4. Tribes of Pacific Coast decimated by
disease; 150K
Southwest=Mix of Mexican, Native,
Spanish cultures
• Apaches, Navajos, Pueblos, Comanches
Plains Indians
• Sioux (most powerful), Pawnee, Arapaho,
Cheyenne
• Dependent on buffalo
5. By the post-Civil War era
Mexicans/Mexican-Americans were
delegated to working class
Lost land
Faced discriminatory laws
Many took up migrant farming or
unskilled labor
6. Started during Gold Rush; “Gold
Mountain”
Racism, discrimination, struggle to gain
financial success
• Foreign Miners Tax; $20/month
Worked for Central Pacific on
transcontinental RR (90% of workforce)
200K by 1880; mostly in CA
7. Moved to urban areas
Created “China Towns”
• Kept clothing style, language, food, etc.
Servants, small business owners, laundry
Few females
• Often prostitutes
8. As Chinese population increased so did
Anti-Chinese feelings
Criticized for “clannishness” & keeping
culture, rather than assimilating
One San Francisco newspaper
• “The manners and habits of the Chinese are
repugnant to Americans in California. Of
different language, blood, religion, and
character, and inferior in most mental and bodily
qualities.”
9. Anti-Coolie clubs
Workingmen’s Party created in 1878
Kearney, party’s founder:
• “The Chinese must go!”
• “We intend to try and vote the Chinaman out, to
frighten him out, and if this won’t do, to kill him
out and when the blow comes we won’t leave a
fragment for the thieves to pick up…The heathen
slaves must leave this coast, if it cost 10,000
lives…”
16. Most from eastern U.S.
2 million from Europe between 1870 &
1900
Homestead Act (1862)
• 160 acres, had to stay five years & pay small fee
• Most failed to stay
Economic troubles, isolation, weather
17. Timber Culture Act (1873)-allowed
homesteaders to claim another 160 acres
if they planted 40 acres of trees
Other laws followed suit
Fraudulent claims, speculators
Towns sprouted mostly along rail lines
Nebraska Railroad Maps
19. 1889 & 1893
Broke up Indian
Territory
160 acres
89ers, Boomers, &
Sooners
Land Run of 1889
20. Labor shortage
Higher wages
Temporary work; lack of job security
Social classes dictated by race
21. 1849—CA—Gold Rush
1858—Pike’s Peak, CO—Gold
1858—Nevada, Comstock Lode—Gold &
Silver
• Produced $306 million
1874—Black Hills, Dakota Territory—
Gold
1897—Alaska--Klondike
Booms led to new cities overnight
Vigilante rule
22. Gender imbalance
Difficult working conditions
Heat, explosions, fires
1 in 30 injured & 1 in 80 killed in the
mines
Gaming & Entertainment in Gold Rush Towns
23. Open range
• Grazing for free
Started by Texan & Mexican ranchers
5 million cattle roamed Texas
Cattle drives started in earnest after Civil
War
Driven north to towns on rail lines
• Dodge City, KS; Abilene, KS; Sedalia, Mo
• *See map on p. 454
24. Cattle drives became romanticized
Cowboys were often former Confederate
soldiers or African Americans
Farmers moved in (Homestead Act) and
impeded on open range
• Led to range wars
Large profits led to corporations moving in
Severe winters (1885-1886 & 1886-1887)
killed thousands of cattle
• Diminished the Cattle Kingdom
25.
26. Long drives were replaced by rail lines &
refrigerated railcars
Ranches stayed though
250,000 female ranch owners by 1890
27. Paintings of the West became popular
Tourism took off in 1880s and 1890s
Fascination with cowboys
• Lack of social constraints, connection to the land,
ruggedness, individualism
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show
Still popular today
• Country music, western movies & novels
28. “The Last Frontier”
Twain, Remington, Roosevelt all
romanticized the West
32. 1890 census marked the end of the
frontier
Frederick Jackson Turner, historian from
U. of Wisconsin
• The Significance of the Frontier in American
History”—1st
delivered in 1893
Frontier was line between “savagery” and
“civilization”
33. • Restless, nervous energy; that dominant
individualism” all be attributed to the the
frontier
• Valuable land would be harder to acquire
"And now, four centuries from the discovery of America,
at the end of a hundred years of life under the
Constitution, the frontier has gone, and with its going
has closed the first period of American history."