this Presentation covers all aspects of structural Geology.

1. STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
Mr. K. D. Petare
Civil Engineering Department
SRE’s Sanjivani College of Engineering,
Kopargaon 423603

3. Structural Geology
It is a branch of geology deals with configuration of the
rocks of the Earth’s crust. This branch studies various forms
taken by the rocks by different forces acting within the earth.
Outcrop
When a rock formation is exposed at the Earth’s
surface or a ground, it is called as outcrop.

4. Bedding plane: It is plane or surface separating two
adjacent beds.
Strike and dip:
Most of the sediments are deposited on horizontally
flat surfaces but in many region it is found that great thickness
of sediments have been tilted and take inclined position for
many kms. These positions in the ground can be described by
attitudes i.e. strike and dip of the bedding planes.

5. Strike is defined as the direction of a line formed by
intersection of the bedding plane & horizontal plane.
Dip is the inclination or angle made by inclines
bed with the horizontal surface.
1) True dip is the maximum amount
of inclination of the bed.
2)Apparent dip is the direction
other than true dip.
Strike and dip can be measured with
the help of clinometer compass.

6. CONFORMABLE SERIES
A group of beds having mutually parallel bedding
planes and similar textural, structural
characters formed without time gap in
deposition is known as conformable series.

7. UNCONFORMITY
An unconformity is defined as a surface of erosion or non
deposition which represents break in the process of deposition.
OR
It is a surface of erosion or non deposition separating two
adjacent conformable series.

9. TYPES OF UNCONFORMITY
• Angular unconformity
• Disconformity
• Non conformity

10. Angular unconformity
In this type younger and older rock formation have different
angles of dip.
i.e. both formations are never parallel to each other.

11. In this type younger and older rock formation have same
angles of dip
i.e. both formations are always parallel to each other and are
structurally identical.
Disconformity

12. Non conformity
In this type the older formations are igneous plutonic rocks
and younger rock formations are either sedimentary rocks or
lava flows.

13. Non conformity

14. Faults
Fault are rupture along which the opposite wall has
moved pass each other.
Fault is define as Fracture or plane along which
movement take place.

15. Element or parts of fault

17. Element or parts of fault
Fault plane:
It is a fractured surface along which the displacement
of the rock blocks actually takes place.
Dip of fault:
It is the angle made by fault plane with that of
horizontal plane.
Hanging wall:
It is the rock block present above the fault plane. It is
movable.
Foot wall:
It is the rock block present below the fault plane. It is
stationary

18. Throw:
It is the amount of vertical displacement of the faulted
blocks.
Heave:
It is the amount of horizontal displacement of the
faulted blocks.
Hade of a fault
It is the angle made by fault plane with that of vertical
surface.

19. Classification of faults :
Genetic Classification-
 Normal or gravity Fault
 Thrust or Reverse Fault
Classification based on attitude of fault plane in relation
to attitude of adjacent rock-
 Strike Fault
 Dip Fault
 Oblique Fault

20. Normal Faults
Normal faults are faults that result from horizontal
tensional stresses in brittle rocks and where the hanging-wall
block has moved down relative to the footwall block

21. Reverse Faults are faults that result from horizontal
compressional stresses in brittle rocks, where the hanging-wall
block has moved up relative the footwall block.
Reverse Faults

22. Strike fault:
In this type of fault, the movement of the rock block
takes place in the direction of strike of the rock formation.
Dip fault:
In this type of fault, the movement of the rock block
takes place in the direction of dip of the rock formation.

24. Horst & graben
Horst is the combination of normal faults in which the
central common upthrow footwall is surrounded by peripheral
downthrown hanging walls.
They always form mountain like structure.
Graben is also the combination of normal faults in
which the central common down thrown hanging wall is
surrounded by peripheral up thrown foot walls.
They always form basin like structures or rift valleys.