College High School
Lung Cancer Lung cancer is "the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both lungs". These
abnormal cells do not carry out the functions of normal lung cells and do not develop into healthy
lung tissue. As they grow, "the abnormal cells can form tumors and interfere with the functioning of
the lung, which provides oxygen to the body via the blood". There are two major types of lung
cancer, non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Staging lung
cancer is based on whether the cancer is local or has spread from the lungs to the lymph nodes or
other organs. Because the lungs are large, tumors can grow in them for a long ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also the most common form of lung cancer in women and people younger than 45. As with
other forms of lung cancer, your risk of Adenocarcinoma increases if you smoke. "Smoking
cigarettes is by far the leading risk factor for lung cancer. In fact, cigarette smokers are 13 times
more likely to develop lung cancer than nonsmokers. Cigar and pipe smoking are almost as likely to
cause lung cancer as cigarette smoking. As well as breathing tobacco smoke, nonsmokers who
inhale fumes from cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking have an increased risk of lung cancer. Those
who are exposed to radon gas are prone to the inhabitance of Adenocarcinoma. Radon is a colorless,
odorless radioactive gas formed in the ground. It seeps into the lower floors of homes and other
buildings and can contaminate drinking water. Radon exposure is the second leading cause of lung
cancer"(Adenocarcinoma of the Lung). It 's not clear whether elevated radon levels contribute to
lung cancer in nonsmokers. But radon exposure does contribute to increased rates of lung cancer in
smokers and in people who regularly breathe high amounts of the gas . "Those who are exposed to
asbestos are also prone to this type of lung cancer. Asbestos is a mineral used in insulation,
fireproofing materials, floor and ceiling tiles, automobile brake linings, and other products. People
exposed to asbestos on the job (miners, construction workers, shipyard workers, and some auto
mechanics) have a

lung cancer Essay
Lung cancer is the most common cancer–related cause of death among men and women. Lung
cancer can be undetected for many years causing it to become more dangerous and possibly fatal.
There is not cure for lung cancer or any cancer, but if detected in an early stage the lung cancer can
be detected, treated, and hopefully terminated. There are many new and developing treatments being
tested now that may save lives in the future. Through understanding what the lung cancer is, doctors
can easily diagnose and assess cancer patients.
Lung cancer takes many years to develop. The characteristics of lung cancer the same as any type of
cancer but it effects the lungs. Lung cancer is caused by expose to carcinogens ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some symptoms of lung cancer are chronic cough, chest pain, hoarseness, wheezing, swelling in the
face and neck, weight loss, fever, loss of appetite, and shortness of breath.
A doctor can diagnose lung cancer through many tests. The doctor can have x–rays and CAT scans
done to see what the inside of the lungs look like. By doing this that doctor is able to see what stage
the cancer is in. A doctor may also do a test called a bronchoscope. This test allows the doctor to
look inside the bronchial tubes and biopsy the tumor. The doctor then can take a small amount of the
cells to study them to determine if the unusual cells are cancerous. If the cells turn out to be
cancerous then the patient is in for many months even years of harsh treatment.
Surgery is the most common method used to treat lung cancer followed by chemotherapy or
radiation. Surgery can be used if the cancer is benign. Surgery removes the cancer inside the patient.
Although surgery is the most popular method, the chance of the doctor being able to remove all of
the cancer is highly unlikely. Since the cells are so small and there are thousands of them it is very
difficult to remove every one. When a patient uses surgery to treat the cancer, the cancer has a good
chance it can come back, because it only takes a few bad cells to spread and create a tumor.
One other treatment for lung cancer is radiation. Doctors can use radiation before surgery to shrink a
tumor. After

Breast Cancer And Lung Cancer
Cancer has been taking the lives of many for years now. Even though cancer has affected people for
centuries, we have yet to find a cure for the disease, but we are now able to identify the different
forms of cancer such as breast cancer and lung cancer. With scientific innovations, the medical field
has been able to make advances in treatments. With all the new advancements, it is clear how much
new information has been exposed. Exposing such information permits the public to become more
knowledgeable in what illnesses surround them. Although medicine and precautionary measures to
keeping one healthy has become significantly more effective, is everyone still truly safe from
possibly getting lung cancer? Lung cancer is"... the cause of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Lung cancer takes the lives of many at a young age and the cause isn't always clear as of how this
disease was contracted. The most popular idea of what causes lung cancer since early times has been
using tobacco. Tobacco contains nicotine which is a highly addictive drug that gives a temporary
feeling of relaxation. When people get addicted to nicotine, it becomes incredibly difficult for the
victims to stop smoking. According to Brody, Lung cancer has been shown to take the lives of more
people compared to any other form of cancer and this is the case since lung cancer is associated with
life style. New information regarding lung cancer has shown that about one–fourth of those victims
who are diagnosed didn't obtain it through first hand smoking. People can obtain this illness through
an "unlucky" combination of genetics (Brody). It was one thought that lung cancer was strictly
caused by lifestyle choices, but over the past years, it has been shown that lifestyle isn't the thing
that can potentially allow one to contract lung cancer. The environment along with tobacco use and
genetics can also play a role in contracting lung cancer. In an industrial world, pollution has been a
reoccurring problem. With emissions from vehicles and industrial power plants, air pollution and/or
smog has been hovering over us. In places like China who are thriving in the industrial world, are
being greatly affected by air pollution. According to Brody, "In Asia, lung cancer is alarmingly

Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world, according to the World Health
Organisation. In the UK, it 's the second most–frequently occurring cancer among men (after
prostate cancer), accounting for 1 in 7 new cases, and the third most–frequently diagnosed cancer in
women (after breast and bowel cancer) accounting for about 1 in 9 new cases. However, numbers
have dropped considerably in recent times, by about 16% in the last decade alone.
Dr Patrisha Macnair last medically reviewed this article in September 2012.
On this page * What is lung cancer? * Lung cancer symptoms * Lung cancer causes * Diagnosing
lung cancer * Staging lung cancer * Lung cancer treatments * Advice and support * ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lung cancer has always been more common in men, particularly those aged over 40. However, as
fewer men smoke now rates have fallen, and deaths due to lung cancer continue to drop. Meanwhile
lung cancer rates increased among women until the 1980s as more took up smoking. Although rates
among women have stabilised, deaths due to lung cancer tare higher than a decade ago and the
disease now claims more lives than breast cancer.
Top
Diagnosing lung cancer
There are several tests to diagnose lung cancer. These include: * Chest x–ray or CXR – this is the
usually first test done when someone sees their doctor with symptoms of any lung condition. * CT
or MRI scans – these sophisticated scans involve lying still inside a machine as it takes images of
the internal organs. The pictures that result can give a very good idea of whether cancer might be
present but aren 't absolutely definite as cell samples are needed to make a full diagnosis. Scans are
often done in order to guide a biopsy to suspicious areas. * Bronchoscopy – a thin flexible tube is
passed gently through your nose or mouth and into the lung airways. Photographs and cell samples
are then taken. This may be done under local anaesthetic as an outpatient, or under sedation or a
general anaesthetic. * Mediastinoscopy – a small cut is made in through the skin at the base of the
neck under general anaesthetic just above the breastbone or on the left side of the

Essay On Lung Cancer
Results
This study was done on 81 patients (73 males and 8 females) with primary lung cancer. Their ages
ranging from 19 to 85 with mean age was 61.605 years old (±12.319 SD) as shown in table (1). Out
of the 81 patients; 66 patients were smokers and ex smokers while 15 patients were non smokers as
shown in table (2).
The results of this study demonstrated that; most common complaints of the studied patients were
productive cough and dyspnea (20.09%) followed by chest pain (16.05%) then hemoptysis (13.58%)
as shown in table (3). Our study revealed that the main anatomical sites of bronchogenic carcinoma
in the studied patients were main bronchi and lower lobe bronchi equally (24 % each) followed by
Lower Lobe Bronchi (20 %) as shown in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This matched with the study of Safwat et al. (10) who studied Lung Cancer Presentations and Sites
In Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy in Faculty of Medicine –Ain Shams University, Thirty–six patients
underwent bronchoscopy to confirm malignancy. Between the 36 cases of malignancy, 31 patients
were smokers and 5 were nonsmokers. Squamous cell carcinoma was common in smokers
(94.44%). Small cell carcinoma was only in smokers (100%) and adenocarcinoma was in 8 smokers
(66.67%) in their study.
This matched also with the study of Kshatriya et al. (11) who found between 25 cases of
malignancy, 19 smokers and 6 nonsmokers. Squamous cell carcinoma was found more in smokers.
Our study matched also with the study of Mazhar and Jehanzeb (12) who studied outcome and
complications of the FOB on Sixty patients with central lung opacities, they found that out of the
sixty patients the majority of patients had a long history of smoking. Forty one (68%) of the patients
were smokers with a range of 1 to 80–pack year of smoking. Nineteen (32%) were lifetime
nonsmokers including 5 females. they found that Squamous cell in 28(70%) cases, small cell in 10
(25%) cases and adenocarcinoma in 2(5%) cases, Squamous metaplasia in 3(5%), non–specific
inflammation in 7(10%),chronic non caseating granulomatous inflammation in 2 (3.3%) and
caseating granuloma (tuberculosis) in one case (1.7%).
In our study we found that; out of 81 patients enrolled in the study 34 patients

Lung Cancer : The Most Common Cancer
Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is a tumor that affects either one or both of the lungs.A primary cancer begins in the
lungs and a secondary cancer begins in another place in the body and makes its way up towards the
lungs. Lung cancer is the 5th most common cancer. In Australia 59% of males were diagnosed were
as 41% of Australian females were diagnosed.
Symptoms
A lasting cough that continually gets worse.
Pains in the chest that hurt or gets worse when you laugh breath deeply etc.
Hoarseness– A scratchy and weak voice, or difficulty to speak.
Loss of appetite and weight.
Coughing up blood, spit or phloem.
Shortness of breath, not being able to talk for a long time.
Develop a tired and weak feeling.
Infections such as bronchitis etc, goes and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A CT scan provides a more detailed look at the tumour and it also provides information on lymph
nodes and other organs in the area.
PET Scan– A PET [positron emission tomography] scan is only had at major hospitals. It is most
commonly carried out on patients with lung cancer were a biopsy wasn 't possible/inconclusive.
Before having this scan you will be injected with a radioactive glucose solution, which takes
roughly about 30–90 minutes to spread around the body, and once it spread the scan can commence.
Its scans for hot spots in the body where active cells located, such as cancer cells. Although all
activity doesn 't necessarily mean there are cancer cells that 's why you must have a specialist to
examine the PET scan.
Sputum Cytology– Sputum Cytology is a liquid examination of mucus [liquid phlegm] from your
lungs [sputum]. You are able to get a sample by coughing very deeply and forcefully, to keep the
sample put it in a tight jar in the fridge until the doctor must examine it for any abnormal cells.
Fine Needle for Aspiration
It is a way to obtain cells used for diagnosis, and is best used for when the tumor is on the outer
parts of the lung. Using an x–Ray machine, to locate the best place to insert the needle through the
chest wall into the tumor. When the doctors remove the needle it can withdraws a small piece of the
tumor this

Health Care For Lung Cancer
2012 there was in increase in lung cancer deaths by 3.5%, this percent is still rising in women while
it's stable in men (CDC, 2014).
Nowadays, about 402,324 Americans have lung cancer. In 2014, the newly diagnosed lung cancer
cases are 224,210, they represent 13% of all cancer diagnosis (ACS, 2014). Lung cancer affects old
people and always they diagnosed in the last five years of their life.
Around 80% of people who live with lung cancer their ages more than 60 years (USNIH, 2011).
In Kentucky, on 2011 was the highest age–adjusted incidence rate of lung cancer among both
genders (USNIH, 2014). The new lung cancer cases all over the world were estimated to be 1.8
million and lung cancer deaths were 1.6 million during 2012 (WHO, 2012). ... Show more content
In 1984, there was a peak in the lung cancer incidence among men, after that the lung cancer
incidence among men was decreasing. In 1998, the lung cancer incidence reaches its peak but now it
begins to decline (USNIH, 2011).
The lung cancer survival rate is less than other cancers, it's estimated to be 17.8% in comparison to
65.4% for colon cancer, 90.5% for breast cancer and 99.6% for prostate cancer (USNIH, 2011). The
lung cancer staging is a determinant of the patient's five–year survival rate, for patients who have
localized lung cancer the survival rate is 54%. Just 15% of lung cancer patients is diagnosed during
early stages of the disease, but most of the people who diagnosed with lung cancer die within the
first year of diagnosis (USNIH, 2011).
Causes of lung cancer the most common cause of lung cancer is smoking, 90% of lung cancer cases
among men are due to smoking and 80% of lung cancer among women are due to smoking. Smoker
men are 23 times more likely to get lung cancer, and smoker women are 13 times more likely to
have lung cancer in comparison to nonsmokers (USDHS, 2004). Annually, between 2005 and 2010
lung cancer cases due to smoking are about 130,659, 56.8% of these cases were men, and 43.2%
were women (USDHS, 2014). Also, second–hand smokers are at higher risk of developing lung
cancer, their chance to develop lung cancer is 20–30% in comparison to people who do not have an
exposure to the second–hand smoke (USDHS, 2006). In 2014, the estimated

Lung Cancer
LUNG CANCER
Mohamed Almasmary
Bio240 Anatomy Physiology 1
4/13/14
Lung cancer is a cancer (malignancy) that originates in the tissues of the lungs or the cells lining the
airways. Lung cancer originates when normal lung cells become cancer cells, usually after a series
of mutations, and begin to divide out of control.
Lung Cancer is a disease which consists of uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissues. Lung cancer
consists of two types, Non–small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer. (NSCLC) is the most
common type of lung cancer. The bronchi are the large air tubes leading from the trachea to the
lungs that convey air to and from the lungs, and where most lung cancers begin. The body normally
maintains cell growth only ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The treatments for lung cancer depends on the stage and type of lung cancer and involves Surgery,
Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, Targeted therapy, and Lung cancer is usually treated with a
combination of therapies in general. In surgery the tumor and the nearby lymph nodes in the chest
are typically removed to offer the best chance for a cure. For non–small cell lung cancer, a
lobectomy which involves the removal of the entire lobe where the tumor is located has shown to be
very effective. Unfortunately, Surgery may not be possible in some patient due to the stage and type
of lung cancer they have. Chemotherapy involves drugs used to kill cancer cells. A combination of
medications is often used and may be prescribed before or after surgery, or radiation therapy. It can
improve survival and lessen lung cancer symptoms in all patients, even those with widespread lung
cancer. Radiation therapy contains the use of high–energy x–rays or other particles to destroy cancer
cells. Side effects include fatigue, malaise, loss of appetite, and skin irritation at the treatment site.
Radiation pneumonitis is the irritation and inflammation of the lung, which occurs in 15% of
patients. It is important that the radiation treatments avoid the healthy parts of the lung.
Lung Cancer Staging is a way of describing a cancer, such as the size of the tumor and where it has
spread. Staging is the most important tool doctors have to determine a

Lung Cancer Research
Lung cancer is the second most common cancer and leading cause of cancer death among both men
and women, according to the American Cancer Society. Prostate cancer is more common in men,
while breast cancer is more common in women. The ACS estimates in United States for 2014,
approximately 224,210 new cases of lung cancer and 159,260 deaths from lung cancer. When we
learn someone is diagnosed with lung cancer, the first question that comes to mind, "Did they
smoke?". We all identify the major cause of lung cancer is smoking. But a critical question remains:
what causes lung cancer in patients who have never had exposure to tobacco smoke? This question
is an increasing medical and public–health issue. While there are no clear–cut answers, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Former and current smokers might not respond to the importance of cancer prevention or cessation
messages based on family history. However, family history can provide information of an increase
lung cancer risk because it provides evidence of environmental(home/work),
behavioral(habits/traditions) and genetic risk within the family unit. Therefore, the role of family
history in lung cancer risk should not be overlooked. This article stresses how easily an individual,
especially smokers, could misinterpret a family history of lung cancer having an impact on their
disease risk. An analysis of data indicates smokers tend to underestimate their risk of developing
lung cancer. Current and former smokers also base their subjective risk perceptions primarily on
smoking behavior rather than their family history. Results presented that even though individuals
with a family history of lung cancer could be considered as an increased risk, only never smokers
actually connect their family history of having an increased risk for developing lung cancer. Because
risk perceptions play a significant role in prevention health behavior, this study suggests that if
current and former smokers do not link their family history to an increased risk of lung cancer, they
may fail to take advantage in preventive behaviors. The findings presented the need to educate
individuals about the importance of family history in lung cancer risk and target those at an

Lung Cancers And Its Effects
INTRODUCTION
What are lung cancers? Lung cancers are the abnormal cells which grow in uncontrolled manner in
one or both lungs. They do not function as normal lung cells and do not develop into healthy lung
tissue. The abnormal cells can grow, form tumours and interfere with the normal functions of the
lung (Lungcancer.org, 2015). Lung cancers can be divided into two major types, namely non–small
cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancers (SCLC). NSCLC can be further classified
into three main subtypes, namely adenocarcinoma, squamous–cell carcinoma and large–cell
carcinoma (Longo & Harrison, 2012). Lung cancers can be diagnosed by chest X–ray, computerised
tomography (CT) scan, positron emission tomography–computerised tomography (PET–CT) scan,
bronchoscopy and biopsy (Nhs.uk, 2015). Unfortunately, lung cancers are often diagnosed at the
later stages. This is due to the unrecognisable symptoms and warning signs at the earlier stages.
NSCLC are often diagnosed at stage IV which accounts for 30–40% of cases whereas 60% of SCLC
is diagnosed at stage IV. Lung cancer usually originates from the cells lining the bronchi,
bronchioles and alveoli. Carcinogens especially tobacco smoke will alter the gene expression of the
normal human lung cells, resulting in cell mutation. The proto–oncogenes will be converted to
mutated form, oncogenes. Mutation leads to the decreased expression of the tumour suppressor
genes. This results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, cell

Lung Cancer : The Risks Of Lung Cancer And Cancer
Lung Carcinoma commonly known as lung cancer is a kind of cancer that starts in the lungs. The
people with the highest risk of getting lung cancer is the people who smoke. Smoking is increases
the patient's risk of getting lung cancer with the length of time the patient smokes and the number of
cigarettes the patient smoked. However, if the patient quits smoking, even after smoking for many
years, the patient can significantly reduce their chances of developing lung cancer. (Mayo Clinic
Staff, 2015) For lungs to get lung cancer it needs to be a continued exposure to cancer–promoting
agents and a buildup of multiple genetic mutations before becoming an abnormal growth of tissue.
Some patients with lung cancer have secondary or additional mutations in genes that stimulating cell
growth like K–ras and MYC causing irregularities in growth factor receptor signaling like EGFR
and HER2/neu, inhibiting cell death, paying into the production of atypical cells. Additionally,
alterations that hinder the tumor–suppressor genes like p53 and APC that can lead to cancer. Genes
like these are mainly accountable for the lung cancer are called oncogenic driver mutations. Even
though these mutations can cause/contribute to lung cancer among smokers, the mutations are
predominantly possible to be a cause of lung cancer amid nonsmokers. The other risks to get lung
cancer would be air pollution, exposure to cigar smoke and second–hand cigarette smoke, along
with exposure to carcinogens. If the

Lung Cancer : Cancer And Cancer
Lung cancer is the number one leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Lung cancer kills
more people than any other cancer, such as; breast cancer, colon, prostate, or ovarian. There are two
types of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and non–small lung cancers. These two lung cancers
grow and spread differently. Small cell lung cancer tends to spread quickly and makes up about 10–
15 percent of the lung cancers. Non–small lung cancer is the most common type, it attributes to
about 85 percent of lung cancers. The sub types of non–small cell lungs cancer are; squamous cell
carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. People who smoke have the greatest risk of
lung cancer. If you quit smoking you can significantly reduce your chances of developing lung
cancer. The overall prognosis is poor, lung cancer is usually not found until it is in its advanced
stage. According to the Mayo Clinic "Five–year survival is 40% to 50% for early stage lung cancer,
but only 1% to 5% in advanced, inoperable lung cancer."
Typically lung cancer doesn 't show signs or symptoms in the early stage. Signs and symptoms
typically occur when the lung cancer has advanced. Someone with lung cancer may show signs and
symptoms that can include: cough, cough with blood, shortness of breath, chest
Howe2
pain, hoarseness, loss of appetite, weight loss, wheezing, fatigue, bone pain, headache and clubbing
of the digits. Also patients may have a bluish color to their skin; this is

Lung Cancer Essay
Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the number one killer of cancers of both men and women here in the United States. It
accounts for 28% of the death rates due to cancer. In 1999, it is estimated that 1,221,800 new cases
of cancer are expected to occur and out of these 171,600 are to be cases of lung cancer. (Meyer
1990)
If lung cancer is the number one killer in the United States, one must wonder how it affects other
countries around the world. One will find that the United States does not even have the worse
statistics of death from lung cancer. Scotland, England, and Finland are the top three, then is the
United States in the middle and below us are: Canada, Australia, El Salvador, and Syrian Arab
countries. Lung ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When these cells grow rapidly, they will form tumors. There are two types of lung that are known
today, non–small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Non–small cell lung cancer is the more
popular of the two with 75%, it grows at a slower rate than the cancer cells of small cell lung cancer.
If you were to ask a person in the street what the number one killing cancer is and chances are that
they do not know what it is because it is under advertised. Most people would think that breast
cancer is the number one killer in women because we have National Breast Cancer Awareness Day,
pins for breast cancer awareness, and even promotional awareness such as billboards and
commercials. What do people know about lung cancer? Obviously not enough if it is the number
one killer and people continue to smoke.
Over the years there has been an increase in an awareness of lung cancer. The Surgeon General's
warning is now on every pack of cigarettes, and more billboards are going up to make people aware.
In today's society it is not considered glamorous to smoke anymore. But that is about all the
awareness that an average person can find out about lung cancer. There are no walks for lung cancer
or Lung Cancer Awareness Day as publicized as like they do for breast cancer. If lung cancer is the
number one killer in both men and women, shouldn't they take a precautionary step such as a chest
x–ray when a person goes for their yearly

Cause And Effect Of Lung Cancer
become emphysema, there is a also statistics that the person will pass away within five years with a
probability of forty to sixty percent. Furthermore, it is said that the possibility that he will live in ten
years is about forty percent. In addition, since emphysema is said to be one of the causes of lung
cancer, it can be said that smoking is also related to lung cancer. As is well known, currently, there
are no effective treatment for cancer. Smoking habit is the main cause of lung cancer. The
probability of a smoker becoming lung cancer is said to be about ten times more than that of a non–
smoker. Also, smoking hurts their own DNA, that is, the risk of lung cancer extends to offspring.
There may be people who think smoking cessation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In other words, if smokers do not quit it, they will keep bothering other people forever. For example,
secondhand smoking is a main bad effect of smoking for people who do not smoke. Secondhand
smoking is the condition which non smokers are the same as smokers in spite of the fact that they do
not smoke because the people around them smoke cigarettes. To put it another way, even people
who do not smoke are given some bad effects because of sidestream smoke and secondhand
smoking. This also affects pregnant women and babies. If pregnant women breath in cigarette
smoke, their blood vessel contract, and blood circulation become bad. If their blood circulation
become bad, their functions of placenta decline. Therefore, it might cause miscarriage and
premature births. There are other effects on pregnant women and their children, so smokers have to
be anxious about other people who do not smoke including pregnant women and children. Then,
how can we reduce the risk to other people from secondhand smoke? Health Canada shows the
following sentences. Cleaning or filtering the air, increased ventilation or segregated areas (non–
smoking sections) cannot completely eliminate exposure to second–hand smoke nor the health risks
associated with this exposure.2 The only solution to protect non–smokers is to eliminate smoking in
all enclosed spaces such as restaurants, homes, and automobiles.For women who smoke, quitting
smoking before conception or early

Lung Cancer : The Common Type Of Cancer
According to the American Cancer Society, lung cancer is the most common type of cancer in the
world and has a mortality rate higher than colon, prostate, ovarian, and breast cancers combined.1
There are 3 types of lung cancer including non–small cell lung cancer, small–cell lung cancer, and
lung carcinoid tumor. Approximately 85% of lung cancer cases are non–small cell, which include
subtypes of squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.2 Although less
common, making up 10–15% of lung cancers, small–cell lung cancer is known for its rapid growth
and spread.2 The types of lung cancer vary greatly in the prognosis and management of disease, as
rate of growth, risk of metastasis, rate of recurrence, and treatment options are different with each.2
Physical therapy serves an integral role in the management of patients with lung cancer by providing
interventions to optimize pulmonary and cardiovascular function.
Risk factors that increase the chances of developing lung cancer include smoking, exposure to
secondhand smoke, exposure to radon gas, exposure to asbestos or other chemicals, and family
history of lung cancer.1 Above all others, cigarette smoking is the most strongly correlated and
preventable risk factor in lung cancer development.1,2 Approximately 80–90% of the deaths from
lung cancer are the result of smoking, accounting for 90% of the lung cancer deaths in men and 80%
of the deaths in women.1,2 Cancer cells are formed by DNA–mutating

Lung Cancer In Women
According to Dr. Michael Har–Noy, they are losing the battle against cancer. He acknowledges the
fact that in the past few decades, cancer has grown affecting almost one out of every two males and
one out of every three females. This is an indication that compared to the previous generation the
incidences of cancer is 50% greater in men and 25% greater in women. According to the National
Cancer Institute, they predict that the cases of cancer are likely to double up by 2050 because of the
increased aging population.
"Regardless of decades of research and numerous clinical trials, there has been minimal
improvement in the cancer mortality rates; however there has been a reduction in death due to lung
cancer this is as a result of reduced smoking

Lung Cancer Outline
Lung Cancer
|General Purpose: |To inform |
|Specific Purpose: |To inform readers on the causes, effects and treatments of lung cancer. |
| | |
INTRODUCTION SLIDES
I. What is lung cancer? A. Definition of lung Cancer 1. Medical terminology definition – cancer of
a highly malignant form that affects the lungs. 2. Team definition of lung Cancer – a group of
abnormal cells that grows ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lung diseases 1. Tuberculosis 2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Transition: we have
discussed the causes, lets look at the risk factors including some environmental ones.)
II. Risk Factors for Lung Cancer A. Controllable risk factors 1. Smoking 2. Second–hand Smoke 3.
Radiation Therapy 4. Asbestos exposure B. Uncontrollable risk Factors 1. Radon exposure in the
environment a. Uranium in ground water, rocks, or soil 2. Family History of lung disease
III. Diagnosis A. Lung cancer can become suspected after a spot is seen on an x–ray that may have
been taken due to a persistent cough, chest pain, etc. B. If Lung Cancer is suspected a few other tests
can be used in conjunction to make a final determination of lung cancer 1. X–ray 2. CT Scan 3. MRI
4. Needle Biopsy 5. Sputum Cytology 6. Bronchoscopy
IV. Stages of Lung Cancer A. Stage 1 Cancer is confined to just the lungs. B. Stage 2 and Stage 3
cancer has invaded the chest (if large tumors are present its stage 3) C. Stage 4 Cancer has spread to
other parts of the body
V. Pictures of Healthy and Cancerous

Lung Cancer Essay
Brief Description: Lung cancer, as with all cancers, is an uncontrollable increase of cells. It happens
within the lung tissue, but it could also go on to affect other nearby tissue and spread to further out
than just the lungs.
Cellular / Molecular Basis: Lung cancer has two types; small cell and non small cell. The two types
can be identified by their appearance when looked at with a microscope. It usually affects the cells
that are lined along air passages in the lungs.
Causes: The foremost reason for lung cancer is cigarette smoking which causes around 90% of all
deaths caused by lung cancer in the world. However, smoking is not the only way to get it. The
second most frequent cause of lung cancer is exposure to radon gas, which ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Treatment: As long as the cancer has not spread to outside of the lung, it can be removed with
surgical resection. There are now less invasive ways to remove cancer from the lungs, such as using
a small video camera to see inside the chest, resulting in smaller incisions. There has very recently
been a new way to treat non small cell lung cancer that would otherwise be inoperable. Shown to be
more effective than normal radiation therapy and simply observing the cancers progress, stereotatic
body radiation therapy can ???. Laser treatment is sometimes used to unblock air passages that are
blocked by a tumour and attempt to control some spreading of the cancer cells. It is different to the
other 'treatments' as it doesn't actually provide a solution to getting rid of the cancer, but makes the
symptoms more bearable for the patient.
Preventative Measures: The main way to avoid having lung cancer is not to smoke and to avoid
taking in second hand smoke, but also stay away from radon gas and asbestos. Certain types of
mining and farming can cause exposure to harmful asbestos and radon. It is best to stay away from
these kinds of fumes, dust and other dangerous chemicals. A certain nutrient called phytoestrogen
which is found in legumes, whole grains, soy products and vegetables reduces the risk of developing
lung cancer. Coal products,

Lung Cancer Detection
Abstract:
Lung cancer has a high mortality rate due to late detection of the disease. There are many different
causes of lung cancer but most leading cause is smoking. Biomarkers play an important role in the
detection of a disease. There are many present detecting techniques for lung cancer, for example
tissue biopsy, computed tomography and laser–induced fluorescence endoscope etc. Every
technique have some limitations and the most appropriate technique for detecting lung cancer is
mass spectrometry which can give results with 93.5% purity and 100% specificity.
Introduction:
Lung cancer has a high mortality rate throughout the world due to the late recognition of the disease
in patients (1). The major cause of lung cancer is cigarette smoking, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
So, potential opportunities and challenges must be discussed on the basis of advanced discovery and
development of lung cancer and metastasis (18). To improve prognosis, sensitive screening tests
could be an important strategy for the detection of lung cancer at an early stage (19). Two to three
different techniques of detection can be mixed for better results, for example desorption electrospray
ionization technique (DESI) in which two MS ionization methods: electrospray and desorption
ionization are used. It can be used to study endogenous molecules and drug metabolites. It is better
than MALDI as it is free from matrix–analyte co–crystallization issues (20). Present methodologies
can be refined for detection without many side effects such as microarrays, new generation
sequencing methods, and mass spectrometry (21). With future improvement of mutant allele
selectivity, target specificity, efficacy and safety, as well as optimization of delivery methods, DNA–
based therapeutic applications will be a promising approach to treat lung

Lung Cancer Paper
Cancer The type of cancer I chose to do this paper on is lung cancer. This paper will discuss many
things about lung cancer like what it is, causes, symptoms, treatments, and diagnosis. Lung cancer is
a type of cancer that starts on the cells lining the bronchi and other parts of the lungs. Lung cancer
claims more lives than colon, prostate, ovarian, and breast cancer combined. It is thought that lung
cancer starts in areas of pre–cancerous changes in the lungs. It then will develop into lung cancer
over time. There are 2 main types of lung cancer, small cell and non–small cell lung cancer. Non–
small cell lung cancer is the most common type of lung cancer. Symptoms of lung cancer do not
usually appear until a later stage of lung cancer. Some

Lung Cancer
The Genetics of Lung Cancer
Catherine Hayworth
BIO 355A/357A
June 14, 2012
Colorado Christian University
Cancer can be one of the hardest battles that one must face, whether that battle is lost or won, it
changes the lives of everyone involved. Lung cancer is one of the most diagnosed cancers and it
affects the lining of the lungs and the ability to breathe. Lung cancer is the number one killer of men
and women than any other cancer worldwide. This cancer is mostly found in smokers and this is
why professionals are targeting this population for testing for diagnosing early and possibly saving a
life (www.ncb.nlm.nih.gov). Lung cancer refers to the malignancies that originate in the airways or
pulmonary parenchyma. It is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) the researchers identified a
large region on human chromosome 6 that conferred greater lung cancer risk in families with many
affected individuals. Subsequent painstaking analysis to pinpoint the source of the elevated risk now
has paid off with the identification of the precise culprit, a gene called RGS17. Researchers
conducted fine–mapping of the suspect region of chromosome 6 in members of families in which
five or more individuals over multiple generations were diagnosed with lung cancer. The region
contains approximately 100 genes. Precise computational analysis uncovered similar variants in the
DNA sequence for members of the families with lung cancer. These variants, called single
nucleotide polymorphisms (or SNPS) directed the researchers to the RGS17 gene. The conclusions
of this analysis are that RGS17 plays a major role in lung cancer susceptibility, and individuals who
carry the higher–risk version of this gene have an increased susceptibility to lung cancer when
exposed to environmental risk factors, such as smoking. While the research showed that RGS17 is
an important gene for lung cancer susceptibility in families with a high incidence of lung cancer, the
researchers did not see any

Treatment Of Lung Cancer
Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the most common cancer in the world in recent decades. An estimated 1.8 million
new cases were reported in 2012 (12.9% of the total), with 58% in less developed regions (WHO,
2017). Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death and the second most commonly diagnosed
cancer among men and women in the United States. Most patients are diagnosed at an advanced
stage, resulting in a very low survival rate at 5 years (ASCO, 2015). In 2011, 14% of all cancer
diagnoses and 27% of all cancer deaths were due to lung cancer. However, after increasing for
decades, lung cancer rates decline nationally as fewer people smoke cigarettes (CDC, 2014).
Definition
Cancer is a disease in which cells in the body grow out of control. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Every day in Illinois, 24 people are diagnosed with lung cancer (Illinois Department of Public
Health, 2013). In DuPage County, the incidence rate is 56.1 cases per 100,000 population and 529
average annual cases over 2009–2013. The majority of living lung cancer patients has been
diagnosed within the last five years. Lung cancer is mostly a disease of the elderly. Eighty tree
percent of those living with lung cancer were 60 years of age or older. More men are diagnosed with
lung cancer each year, but more women live with the disease (National Cancer Institute, n.d., 2003).
In 2003, the rate of new cases revealed that men develop lung cancer more than women. Black men
and women are more likely to develop and die from lung cancer than other groups of persons. All
criteria combined, lung cancer in black men is almost 28 percent higher than in whites, although
their exposure to tobacco is lower (National Cancer Institute,

Lung Cancer Studies
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death around the world because of its high mortality
rate. Smoking is a very common risk factor for lung cancer and other pulmonary diseases. Asthma,
pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), and pneumonia are diseases in the lungs, which cause inflammation in
the passages of air the lungs and are said to increase the risk of lung cancer, these diseases also
affect people at any age.
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), oral corticosteroids, and other anti–inflammatory steroids are
recommended treatments for airway inflammations in asthma patients. These steroids reduce the
inflammation, mucus production, and swelling in the airways. Inhaled steroids also reduce the need
for hospitalization and the frequency of asthma attacks. On the other hand, the use of ICS may stop
the immune system from working which increases the risk of TB and pneumonia; both are risk
factors of lung cancer. The relationship of Tb, pneumonia, and lung ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"Post–Inhaled Corticosteroid Pulmonary Tuberculosis Increases Lung Cancer in Patients with
Asthma" which evaluated the relationship between post–ICS pulmonary TB, pneumonia, and lung
cancer in patients with asthma using samples from the National Health Insurance Research Database
(NHIRD). Asthmatic patients who were first–time users of inhaled corticosteroids between 2003 and
2005 were identified; for each case, four control individuals were matched according to sex, age,
and the date of ICS use. The cases and matched controls were monitored until the end of 2010. To
measure the hazard ratio for pulmonary diseases and lung cancer risk of ICS users and non–users,
cox hazard regression analysis for survival–time was used. The research found out that post–ICS TB
gives a higher risk of lung cancer than being exposed to pulmonary diseases among non–users of
ICS because of its high mortality with lung cancer. The research recommends that screening
programs should include post–ICS

Lung Cancer. Lung Cancer Is An Uncontrolled Growth Of...
Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that start off in one or both lungs they
usually in the cells that line the air passages (medianews). The cells from the abnormal can't develop
into a healthy lung tissue and spread quickly and form tumors.
Lung cancer has been held responsible on many factors but the greatest one is smoking. Smoking is
the main cause of lung cancer. A person can get clung cancer by the way they smoke, the more and
longer they smoke the changes of getting it is more convince to get lung cancer. Most people who
smoke believe that it helps with managing stress and depression but in reality, they don't really see
how much its hurting in side and how slowly it killing their lungs. A lot of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Stage 2: the cancer is in the lungs by the lymph nodes. Stage 3: the cancer is found in the lung and
the lymph nodes located in the middle of the chest and its described as an advanced disease. This
stage has two subtypes which they are: if the cancer has only spread to the lymph nodes on the same
side the cancer was found in the first place that is called stage IIIA. The second one is if the cancer
has spread to the lymph node of the opposite side then its stage IIIB. This all comes down to the last
stage which its stage 5 as we all know this is the most advanced state of lung cancer because this is
when the cancer has spread to the both lungs, live and other organs.
There's a lot of different types of treatment for lung cancer and some of them can be used together. I
believe that when people find out that they have lung cancer they will want a cure for it. The cure of
lung cancer is: first one is a surgery it can be often one of the best change of cure and it's important
to most patients and wont denied the opportunity. The second treatment is a radiotherapy is the x–
rays and the ionizing radiation that will treat the lung cancer. Then we have treatment for impossible
tumors that it be chosen by the patient and may include radiotherapy, drug treatment, treatment of
specific symptoms. Another type of treatment for lung cancer is chemotherapy. It the use of drugs to
treat cancer.
Most people can bet lung cancer if the caught early in

Papers On Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the growth of abnormal cells in one or both of the lungs. This is usually in the cells
that line the air passages. The abnormal cells that do not develop into healthy lung tissues divide
rapidly to form tumors. Lungs are the spongy organs in the chest that take in oxygen and release
carbon dioxide when breathing. They are essential to live, so lung cancer can be very dangerous.
This disease is quite common, making it important to know at least a little bit about. Lung cancer is
a disease that has many causes and life–affecting symptoms; even though treatment can be long and
hard, if caught early enough, there is a good chance of survival.
Lung cancer is the number one leading cause of cancer deaths in both American women and men in
the US. Smoking causes most cases. If you smoke more cigarettes, or started smoking earlier, you
have a greater risk of getting lung cancer ("Lung Cancer"). Too many people, 45 percent, believe
that the disease is something people "bring on themselves" from either smoking or having smoked
previously ("Lung Cancer; More than Half"). Even though smoking is the greatest risk factor for
cancer, there are many other ways to get the disease, including exposure to second–hand smoke,
radon, asbestos, and other chemicals ("Lung Cancer; Learning the Signs"). According to the site
Obesity, Fitness, & Wellness Week, approximately 15 percent of newly diagnosed patients ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The symptoms can be tough to live with; so many people who are living with lung cancer want new
ways of treatment. Specialists are still trying to find new ways of curing lung cancer; however,
today's patients must live with the treatments available. In the meantime, people avoid the causes
that lead to the development of the disease. Lung cancer has too many cases of too many

The Pathophysiology Of Lung Cancer
Our lungs are a pair of important organs that's located above the diaphragm and under the rib cage.
We need lungs to absorb oxygen into our blood flow which then goes to the heart and pumped
throughout the body, so all the cells can get oxygen. It also exhales the carbon dioxide in our body.
Lung cancer can form tumors to interferes with this vital process, and causes breathing more
difficult. Lung cancer is known to be the most common cancer in the world. The main cause of lung
cancer includes cigarette Smoking, secondhand smoking, hazardous substances, and air pollution.
Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs. These abnormal cells will
make the normal lung cells incapable of functioning properly and do not ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Some cancer can cause syndromes, which is a group of symptoms that consistently arise
simultaneously. The horner syndrome is one of them. The symptoms of this group includes
weakness of one eyelid, smaller pupil in the same eye, less sweating of the face, and severe shoulder
pain. It usually occur when pancoast tumors are already infected the top part of the lung. Pancoast
tumors are often press or near the nerves of the eyes and face causing the horner syndrome. They are
more likely to be a NSCLC than SCLC. Another popular syndrome that occur in lung cancer patient
is called the Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS). SVC is a large vein of blood flow through the
head, arms, and heart. It is passes near the top of the right lung and the chest lymph nodes. If tumor
is located by near the SVC, it can results in blood clots in the vein. The symptoms of SVCS are
swelling on the face, upper body causing skin to turn purple. If it affects the brain, there might be a
change in consciousness. SVCS can develop as your lung cancer expands, particularly in
adenocarcinoma. It is extremely dangerous to one's health condition. Patient with SVCS need to
seek medical help

Lung Cancer
Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, its deadly claws stretched over all
continents in the world. However, lung cancer is not just a disease; it can act as a magnifying glass;
many social problems and goodness of society can be revealed through the causes of lung cancer.
Lung cancer is formed when the cells of the lungs grow in an uncontrolled way, this creates a lump
or a tumor which can either be malignant or benign. Smoking and unhealthy diets are all causes of
lung cancer; the related problems and topics associated with them are peer pressure, individual and
government responsibility, teen diets and role models. Preventions are available in many different
methods, with the help of government and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Regular meals should be planned with care to avoid development of cancer cells. Beautiful body
images are not worth to risk the health of the body; regular meals should be planned with care to
avoid development of cancer cells. Sugar is a quiet contributor to cancer cells; cancer cells ' growth
increases rapidly with the increase of large amount of glucose inside the body (6). There is a case of
a lung cancer patient healed with the help of professional nutritious meal planner. There is a case of
a lung cancer patient healed with the help of professional nutritious meal planner. This patient was
told by her doctor that there was no hope, but after changing the style of her meals and reduced the
intake of sugar, she beat her terminal lung cancer (6).
Lung cancer may sound like a terrifying disease that took over many lives, but it is not ineradicable,
15% of the patients will survive (1); it is a small percentage, but there is hope. The chance of
survival will increase if the patient stays optimistic and the courage to fight for his/her life. There
are different treatments that can be applied. Surgeries can remove tumors; chemotherapy is killing
cancer cells by taking drugs. The technology is already advanced enough to reduce or stop the
growth of lung cancer. The public need to raise their caution towards smoking, air pollution,
unhealthy diets and many more other problems may contribute to lung cancer. Diseases is not scary,
knowledge

A Study On Lung Cancer
26/9/14
Bonnie de Groot
4963644
Case Study: George
Introduction: George is an 89 year old man which recently has been diagnosed with Metastatic Lung
Cancer. Lung cancer itself accounts for killing an estimated 1.5 million people annually worldwide
(Keshamouni, et.al, 2009). Lung cancer is divided into two major types: Non–small–cell cancer
which includes these types of cancers; adenocarcinoma, squamous cell and large–cell, these all
account to 80% of cases. The second major type is the Small–cell lung cancer which includes these
cancers; oat cell, intermediate and combined, all of which only account to 20% of cases. The major
causes of Lung cancer are these risk factors: tobacco smoke, air pollution, arsenic, asbestos, nickel
and radon. Only 13% of patients survive 5 years after diagnosis (Williams, L, et.al, 2009). But
Metastatic Lung Cancer is slightly different, the difference is the cancer originated in another area of
the body, and then spread to the Lungs, causing Lung Cancer. This process begins with the cells
breaking away from the main tumour or cancer and then travelling into the bloodstream. Once in the
bloodstream the cancer cells will attach themselves to a vessel which will then attach to a organ and
majority of the time it is the lungs (Chang, E, et.al, 2010). Though there is no cure for Metastatic
Lung cancer there are preventions such as avoiding things known to cause cancer such as smoking
tobacco.
PCOC Assessment for Week 1:
Phase: Stable

Lung Cancer Essay
In 2013 there were an estimated 159,480 deaths due to lung cancer in the United States alone (Lung
Cancer). Lung cancer is an unrelenting disease that is caused by many environmental factors and
personal habits. It begins as mutations within a cell's DNA and eventually progresses to a tumor
which can then spread to various other parts of the body. There is no cure for lung cancer presently,
however there are numerous treatments available to patients in hopes of eradicating or at least
controlling the disease. In order to treat and prevent lung cancer it is imperative to first understand
what lung cancer actually is. Lung cancer is defined as being the unchecked development of
abnormal cells inside one or both lungs (Lung Cancer 101). ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
An example would be if an individual developed lung cancer and thereafter the cancer cells
travelled to the liver. The new cancer in the liver would need to be dealt with by means of treatments
specific for lung cancer and not liver cancer. This process can happen reversely, with either lung
cancer spreading to other areas or other areas with cancer spreading to the lungs. There are two
major types of lung cancer: small cell lung cancer, also known as SCLC, and non–small cell lung
cancer, or NSCLC. Non–small cell lung cancer is the most frequent form of lung cancer accounting
for roughly 85% of cases. Small cell lung cancer is considerably rarer, only being diagnosed in 15%
of lung cancer patients (About Lung). Non–small cell lung cancer gets its name from the cells being
examined under a microscope and observing the cells are considerably larger versus the cells of
small cell lung cancer. Non–small cell lung cancer typically develops at a slower pace compared to
the rate of small cell cancer and comes in three different forms: squamous cell carcinoma,
adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma forms in the cells that cover
the airways that lead to the lungs, also called the bronchial tubes. Adenocarcinoma begins in cells
that make

The Cause And Environmental Causes Of Lung Cancer
Environmental Causes of Lung Cancer
Lung Cancer is the second most common cancer found in both men and women. It is formed when
an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both lungs takes place ("Lung Cancer 101" n.d.).
Equivalent to all other cancers, lung cancer is able to grow rapidly which can cause it to expand to
other parts of the body. "Signs and symptoms of lung cancer, such as coughing and shortness of
breath, can take years to develop and they may not appear until the disease is advanced. There are
two major types of lung cancer a person could be diagnosed with. Those types are non–small cell
lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer seem to grow more quickly in the
body than non–small cell lung cancer. Since lungs are large, tumors are able to grow in them for a
long period of time before being discovered. This results in early stage lung cancer (stage I and II) to
be difficult to detect" ("Lung Cancer 101" n.d.). Overall, lung cancer is often associated to occur
amongst people who tend to smoke. Although smoking contributes a big deal to the development of
lung cancer, it is not always the root of the problem. People who are non–smokers are still in risk of
lung cancer due to environmental exposures such as radon,wood smoke, and secondhand smoke.
Radon
Radon is known as the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States. It is a radioactive,
odorless, and invisible gas released from the normal decay of the elements uranium

Lung Cancer Essay
Abstract This paper discusses in distinct detail the pathology of lung cancer, specifically malignant
tumors. This investigation into the cancer touches on many different subjects that include: the
history of the disease and how it came to be so prevalent, it's cellular origins, how it is diagnosed
within a patient, the different treatments used to fight it, and the survival rates for people with any
sort of lung cancer. The paper also goes in depth about the use of x–rays and how they are used to
find lung cancer. There are many resources used for this paper and they are cited as necessary. Lung
Cancer: For the Best
Origins: Cellular and Historical
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death by cancer for both men and women in the United States
(Stöppler, n.d., p. 3). As the name suggests, lung cancer is a cancer of the lung, where an abnormal
growth of cells form a mass (tumor) on the lung (Stöppler, n.d., p. 2). This happens when a cell with
aberrant DNA divides to create two new cells with the malformed DNA. This process occurs for
each and every cell and because healthy lung tissue is not being made, a tumor develops. This tumor
can be harmless, but in most cases, it is malignant and can have the potential to metastasize ("Lung
Cancer 101," n.d., p. 1). Lung cancer was not always the superior malady; in fact, only 1% of all
cancers seen by the Institute of Pathology of the University of Dresden in 1878 were malignant lung
cancers (Witschi, 2001). It appears

Lung Cancer And Its Effect On Cancer
Introduction Doctors and scientists have studied the study of cancer, also known as oncology,
around the world. Technology and the increase of understanding of cancer have made it one of the
most evolving areas in modern science. Cancer begins when cells in a part of the body start to grow
uncontrollably. Lung cancer is the prominent cause of cancer death around the world and kills over
1 million people per year. It is an important and widespread disease that composes as a major public
health problem, and if left untreated becomes very malignant.
Etiology
Lung cancer is strongly associated with cigarette smoking, both from the actual smoker and
secondhand, although there are cases in which someone that has never smoked or experienced
secondhand has had lung cancer. Pipes and cigar smoking are also factors of lung cancer, but the
risks are not as high as cigarettes. Another cause known for lung cancer is asbestos fiber. Asbestos
fibers are silicate fibers that persevere in lung tissues after exposure to asbestos; which is something
that can be picked up in a workplace where thermal and acoustic insulation is used. Smoking
cigarettes increases the risk of developing asbestos–related lung cancer in workers. Even though
lung cancer is more commonly associated with tobacco, there are cases in which non–tobacco
smoker also get lung cancer. Genetics may play a big part in this role, leading researchers to find a
region in the long arm of chromosome number 6 that is likely to

Lung Cancer Research
Lung cancer is the number one cause of death by cancer. It has affected my family tremendously.
My grandma was diagnosed with stage four lung cancer in June of 2014, it has been almost two
years and she is still fighting. She has gone through so much and it really takes a toll on your body.
She has gone through years of chemotherapy, radiation, so many drugs and recently was put on
oxygen that she needs 24/7. I pray every day that people will stop smoking and not take the risk of
developing lung cancer. Tobacco use is the number one cause of lung cancer, but people who don't
smoke may get lung cancer secondhand. The risks of developing lung cancer are related to three
main factors: the age when a person started smoking, how long a person has ... Show more content
These cancers are usually identified when a chest x–ray has to be performed for another reason. The
majority of people develop some kind of symptoms. The symptoms are due to the effects of tumors,
from the cancer spreading to other parts of the body (metastases) or even to disturbances of
hormones or blood. About 30–40% of people with lung cancer have some symptoms or signs of
metastatic disease. Symptoms of metastatic cancer depend on the extent and location of the cancer
spread. After developing lung cancer, it often will spread to the liver, bones and the brain as well. If
lung cancer metastases in the liver it may cause yellowing to the skin and eyes (jaundice) but you
might not see these symptoms at the time of diagnosis. Lung cancer that metastases in the bones can
cause severe bone pain. Lung cancer that spreads to the brain can cause many difficulties with
vision, weakness or even seizures. The symptoms of lung cancer include a new cough that doesn't
go away, changes in a chronic cough or "smoker's cough," coughing up blood (hemoptysis) or
rusty–colored phlegm, shortness of breath results from blockage in part of the lung, the spread of
tumors, or fluid around the lung (pleural effusion), fatigue, chest pain that is a dull, aching and
persistent, wheezing or hoarseness may be a signal for blockage or inflammation, recurrent
respiratory infections like bronchitis or pneumonia, unexplained weight loss, bone pain, and

Morbidity: Lung Cancer
Morbidity–Lung Cancer
The human body is designed so that each part is dependent on the other for one or the other reason.
There is a delicate balance to the distribution of functions and the way in which each system
defenses itself against any unmentionable disease or ailment.
However, there are stages in the lives of all humans when the body finds itself in a position where it
is no longer able to defend itself against ailments and diseases and eventually may even lose the
battle. One such disease which claims many lives every year in this manner is Cancer. So far so,
there has been no cure for Cancer but some medicines and treatments are now available which can
slow down and in some cases can even alter the effects of Cancer, depending on the stage at which
the disease is at that moment. For this paper however we would concentrate on Lung Cancer and its
effects.
Lung Cancer, like any other type of cancer, is the uncontrollable growth of cells in the lung tissue.
The main causes that contribute to lung cancer include inhaling carcinogens (basically, smoking),
exposure to ionizing radiation, viral infections and even air pollution. These factors basically
damage the tissues lining the bronchi in the lung, leading the cancer to develop further (Vaporciyan
& Nesbitt JC, 2000). Primary lung cancers that develop in the epithelial tissues of the lung are
known as carcinomas and claim the top spot in terms of leading cancer–related death causes. As of
2004, lung cancer

Speech On Lung Cancer
Lung Cancer: Awareness & Prevention
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among men and women in the Bangladesh,
according to the Bangladesh Lung Foundation.
The treatment of this disease is not up to the mark in Bangladesh. Lack of good facilities, skilled
manpower and physical infrastructure, ineffective and inefficient treatment, corruption in the health
management, politics among the health service providers, disparity in production of drugs etc are the
reasons why our country is lagging behind.
However there is an option how you can avail medical treatment in abroad. With the help of GD
Assist you can easily have your medical treatment in abroad.
In this blog we are going to focus the in depth details of what lung cancer is, main reasons behind
the cancer, symptom ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But there are many of the risk factors for these cancers.
a. Smoking
Smoking tobacco is one of the main causes of lung cancer. More than 8 out of 10 lung cancers
(80%) are caused by smoking. This also includes breathing in other people's cigarette smoke. Even
occasional smoking increases the risk of lung cancer.
b. Non–Smokers
Passive smoking also causes lung cancer. Many people with lung cancer are former smokers, but
many others never smoked at all.
c. Changes to the gene
Certain changes in the DNA of lung cells can lead to lung cancer. These changes can lead to
abnormal cell growth and, sometimes, cancer.
d. Chemicals and workplace risk
Some substances increase the risk of lung cancer. These include asbestos, silica, and diesel exhaust.
People can be exposed to these through their work.
e. Exposure to radon gas
Radon gas is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that comes from tiny amounts of uranium present
in all rocks and soils. Radon gas can build up in homes and other buildings.
f. Air Pollution
We know that air pollution can cause lung cancer. The risk depends on the levels of air pollution you
are regularly exposed

A Study On Lung Cancer
Introduction: Lung cancers are well known to display inter and intra–tumoral heterogeneity with
profound implications for exact histological classification by pathologists1–3. The New
International (IASLC/ATS/ERS )4,5 and the 2015 World Health Organization (WHO)
classification6 has defined the non–invasive (adenocarcinoma in situ), minimally invasive
adenocarcinoma and invasive lepidic adenocarcinoma ; has replaced the 'mixed subtype category ' in
the WHO 2004 classification7 with the predominant subtype ; included the micropapillary
subtype8,9 and replaced the term "mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma(BAC)" with invasive
mucinous adenocarcinoma. This study aimed to do a comprehensive histological subtyping and
detailed study of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Amongst 237 cases, a significant proportion 195(82.2%) were at stage IV at diagnosis, fewer
31(13.5%) at stage III and 11(4.7%) at Stage II and none at Stage I.
Histologic findings:
The 2015 WHO classification of lung tumours (add ref) was used to categorise biopsies by the
predominant histological subtype. Of 274 cases, 167 (61%) were acinar predominant
adenocarcinomas, 63(23%) solid adenocarcinomas, 19 (7%) invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas,
11(4%)lepidic predominant, papillary 9 (3.30%), two cases each of colloid (0.7%) and non– small
cell carcinoma, not otherwise specified (NSCC–NOS) (0.7%) and one micro–papillary predominant
subtype (0.3%) (Figure 1; Figures 2A–2D; Figures 3A–3D).
The polygonal cell type was the most frequent comprising 160(58.40%) followed by columnar
69(25.2%), cuboidal 38(13.9%), signet ring 4(1.4%), hobnail 2 (0.7%) and clear cell 1(0.4%) cell
types. A significant percentage of tumours were associated with mucin production, desmoplasia,
stromal elastosis, lympho–vascular invasion and necrosis (Table 1). Lymphovascular invasion was
most commonly seen amongst stage III/ stage IV disease in 187/226 (82.7%). The majority of
tumours, 213/263 (81%) were TTF–1 positive. Almost all cases, 134/135 (99.3%) demonstrated
positivity for CK7 and Ber–EP4 63/65 (97%).
Correlation of histologic subtypes with clinical features:
The papillary subtype in 7/7 (100%) followed by the lepidic predominant in 4/5(80%), acinar in
75/102

Lung Cancer Epidemiology
Anatomy
There are five lobes in the lung, three on the right and two on the left. Each lobe is divided by five
segments, each supplied by tertiary bronchi, except for the right upper and right middle lobes, which
are divided into three and two segments, respectively. Lymph nodes draining the lung are divided
into intrapulmonary, hilar, and mediastinal nodal groups along the secondary bronchi, main bronchi,
and surrounding tracheal and vascular structures within the mediastinum, respectively .
Epidemiology and Etiology
Worldwide, lung cancer is the most common cancer in both incidence and mortality.
Lung cancer is responsible for 28% of all cancer–related death each year (~160,000), more than all
of breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This tumor originates from type II pneumocytes, and it may present as a pneumonic infiltrate, as
multiple nodules scattered throughout the lungs, and, occasionally, as a single nodule.
Route of spread
Local extension
. Direct involvement of pleural surfaces, chest wall, ribs, and mediastinal structures causing
hemoptysis
 Apical tumors can cause superior sulcus syndrome, with involvement of vertebral body, brachial
plexus, stellate ganglion (causing Horner's syndrome), subclavian vasculature, and superior vena
cava (causing SVC syndrome) .Most Pancoast tumors are non–small cell cancers
 Direct extension to recurrent laryngeal nerve can cause vocal cord paralysis and hoarseness.
Involvement of phrenic nerve causes diaphragmatic paralysis.
N.B. recurrent laryngeal n. originate from Vagus n. The Rt is shorter than the LT as it curves under
the Rt subclavian a. but the Lt curves under the aortic arch.
Regional lymph node metastasis
Into intrapulmonary, hilar, and mediastinal nodal

Primary Lung Cancer
Lung cancer happens when abnormal cells (cancer cells) reproduce in your lungs. Your body thinks
that these cells are harmful and starts attacking them, making your entire body very weak and sick.
There are two main types of lung cancer: primary and secondary. Secondary lung cancer starts in
another part of your body and spreads to your lungs. Primary lung cancer is when the cancer
originates in your lungs. There are two types of Primary lung cancer called small cell and non–small
cell. Small cell cancer looks a lot like oats, which is why it used to be called oat cell cancer. Small
cell lung cancer is most common among smokers. It is a very quick spreading cancer and it is
responsible for 25% of all lung cancers. The other 75% of lung cancer is non–small cell lung cancer,
which is the most common form. However, non–small cell lung cancer is far less fast spreading than
the small cell cancer. The number one factor for getting lung cancer is smoking tobacco. Smoking
causes cancers because the tobacco changes our DNA and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It works by blasting radiation at the cancer cells and killing them. It may affect some of the healthy
cells, but they are able to repair themselves and reproduce unlike the cancer cells. There is also a
type of radiation therapy called internal radiation therapy which involves an implant that is put in
the area of your body where the cancer is and releases a large amount of radiation in that specific
area to kill the cancer. Those treatments are very helpful and effective but some people prefer not to
use them because of their side effects and long term effects. Those people usually use natural
medicine and other alternative treatments. Naturopathic doctors and Medical doctors generally have
differing views on how to treat a patients lung cancer. Some of the naturopathic treatments for lung
cancer may seem whacky, but people do get good results from

Symptoms Of Lung Cancer

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Kimberly Haynes

More from Kimberly Haynes (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Symptoms Of Lung Cancer