generalised overview of hazardous waste management including basic approach toward hazardous waste in india

1. Overview of Hazardous waste
Management
Submitted to : Miss JYOTI RANI
By : Karan Kr. Gulshan
M.Tech(ESEM) 2nd year

2. • “ Hazardous waste” means any waste by
reason of its
physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable,
• explosive or corrosive characteristics
• causes danger or is likely to cause danger to
health or environment, whether alone or when
in contact with other wastes or substances

3. Definition of Hazardous Wastes
In India, according to Hazardous waste Management & Handling
Rules (MOEF Notification dated 20th May 2003-Part 2).
 “Any substance, whether in solid, liquid or gaseous form, which has
no foreseeable use and which by reasons of any physical, chemical,
reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive, corrosive, radioactive or
infectious characteristics causes danger or is likely to cause danger
to health or environment, whether alone or when in contact with
other wastes or environment, and should be considered as such
when generated, handled, stored, transported, treated and
disposed of”.
The Basel Convention defines hazardous wastes as follows :
 "Wastes" are substances or objects which are disposed of or are
intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the
provisions of national law.

4. SOURCES:
 Inorganic &organic chemicals
 Petroleum refineries
 Iron & steel
 Non ferrous metals
 Leather tanning
 Metal finishing
 Pharmaceuticals
 Pesticides
 Paints and Dyes
 Fertilizers
 Asbestos
 Caustic soda
 Inorganic chemicals & general engineering

5. Regardless of concentration limit, classified as hazardous wastes
if the waste exhibits any of the following characteristics
E1 Flammable
• Flammable wastes with flash point 65.6 °C or below.
• Solid at STP capable of causing fire through friction,
moisture changes or spontaneous chemical changes
• Oxidizer
E2 Explosive
• Wastes which may explode under the effect of flame
heat and photochemical conditions.
• Any other waste of explosive materials included in the
Indian Explosive Act.
• Unstable
• Reactive with water
• Capable of detonation

6. E3 Corrosive
• Wastes which may be corrosive, by chemical
action will cause severe damage when in contact
with living tissue.
• pH < 2 or pH > 12.5
E4 Toxic
• Wastes containing or contaminated with
established toxic and or eco-toxic constituents.
• EPA definition
• Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity and Endocrine
disruptivity
• Wastes contaminated or containing established
carcinogens, mutagens and endocrine disruptors.

7. • Classification of Hazardous Wastes
• Wastes can be classified under the following categories:-
• Explosive
• Corrosive
• Oxidizing
• Flammable
• Infectious
• Irritant
• Toxic
• Toxic for reproduction
• Harmful
• Mutagenic
• Exotoxic
• Carcinogenic

8. Waste Generation Rates By Industry
Chemical Products Electronics
Petroleum & Coal Products Primary Metals
Transportation Equipment All Other Industries

9. 70%
25%
Inorganic Liquid Organic Liquid Sludge

10. INDIAN SCENARIO OF HW
• In India, there are 36,165 nos. of hazardous waste
generating industries, generating 62,32,507 Metric Tonnes
of hazardous wastes every year. The category-wise
classification of this quantity is as follows. • Land Fillable
HW – 27,28,326 MTA ( Metric Tonnes/Annum) •
Incinerable HW - 4,15,794 MTA • Recyclable HW -
30,88,387 MTA It is obvious that the recyclable portion of
HW is in the range of 49.55 % and is more than other two
categories. The land disposable portion and incinerable
portion are in the tune of 43.78 % and 6.67 % respectively.

11. • Gujarat, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh are the top
three HW generating States. The relative
contributions by these States are 28.76 %, 25.16 %
and 8.93 % respectively. Thereafter, Chhattisgarh
(4.74 %), Rajasthan (4.38 %), West Bengal (4.17 %)
and Tamil Nadu (4.15 %) are found as major
generators of HW. These seven States are together
generating 80.29 % of country’s total HW.

12. Rules & Conventions
 The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans boundary
Movement) Rules,2009,
 Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989
 The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans boundary
Movement) Rules,2003
 The Plastics(Manufacture, Usage and Waste Management) Rules,2009
 The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans boundary
Movement) Rules,2008
 The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001
 The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.
 The Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999
 Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary
Movement) Rules, 2016
 Basel Convention on Transboundary movement of hazardous wastes

13. Basel Convention
• Basel convention is an international environment
agreement on “control of trans boundary
movement and disposal of hazardous waste”
which was drafed on 22nd March, 1989.
• Basel BAN
On 31st Dec, 1997 a “total ban” on the trans
boundary movement was decided rather than
“control” or the “partial transboundary
movement” of hazardous waste from OECD
(Organisation for Economic Corporation and
Development) to non OECD.

14. • Basel Convention on the Control of
Transboundary Movement of Hazardous
Waste and their Disposal
• The convention is ratified by 35 countries, it
entered into force on 5th May, 1992. The main
principle of the convention is to regulate the
Transboundary movement of hazardous wastes
with prior informed consent of the importing
country and to ensure environmentally sound
management of hazardous wastes. The convention
seeks to prohibited the export of hazardous wastes
without the consent of the importing country.

15. RULES & REGULATIONS OF HW:
Aim at providing control
Specify the responsibilities
Regulations governing generators of HW
1.preparation for transport
2.manifest requirements
3.record keeping & reporting
Regulations governing transporters of HW
1.notification prior to transport
2.manifest requirements

16. TRANSPORTATION & STORAGE OF HW:
 The CRADLE TO GRAVE concept
HW generated at source requires movement
by trucks to further.
Requires serious care & attention while
moving
HW to be properly packed & labelled for
transport to ensure safe handling
Storage facilities are used to store waste
temporarily before treatment & disposal.

17. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY:
OBJECTIVES:
1. Waste minimization
2. Detoxification & neutralization of waste by
treatments
3. Destruction of combustible waste by
incineration
4. Solidification of sludge & ash from steps from
2 & 3
5. Disposal of residues in landfills.

18. 1.Waste minimization:
 helps in resource conservation, economic
efficiency & environmental protection.
The strategies include—
source reduction,
recycling and
waste exchange

19. 2. TREATMENT METHODS:
Physical
Chemical and
biological treament

20. Physical treatment :
• Involves variety of seperation techniques
• Whenever a waste containing liquid & solid
must be treated.
• Physical processes are
• Screening, sedimentation, centrifugation,
flotation, adsorption, stripping and RO.

21. Chemical treatment:
To make the complete breakdown of HW into
non toxic form and
To reduce the hazard of a particular waste
Chemical methods are ::
Neutralization, precipitation, oxidation and
reduction.

22. • Neutralization: carried out when the waste
contains excessive amount of acid or alkali.
• Chemical oxidation:used to destroy toxic cyanide
molecule with oxidising agents
• Reduction: used in the conversion of hexa valent
chromium into trivalent chromium before it can
be precipitated.
• Anodic electrolysis: used for the destruction of
cyanide in spent stripping & plating solutions.

23. Biological treatment:
Differnet types of microorganisms are used for
degradation of specific compounds of HW
Some microbes found in soil & sewage sludge
have been tested in the degradation of organic
chemicals
Tests have been conducted to degrade PCBs using
pseudomonas & flavo bacterium.
Psuedomonas bacteria – benzene, phenol ,cresol.

24. 3. INCINERATION:
 able to achieve 99.99% destruction & removal
efficiency of hazardous components in waste.
Primary products are CO2, vapour & ash
Sulphur bearing wastes gives off SO2, CO2, H2O
when incinerated.
By products of incomplete combustion are
sometimes more harmful.
Two types of incinerators: liquid injection system,
rotary kilns.

25. 4.Solidification or Stabilization:
Convert the waste into an insoluble,rock hard
material.
Additive materials used to reduce the mobility
of pollutants in the waste.
Certain materials like nickel cannot be
destroyed or detoxified by above methods.
The residues that are left out are solidified to
reduce the leachability.

26. Proposed Actions :
• (i) Inventory of hazardous waste generation
• Waste avoidance and waste minimization at source
• Reuse, recovery and recycling of hazardous waste
• E-waste recycling
• Safe disposal of hazardous waste
• Setting up of common Treatment, Storage and Disposal
Facilities: Currently, only 12 states have 25 operating
common hazardous waste Treatment, Storage and
Disposal Facilities (TSDFs)
• Interstate transportation of hazardous waste
• Strengthening the infrastructure of regulatory bodies

27. •Thank You