Peer review #3
Review your fellow classmates assignments and do a peer-review at least 200 words per student review.
Remember to answer as “first person”, do you agree or disagree with your classmates assignment.
Student #1
In 2016, the FAA amended its regulations to allow the operation of small unmanned aircraft systems in the National Airspace System (NAS). These changes address the operation of unmanned aircraft systems and certification of their remote pilots. The amended rules, 14 CFR Part 107, provide for individuals to obtain their Remote Pilot Certificate, as well as operating rules for drone operators who do not fall into recreational drone operations. Part 107 defines permissible hours of flight, line-of-sight observation, altitude, operator certification, optional use of visual observers, aircraft registration and marking, and operational limits.
Because federal registration is the exclusive means for registering UAS for purposes of operating an aircraft in navigable airspace, no state or local government may impose an additional registration requirement on the operation of UAS in navigable airspace without first obtaining FAA approval. One example of a local government that tried to impose additional regulation is the case of Singer v. City of Newton, where a Massachusetts district court found a portion of local drone ordinance preempted by FAA regulation. Michael Singer, a physician, had hoped to use small unmanned aircraft to deliver medical services but in December 2016, the city passed an ordinance that would have made any such project impossible. The ordinance imposed conditions on the operation of pilotless aircraft, in addition to those already imposed by the FAA. Singer said that he could not comply with both sets of rules and still fly his drones so he sued to prevent the city from enforcing the ordinance, challenging four provisions in particular: (1) the requirement that all owners register their pilotless aircraft with the city clerk’s office; (2) the ban on flight below 400 feet over private property without the landowner’s consent; (3) the ban on flight over any city or school property without the city’s permission; and (4) the requirement that aircraft in flight remain within the operator’s line of sight (Harvardlawreview, 2018). He argued that federal regulations passed under the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 preempted these restrictions. In the end, Singer won the case and the judge invalidated the city’s proposed ordinances.
Having that said, certain states have imposed their own laws that supplement Part 107 federal law and contain certain restrictions that are state-specific. For example, Florida Senate Bill 766 “Surveillance by a Drone”, prohibits the use of a drone to capture an image of privately-owned property or the owner, tenant, or occupant of such property without consent if a reasonable expectation of privacy exists (Florida Senate, 2015). Other states such as Georgia, have e ...
Mixin Classes in Odoo 17 How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
Peer review #3Review your fellow classmates assignments and do.docx
1. Peer review #3
Review your fellow classmates assignments and do a peer-
review at least 200 words per student review.
Remember to answer as “first person”, do you agree or disagree
with your classmates assignment.
Student #1
In 2016, the FAA amended its regulations to allow the operation
of small unmanned aircraft systems in the National Airspace
System (NAS). These changes address the operation of
unmanned aircraft systems and certification of their remote
pilots. The amended rules, 14 CFR Part 107, provide for
individuals to obtain their Remote Pilot Certificate, as well as
operating rules for drone operators who do not fall into
recreational drone operations. Part 107 defines permissible
hours of flight, line-of-sight observation, altitude, operator
certification, optional use of visual observers, aircraft
registration and marking, and operational limits.
Because federal registration is the exclusive means for
registering UAS for purposes of operating an aircraft in
navigable airspace, no state or local government may impose an
additional registration requirement on the operation of UAS in
navigable airspace without first obtaining FAA approval. One
example of a local government that tried to impose additional
regulation is the case of Singer v. City of Newton, where a
Massachusetts district court found a portion of local drone
ordinance preempted by FAA regulation. Michael Singer, a
physician, had hoped to use small unmanned aircraft to deliver
medical services but in December 2016, the city passed an
ordinance that would have made any such project impossible.
The ordinance imposed conditions on the operation of pilotless
2. aircraft, in addition to those already imposed by the FAA.
Singer said that he could not comply with both sets of rules and
still fly his drones so he sued to prevent the city from enforcing
the ordinance, challenging four provisions in particular: (1) the
requirement that all owners register their pilotless aircraft with
the city clerk’s office; (2) the ban on flight below 400 feet over
private property without the landowner’s consent; (3) the ban on
flight over any city or school property without the city’s
permission; and (4) the requirement that aircraft in flight remain
within the operator’s line of sight (Harvardlawreview, 2018).
He argued that federal regulations passed under the Federal
Aviation Act of 1958 preempted these restrictions. In the end,
Singer won the case and the judge invalidated the city’s
proposed ordinances.
Having that said, certain states have imposed their own
laws that supplement Part 107 federal law and contain certain
restrictions that are state-specific. For example, Florida Senate
Bill 766 “Surveillance by a Drone”, prohibits the use of a drone
to capture an image of privately-owned property or the owner,
tenant, or occupant of such property without consent if a
reasonable expectation of privacy exists (Florida Senate, 2015).
Other states such as Georgia, have even passed laws that pre-
empt local governments in the state from creating UAS
regulations (Georgia General Assembly, 2019).
In our case, it would really depend on what state the
incident occurred in and what specific law applied at the time.
If this happened in a state that had no specific laws that further
regulate drone operations, then I would certainly dispute it in
court since only Part 107 rules would apply. If, however, I
happened to be somewhere where additional, more restrictive
state laws applied, then I would certainly pay the fine and
blame myself for not properly researching the law. In the end, it
all comes down to the operator being responsible for knowing
all the rules that apply and making sure that proper research has
been done prior to going out and flying. While Part 107 covers
federal law on UAS operations, some states have implemented
3. additional, more restrictive rules that operators need to be
familiar with, and abide by when flying in their territory.
References
Florida Senate (2015). Senate Bill 766 - The Florida Senate.
Retrieved from
http://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2015/0766
Georgia General Assembly. (2019). House Bill 481 -
UAS/Provide for Preemption. Retrieved from
http://www.legis.ga.gov/legislation/en-US
Harvardlawreview (2018). Singer v. City of Newton. Retrieved
from https://harvardlawreview.org/2018/05/singer-v-city-
of-newton/
Answer:
Student #2
4. The Remote Pilot Certification allows an operator to fly a small
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for work or business purposes
under Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 14 Part 107. The
drone must be 55 lbs or less and all operations must meet
regulations. Part 107 covers the regulations, operational
requirements, and procedures that must be followed in order to
be in compliance (Getting Started, 2019). Although the Remote
Pilot Certification allows an operator to fly a drone in the
airspace for business purposes, local regulations and flight
restrictions must be followed.
In 2016, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
relinquished its control over state laws when it comes to
Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). The FAA “acknowledges the
important role of state and local regulation” (New FAA drone,
2016) on UAS. With this ruling, municipalities have the ability
to pass and enforce local ordinances to regulate the use of the
airspace, unlike with manned aircraft. In 1958, President
Dwight D. Eisenhower passed the Federal Aviation Act, which
gives the federal government authority over the national
airspace, preventing local municipalities to create the same
restrictions on manned aircraft (A Brief History of the FAA,
2017).
Over the past decade, there has been significant growth
in the UAV industry. As a result, the FAA has passed
regulations and procedures that must be followed to operate the
aerial vehicles. Additionally, “The United States has witnessed
a growing trend of state and local drone-specific regulations
that extend beyond the guidelines and restrictions established
for non-recreational and recreational drone users by the Federal
Aviation Administration (FAA)” (Michel, 2017). These local
ordinances prohibit flying over someone else’s property, public
land, and the use of UAVs for surveillance. In many cases,
ordinances have been imposed due to drone accidents.
According to Michel (2017), “the adoption of these rules is
largely motivated by a sense that the FAA’s regulations are not
comprehensive and strict enough to prevent potential abuses of
5. the technology” (p. 3). The public perception of UAVs has
pushed for local ordinances to be created in order to prevent the
public’s safety and privacy.
In the case above, the penalty is legitimate. Although
all the proper channels were followed in order to obtain the
Remote Pilot Certification to fly the drone it is up to the
operator to fully comply with all the regulations in Part 107.
Title 14 CFR Subpart B 107.49, known as Preflight
familiarization, inspection, and actions for aircraft operation,
states:
Prior to flight, the remote pilot in command must: (a) Assess
the operating environment, considering risks to persons
and property in the immediate vicinity both on the surface and
in the air. This assessment must include: (2) Local
airspace and any flight restrictions (eCFR, n.d.)
Therefore it is the operator’s responsibility to know the local
ordinances in order to prevent such events from happening. As a
result, I would have accepted the penalty as legitimate. In the
future, following the PAVE checklist from the Aeronautical
decision-making (ADM) approach would be beneficial to the
pilot in preventing the situation from reoccurring. The PAVE
checklist is a useful tool that runs the pilot through four key
areas: pilot, aircraft, environment (including airspace), and
external pressures (FAA, 2016). By utilizing this preflight
checklist, the local airspace regulations would have been
checked, which would have prevented the scenario.
References
A Brief History of the FAA. (2017, January 4). Retrieved
from https://www.faa.gov/about/history/brief_history/Links to
an external site..
eCFR - Code of Federal Regulations. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=e331c2fe611df1717386d29eee38b000&mc=true&node
=pt14.2.107&rgn=div5#se14.2.107_147.Michel, Arthur H.
23. Operating Cash Flow
Current Maturities of Long-Term Debt and
Current Note Payable
Operating Cash Flow
Total Debt
Operating Cash
Operating Cash Flow Preferred Dividends
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Flow per Share
Diluted Weighted Average Common
Shares Outstanding
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Operating Cash Flows
Cash Dividends
Week 2 - Assignment: Assess the Components of Cash Flow
Statements
Research the development, components and the analyses of the
statement of cash flows. You will need to become very familiar
with the statement of cash flows and the components in order to
successfully respond to the questions listed below. Your
analysis of cash flow should address the following points:
1. Present and describe the components of the statement of cash
flows. Use illustrative numerical examples to clarify the
discussion.
2. Describe the two alternative methods to develop and present
the statement of cash flows.
3. Using one of the two methods, discuss how the different
components of the statement of cash flows either serve to
increase or decrease the cash account. Discuss what meaning
this can have for the analyst.
24. 4. Identify two Statements of cash flow for two different
companies. You might find these companies within the textbook
or more basically gather the information from the financial
statements of two known companies by looking through their
web sites (investor relations) Compare the two statements and
offer insight for which of the statements seems to represent a
stronger company. Discuss.
Support your paper with a minimum of five (5) external
resources In addition to these specified resources, other
appropriate scholarly resources, including older articles, may be
included.
Length: 5-7 pages not including title and reference pages
Your paper should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the
ideas and concepts presented in the course and provide new
thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your
response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA
standards.
