Niccolo Machiavelli Humanism

Niccolo Machiavelli Humanism
The man chosen for this paper will be no one than Niccolo Machiavelli. Machiavelli was a many
things during this life such as a politician, humanist, a writer, but most important he was the founder
of modern ideas on who we look at politics and day to day situations. Machiavelli was born May 3
1469 in Italy. He was born during a important era in Europe called the Renaissance era were art, and
humanism began to flourish. Machiavelli had other idea as giving in depth look how rulers and
states must take control of their people in order to maintain power. He would go on to write one of
the most important book still use today by many business, law schools, universities, politicians ,
rebels, and even criminals known as The Prince. Machiavellianism was a term to describe to be
immoral behavior and can be seen as a negative in cases. He laid out the blue print in The Prince for
future rulers and governments how he thought once have to act in other to be set part from being a
ruler to being a great ruler.
The book The Prince brought a different outlook on political stands but one of the most important
one is one about how it is better to be feared. In The Prince Machiavelli would go on to write," It is
better to be feared than loved, if you cannot be both". This quote can be looked at different ways but
he point comes off as be a strong ruler and show no compassion. Machiavelli would go on and even
give an example of Cesare Borgia. Borgia was the man who restores Romagna by being
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St. Boniface and Catholicism in Germany
Prior to the work of St. Boniface in central Germany from 716 to 754 A.D., the local Hessian and
Thuringian people worshiped pagan gods and honored living things essential to daily life, such as
the oak trees of the surrounding forests, which provided everything from building materials to nuts
for food. Though Christianity had been introduced to this area, the current practice was actually
heresy because people practiced a blend of Christian and pagan beliefs and rituals. St. Boniface not
only returned Catholicism to Germany, but kept heresy, the Church's main challenge during this time
period, out of central Germany. St. Boniface's goal was to expand the Catholic Church in Germany,
making certain that that the political authorities were firmly committed to Christianity. He went
further, and was not only Pope Gregory's missionary to Germany, but also purified the faith of the
people, removing the culturally ingrained practices of paganism. During this time period, some
Germans didn't fully understand Christianity, and although many in Upper Hesse converted, they
still practiced their old pagan rituals. St. Boniface built schools and seminaries in Upper Hesse. The
area fully converted to Catholicism thanks to the teachings of faithful priests and teachers who were
brought in by Boniface to teach the full truth of the Catholic Church without aspects of the old
pagan beliefs or rituals included. The eighth–century Germans used gods to explain the different
things in

John Paul Jones Quotes
John Paul Jones was born in the year of 1772 in Scotland. When John Paul Jones first started his
career when he was at the age of 13. When John Paul Jones reached the age of 21 he was a captain
of a ship sailing between West Indies and the British ports. When John Paul Jones joined the
continental navy during the American Revolution he had great success in international waters. While
John Paul Jones was the commander of a heavily armed vessel call the Bonhomme Richard, John
Paul Jones gave one of his famously known quotes saying "He had not yet begun the fight" During a
fight with a British warship called Serapis. John Paul Jones was born in Scotland and was an
apprentice to a merchant in 1761. When John Paul Jones was 13 he was set as a ship boy on a ship
called Friendship and the Friendship was sailing between Britain and Virginia and also the West
Indies. For the next 14 years John Paul Jones learned how to sell. When John Paul Jones reached the
age of 21 he was the captain of a merchantman sailing between the West Indies and the British ports.
On one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
John Paul Jones showed that he is a capable officer in action on the Alfred also on the sloop
Providence which he also commanded in 1776. During the next year congress sent John Paul James
to France as captain of the Ranger with orders for them to attack enemy commerce in British waters.
John Paul Jones greatest success while captaining the Ranger came in the month of April 1778 when
John Paul Jones sailed from Brest for the Irish sea to Whitehaven. This Amazing foray saw John
Paul Jones fail at his attempt to abduct the Earl of Selkirk who he meant to exchange for Americans
help up by the British but John Paul Jones captured the sloop of war Drake in a crazy

John Paul Jones Thesis
John Paul Jones was born July 6, 1747 in Scotland. At age Thirteen he apprenticed with a merchant
and went to sea. Over the next Fourteen years he was sailing on merchant ships. At the age of
Twenty–one he was a captain of a merchant ship. In 1769 he had whipped a man to death. He was
put in jail but later freed. In 1773 he had put down a mutiny and killed the ring leader in the process.
He fled to America to avoid trial. Jones was in Philadelphia soon after the Revolution began, visiting
a friend named Joseph Hewes. Hewes was a delegate for the continental congress. There he was
commissioned as a first lieutenant. He was sent to France on the Ship Alfred. The French sent Jones
to the Coast of Britain. He captained the ship Ranger and attacked

Giuliano della Rovere, aforementioned nephew of Sixtus IV...
Giuliano della Rovere, aforementioned nephew of Sixtus IV fled to France shortly after Alexander
VI's ascension to the papal throne. From there he slowly gained support on top of the influence and
wealth he already had in Rome. In 1503, he returned to the Vatican for the conclave that followed
Alexander VI's death. For the second time, his attempt at the papal seat failed when the cardinals
chose Cardinal Francesco Todeschini–Piccolomini, nephew of Pius II and a renowned man of virtue
as the new pontiff who then took the name of Pius III. The newly elected pope died twenty–six days
later. In this conclave, Giuliano finally succeeded in gathering enough votes for his claim of the
papal seat .
Most notably known as the Warrior Pope, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Large areas in Romagna had fallen outside the jurisdiction of the papacy or claimed by Venice after
Alexander VI's death. In 1508, the circumstances forced Julius II to create the League of Cambrai or
more melodramatically known as the Holy League, an anti–Venetian alliance between the papacy,
Louis XII, who then ruled Milan, Emperor Maximilian I, and Ferdinand II of Spain, who was king
of Naples. The league troops defeated Venice in May 1509 near Cremona, and the Papal States were
restored.
Although the League was initially successful, by 1510, King Louis XII was regarding Pope Julius II
as a greater threat than Venice. For that reason, France changed sides in the war and allied itself with
Venice. Not long after, Venice submitted to Julius II and allied itself with the papacy against France.
Following a year of fighting over the Romagna, during which the Veneto–Papal alliance was
repeatedly defeated, the Pope proclaimed a Holy League against the French in October of 1511. This
league rapidly grew to include England, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire.
In 1512, Julius II successfully drove French across the Alps, but it was at the cost of the occupation
of Northern Italy by other powers, and Julius II, though he had secured the papal authority in the
states immediately around Rome, was essentially as far as ever from realizing his dream of an

Consequences Of The European Age Of Exploration
The motives, attitudes, and consequences of the European age of exploration and conquest differed
from place to place across Europe, starting from the want for power, ending with many
consequences, both good and bad, and many mixed views and attitudes to exploration. The
European age of Exploration started for a large variety of reasons: to find a sea route to the spices of
Asia, to create and control a greater empire, to expand their knowledge of the world, to spread their
religion, and to find different precious metals and stones. A great majority of Europe was
encouraged by this age and supported the action of exploration. Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain are
a great example of being motivated by the idea of power. They wanted their country to grow and
become a bigger empire, which is supported by their promises to Christopher Columbus (Doc 1).
These promises encouraged Columbus to start exploring the world, and he eventually came across
the New World. Here his religious motivations moved him to try and convert any Indian natives to
Christianity and believed that for him to do this, he must trade with them in peace. However, this
peace did not last very long and ended in a large disagreements and hostility between the two (Doc
2). Another motivation of the Spanish was said by Queen Isabella, before her death when she said,
"Our principal intention, in soliciting from Pope Alexander VI the concession of the lands
discovered and to be discovered was to convert their peoples to our holy Catholic faith..."(Doc 4).
Her statement confirmed that her main motive for exploration was to spread her Catholic faith. This
motivation influenced the positive views of the common people. They viewed the New World as a
new start to their life and that it offers new opportunities to them (Doc 3). The different motivations
of exploration lead to different attitudes towards the action, some positive, thinking that exploration
was beneficial, and some negative, thinking that the treatment of the Native Americans were too
unfair. Bartolome de las Casas, an ex–conquistador, who converted to a monk, had different views
of the motives of the Spanish. He viewed Isabella and Ferdinand's motives as greedy and that the

St. Francis Of Assisi Essay
St. Francis of Assisi was born in Umbria in the year 1182. He was a child every father hoped for, he
was filled with life, a determined and courageous individual. He was gifted with rather good looks,
qualities that attracted friends and a gift of leadership. His father was an extremely wealthy
merchant in Assisi. But this son, his favourite, was the one who broke Peter Bernardone's heart. The
boy turned on his father, and in a vicious event that eventually resulted into a public scene. St.
Francis of Assisi stepped away from his father, his business and left his father in a state of immense
emotional suffering.
Francis joined the military at the age of 20. Prior to this date (1202), the favoured son showed his
parents that he would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now came the question that changed the course of Francis' life, and in many ways, the course of
human history. &quot;Why then are you seeking the servant instead of the master, the vassal
instead of the prince?&quot; the voice spoke again. Francis recognizing the voice as that of
Christ, suddenly grew weary of retreat. &quot;Lord, what will You have me do?&quot;
asked Francis. &quot;Return home, Your vision will have its spiritual fulfillment through
Me.&quot; replied the voice. Francis then returned to Assisi. Although the residents of Assisi
rejoiced at his return, Francis was known as their leader during the time, they soon sensed that
Francis had changed. Something was troubling him. The townspeople concluded that Francis had
fallen in love. Francis' companions would ask him who it was. Francis had to answer, but he couldn't
tell them that it was someone who he hardly knew or someone that he was slightly afraid. So he said
to his friends, &quot;I do dram of taking a wife, and she whom I shall marry is noble, so rich,
so fair and so wise, that not one of your has seen her like&quot;.
Francis tended to leave his house and journey to the many caves located in Assisi. A friend who saw
that Francis was involved in something even more deep than arrangements

Through Critical Analysis Of Pope Paul Vi’S Encyclical
Through critical analysis of Pope Paul VI's encyclical regarding artificial birth control, it is possible
to infer his views on Natural Law and God's Plan and then translate this to modern issues regarding
embryonic research. Because of his strong adherence to Catholic values, his approach to artificial
birth control as related to embryonic stem cell research would refuse to fully contemplate utilitarian
and deontological approaches to embryonic stem cell research. Thus, his views are incompatible
with a modernizing and secularizing society.
1970 marked the beginning of modern scientific research of embryonic stem cells. It was during this
year that physiologist Robert G. Edwards at the University of Cambridge first fertilized human ...
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In view of this fact, many believe that ontological individuality starts at this point, hence the embryo
can be used for research prior to this stage; up to 14 days of development" (Stem Cells – Ethical and
Religious Issues). At first, this 14 day rule posed few problems as researchers could not cultivate
embryos longer than six days, which marked the implantation of cells undergoing IVF. After day
six, embryos would die leaving scientists with no data recording embryonic growth during days
seven through fourteen. Scientists deduced that the embryos would die before the fourteen days due
to a lack of a nurturing environment, which they then proceeded to manufacture and utilize
throughout embryonic stem cell research during the first fourteen days. These advancements in stem
cell research prompted scientists to host the idea of extending the point at which stem cell research
is permissible as scientists discovered evidence that point towards this possibility. These
advancements also paved the way for discoveries such as SHEEFS, or "synthetic human entities
with embryolike features," which are artificial embryos that are not fertilized through traditional
biological fertilization. Although currently only a small conglomeration of cells, SHEEFS are seen
as the first steps towards what "may develop into far more complex

Reformation of the Church
In sixteenth century Europe, the revival for Roman Catholicism took place. This reformation in the
Church is significantly important as it was during these times when Europe was all but mired by
Protestant movements. This revival has often been referred to as the Catholic Counter–reformation,
as a response against the Protestant Reformation. Christian humanism found expression, putting
emphasis even on the pagan culture and philosophy. Controversies with the Protestants also gave
way to the revival of scholasticism, giving way to a reformed papacy with its emphasis on spiritual
life and service for the people. Such a papacy commanded respect from the Catholics as well as
affirmed the validity of the Church's teachings.
The Catholic Reformation was a rediscovery of the living Tradition. More than a counter–
reformation, it was a process of development, not so much as a defense against Protestantism. The
mission of such movement was not directed towards an enemy, but undertaken due to an
unwavering loyalty to God (Daniel–Rops, 1964) At the height of the Protestant Reformation,
religious dissatisfaction had culminated, prompting attacks against the Church. However, after less
than half a century, the fervor that came with the Reformation had subsided. The masses were
especially feeling, in a way, excluded, seeing the whole movement as esoteric (Simon, 1974).
During this time, reforming orders found their most characteristic expression, assuming
responsibility

St. Benedict Research Paper
"What dear brothers, is more delightful than the voice of the Lord calling to us?" ~ Saint Benedict.
Benedict was born on March 2, 480 in Norcia, Italy. As a child, Benedict attended primary school in
his hometown. However, he then traveled to Rome to continue his studies in literature and law.
Appalled by Rome's political issues, Benedict decided to leave the city and reside with a group of
priests. In the ministry, he preformed his first miracle. Benedict restored a broken wheat sifter to its
perfect condition. Astonished by his actions, Benedict set out to dwell in a cave isolated from
society. Consumed by desolation, Benedict's only contact with the outside world was a fellow monk
named Romanus. He bestowed Benedict with basic necessities ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Since he was a youth, Benedict tried to spread the catholic faith. St. Benedict is a great example of
patience and perseverance. Even after multiple failed attempts, Benedict continued his pursuit in
spreading God's love. God thanked him by saving his life on two separate occasions. The first time,
a group of monks tried to kill him because they believed his method of teaching was too strict. They
poisoned the chalice of wine, but when Benedict blessed the cup, it shattered. In the second attempt
of murder the monks poisoned his bread. However, before he could eat it a raven filched it. Despite
the attempted murder, Benedict always managed a way to battle through the difficulties. Another
highly respected trait that Benedict acquired was his ability to deny the devil. In one incident, satan
tested his chastity with the image of a beautiful woman. To prevent himself from sin, Benedict dived
into a bush of thorns. It is said that the wound on his body healed the wounds on his soul. In a world
of pagans, St. Benedict aspired to free people from satan's evil. He traveled throughout Europe
evangelizing to those who worshiped the devil. This was a very treacherous risk, but the saint was
fearless. In addition to evangelizing, St. Benedict preformed many miracles. Benedict brought a
child back to life. He found water on an arid hilltop to feed his fellow monks. He gave a student the
ability to walk on water in order to

Baroque Religion
The Church also used Baroque music to counter the spread of Protestantism. Baroque music
intended to lift the soul towards God and Heaven with its grandeur. Baroque music was also used for
a greater reason: communication. Music has the power to convey to people powerful emotions,
whether good or bad (About the Baroque Period). One time, Sieur Claudin Le Jeune, a musician,
sang an air, a song, and "that when this air was rehearsed at a private concert it caused a gentleman
there to put hand to arms and begin swearing out loud, so that it seemed impossible to prevent him
from attacking someone: whereupon Claudin began singing another air...which rendered the
gentleman as calm as before" (Ibid) (Glossary of Musical Terms). Evidently, emotions are ... Show
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Baroque art and paintings were meant to teach people, to educate them about the Catholic Faith
(Schroeder). Paintings depicted saints and stories from the Bible. The Baroque style, furthermore,
was filled with many colors and drastic light differences that caught the eye and appealed to the
senses (Baroque Art). Furthermore, dramatic Baroque painting, such as a crucifixion picture, could
have had great effects on people and cause great emotions to rise in people (Fiero). These emotions
could lead to a greater devotion to our Lord, Mary, or a saint. Also, these painting and sculptures,
with their magnificence and splendor, aided in meditation and prayer. Baroque style focused on the
moment, what was happening at that specific second; this would also have had helped the faithful in
their contemplation or meditation (Baroque Art). Baroque art, therefore, could also be used to
deepen faith and piety. The architecture of the Baroque, for example churches, was styled with huge,
magnificent buildings and great arches (Fiero). These buildings and arches reminded the soul about
the greatness of God, and they pointed people towards Heaven when the people looked up.
Churches were adorned with spectacular paintings and sculptures, which reminded people about
how beautiful God is. On a much smaller scale, the art and architecture might have drawn some
people to the Church because of the beauty of the art and churches. The Catholic Church wielded
the Baroque style with great vigor and force to combat

Don 't Be So High And Mighty
Paul grimaced as he took another swig from his tin cup, and stared down at forlornly as he struggled
to swallow. "Dear Lord," he pronounced, "what was in that river?" William didn't answer at first, but
he smiled as he poked the fire. "It's just the Hudson." "Ay," said Peter, "Nothing but the blood of
Tories." "Don't act like you're some kind hardened soldier," snapped Paul. "By the time you joined,
the Treaty of Paris was nearly ratified, and the war over." William laughed. "Don't be so high and
mighty, Paul; you once boasted that John Paul Jones was your cousin." William took on a mocking
voice. "Oh, you say you're a fisherman? Well, my cousin John Paul once fished for Redcoats.
Because he's the John Paul Jones! He sank the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The French did more than I did. And they're the French!" Then Peter looked back at Paul, who was
picking at his hardtack. "What did you do?" Peter prodded. Paul glanced up at them. "I was in the
West. Bloody thing, that was. You know who Joseph Brant was?" William nodded, but Peter
frowned. "Not particularly, no." "He was a Native American chief, see. They were all with the
British. So we were fighting them and the Redcoats out there. I was a great sharp–shooter, so I was
always hanging out in trees, picking off scouts and officers. I was with George Rogers Clark at
Vincennes, you know." "You shot officers?" Peter said, incredulous. Paul nodded grimly. William
looked at Paul, who was settling into melancholy, and quickly stood up. "It's very late," he said.
"And I don't know about you, but I want to make it to Philadelphia sometime in the next year. So
let's go to sleep and get up early in the morning. Sound good?" His companions nodded, if
somewhat vaguely, and they all nestled into their bedrolls for the night. In the morning, the quickly
broke camp and began to head west, settling, rather subconscious, into a march. It did not take long
for William and Peter to begin to chatter. They talked about everything, from why they were going
to Philadelphia to their favorite food back at home. William discussed buttery cornbread at great
length, while Peter mourned the lack of fresh shellfish. At one point, William convinced Paul to give
them

The Crusades Essay
In 1095, at the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II began a striking expedition to Jerusalem in order
to release the city from Muslim control. His moving campaign and the promise of an immense
reward was inspirational to the many willing participants. One must essentially understand that the
leaders of these crusades connected almost every accomplishment to the works of God, and felt a
huge moral obligation to take back what once belonged to Him. The extent of the crusades shows
the deep devotion that most of Western Europe had towards Christianity and the desire to rid the
world of unnecessary evils.
During the Middle Ages, heresy was one of the prime issues that affected the solidarity of the
Church. In order to maintain the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The general consensus of the Western European societies classified their enemies as anyone who
differed even slightly from the Catholic beliefs. Their society appears to be a very strict and
conformal atmosphere in which autonomy did not play much of a role. As such, in regards to the
sentencing of the Count of Toulouse the writings on the crusades contain much information that
points to the choice of conversion or condemnation. Eternal damnation was believed to be the result
of a person who did not show repentance or debarred heresy, and shows no devotion to the cause of
reconciliation.
Even though the principal language used throughout the crusades was Latin, the context of it was
used in a multitude of ways. The broad applicability of Latin was used because it was the official
language of the Roman church. The Church was the main source of education and therefore created
a web of writings, textbooks, and biblical translations which allowed much of Europe and Asia
Minor to understand the message of Western Christianity. The direct meaning of the word crusade
was "taking the cross" though this period was not named as such until later in the sixteenth century.
The soldiers of the Crusades apperceived that the idea of taking one's cross meant to follow Christ,
which allowed for such substantial influence

Liberation Theology Essay
Jeremy Partin I. Title Page II. Thesis Page III. Introduction Liberation theology in Latin America
was first introduced in the late 1960's, although it became famous after the writing of Gustavo
Gutierrez. The roots of liberation theology can be traced back to Europe because Catholic priests
were sent there to go to school. It was there where they became radicalized and sent back to Latin
America. This radicalization led many to start thinking differently, including Gutierrez. He and
others wanted to be independent from the usual European Catholic style. They wanted to create their
own theology for their culture. They believed that they should have their own institution to teach
their own beliefs to their own people. With these new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was a way of thinking and interpreting the bible. However it ended up being more than that. It
analyzed history from different perspectives and acknowledged Marxism thoughts. (V.A.1) One
main purpose of liberation theology was to help the poor. Gustavo Gutierrez coined the term
liberation theology, and is considered to be the father of it to most people. He believed praxis was
the starting point. Theology was the second stage. This was basically a practice of theory. Praxis
involved taking action for the poor and the oppressed. The start of this new was caused from various
reasons. One reason was that all bishops were sent to Europe to be educated. When they came back,
they would be radicalized. Latin Americans wanted their own schooling for priests. They didn't want
European ideas; they wanted their ideas from their culture. Another big problem was poverty and
human rights. Most Latin Americans were poverty stricken. Most countries in Latin America didn't
have any human rights. Therefore one their main focuses was social injustice. (V.A.1) During their
time period, many theologians were criticized or harassed. For example, there were fifteen attempts
to assassinate Dom Helder Camera, who was a significant figure in liberation theology. Many were
threatened. Some were arrested, tortured, or killed. While there were others who just disappeared.
However they still practiced their beliefs and spread their ideas. (V.B.2) One problem with

Cause And Effects Of The Flopped Crusades
The Flopped Crusade The Crusaders were created by Pope Innocent III in 1889. The Crusaders
fought against Christian blood, just to have more money. The Crusaders were not even in it for
religious purposes. The Crusaders failed to support enough troops, and made a decision to either
stick with the Christians, their own religion, or to ditch their religion and all of its beliefs. In the end,
Alexius III, the person who was going to give the Crusaders the money, did not have any and the
Crusaders ended up not getting any money, but sacking Constantinople. The fourth Crusade was one
of the most unsuccessful events in history. The Crusaders made lots of wrong choices. According to
catholic.com, "They did not have the money to pay the Venetians" and "Dandolo's offer proved
problematic, as Zara was controlled by King Emeric of Hungary, who had previously taken the
Cross; therefore, his lands were protected by the Church, and attacking a Crusader's land resulted in
excommunication" (Weidenkopf). The Crusaders chose to be excommunicated over being Christian
with a debt they had to pay off and were acting like peasants. They would take any deal they saw
and thought that the dealers would not scam or rip them off. They were little pawns for the dealer to
mess with. They were not even given the money in the end. The Crusaders were just manipulated
the Crusaders to do the dirty work for Dandolo. Another wrong choice they made was disobeying
the letters from the pope. According to

Cathar Heresy
The ideological impetus behind this mechanism, specifically the push to centralize and regiment the
prosecutorial process, derived from the reformist popes fighting to establish papal supremacy. To be
clear, the papal reform movement did not start the process of persecuting heresy; some of
Christianity's first leaders, such as the second–century bishop Irenaeus of Lyons, wrote about heresy
and how to combat it. Furthermore, prosecutorial episodes occurred before the election of the first
reformist pope, Leo IX, in 1049. One of the most famous examples occurred in the French city of
Orléans in 1022 when a number of high–ranking members of the clergy and nobility were accused
of harboring dualist beliefs and venerating the Devil. In turn, the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
At the Third Lateran Council in 1179, Alexander III condemned the growing heretical movements of
the era, and, in the twenty–seventh canon, explicitly threatened the Cathars with force. Following
Alexander III, Pope Lucius III began to officially coordinate prosecutorial procedures by outlining
the responsibilities of bishops and secular authorities in his papal pull, Ad abolendam. Pope
Innocent III continued to search for ways to suppress Catharism after his election in 1198. He
redoubled conversion efforts by commissioning a Cistercian mission to the region. Additionally, he
further developed the legal mechanisms to prosecute heresy after issuing the Vergentis in senium in
1199. The papal decree listed out the consequences of following heretical beliefs: confiscation of
property and revocation of titles, to name a few. Nevertheless, like his predecessors, Innocent III
failed to dismantle the Cathar Church through nonviolent means. In 1207, channeling the rhetorical
powers first used by Urban II, Innocent III announced the Albigensian Crusade by promising "an
indulgence of the remission of sins" to those who went on crusade against the

The Importance And Influence Of The Romanesque Era
Taking a journey through the historical time line of the past, it is clear to see that change occurs.
Some periods illustrate more change than others, some of them are of greater influence than the
period before it, and then there are those that are not only influential from an art perspective, but
also from the perspective of the styles ability to spread across a whole region. A period that
specifically displayed this capability was the Romanesque era. The Romanesque era was a period in
time which was actually not based on the premise of geographical location or political stance, but
more on the premise of the artistry and architectural design during that time (Kleiner, 2014). It is
suggested that the influence of the Romanesque artistic styles was largely due to the volume of
pilgrimages that were taking place in search of sacred cover and the outcome of the crusades during
this time (Petzold, 2017). This era did not only provide one influential style across the region, but
many such as, church architecture, architectural structures, sculptures, paintings, and decorations; all
of which can be considered Romanesque art (Kleiner, 2014). Of the Romanesque era, each piece of
art even from different countries of origin were affected by the economy, politics, and religious
influence or concern, yet regardless each had a unique presence that represented the Romanesque
period. One of the potential biggest influences over the Romanesque period and its style was largely
due to the

Twentieth Century And Vatican II Essay
TWENTIETH CENTURY AND VATICAN II The twentieth century was a witness to a new social
organization of the state and the rising of totalitarian regimes, which represented a threat to the
principles of the individual that the Church defended. Popes Pius XI and Pius XII defended the
rights of each person in their statements. These notions signified also a development in the idea of
religious freedom. However, it would be Pope John XXIII and the Second Vatican Council who
would affirm clearly the stance of the Church on this issue. The totalitarian states claimed an ethical
state that would be free from any kind of relationship with religions. Thus, religion became only a
private practice in some European states. Meanwhile, the Catholic Church continued to demand a
thesis/hypothesis kind of relationship with the states, which was in place since the nineteenth
century. Herminio Rico S.J. explains in his book John Paul II and the Legacy of Dignitatis Humanae
that the thesis principle was that the Catholic Church was the true religion and as true religion, only
she should be allowed to have public worship. In addition, the state should have the Church as the
official religion and any other religions should be forbidden of worshiping in public to prevent the
faithful to fall in error. Rico goes ahead to explain that the hypothesis was that exceptions to the
thesis should be made in those places where the public order or severe animosity against the Church
interfered with the ideal

More Than Mere Trifles
During the Middle Ages, the English church's suggestions were spoken by God's own voice. The
Church encouraged pilgrimages to various holy places, or shrines, to search for spiritual
enlightenment and penitence from sin. This ideology says that if one were to pray at a shrine, one
could be forgiven of one's sins, thus increasing the chance of going to Heaven after an earthly death.
Those suffering from a plethora of aliments and other illnesses might also make a pilgrimage in the
hope of being healed of it. For whatever their reason, pilgrims made their way to the various shrines;
they were influenced, in part, by furthering their faith through religious relics. Pilgrims sought out
relics and saw these pieces of material as much more than ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
"His wallet lay before him on his lap, / Brimful of pardons come from Rome, all hot," says Chaucer
in The Canterbury Tales. "The Pardoner's Tale" goes on to say that he even demonstrates the
audacity to sell mock relics to "poor up–country parsons," who happen to be clergymen. The
Pardoner prays on people's need for a belief in God, a heaven, atonement, forgiveness––a belief in
something, anything. The Pardoner feeds off others' insecurities and grows stronger in his businesses
practice through the mockery of religious pilgrimages. Because of the popularity of pilgrimages,
King Henry VIII made an inquiry about the nature of pilgrimages in 1535. Once Henry read the
dispositions made by his research team, the king made the decision to close over 300 monasteries
across the land. Among the results of this decision was the selling of the land formerly held by the
monasteries to smaller farmers. This effect of King Henry VIII's choice made the decision a popular
one among his constituency. Shortly after Henry's curiosity about the pilgrimages began, he focused
particularly on religious shrines throughout England. Until that point, many flocked to religious
shrines for the reason of religious fulfillment. Pilgrims who were financially well off more often
than not gave expensive jewels and ornaments as recompense to the

Comparison Of Pessimism In 'Know The Ways Of The Lord'?
Medieval religious literature served to teach and instruct followers of the ways of religion,
specifically Christianity, through vivid imagery. Three texts that support this idea are Hildegard of
Bingen's "Know the Ways of the Lord", Pope Innocent III's "On the Misery of the Human
Condition," and "Everyman." Although these texts represent the same idea, there are two surprising
differences between them. The first being between "Know the Ways of the Lord" and "Everyman",
which shows the different interventions of God. The second surprising difference is the optimism of
"Know the Ways of the Lord" and the contrasting pessimism of "On the Misery of the Human
Condition." "Know the Ways of the Lord" and "Everyman" are two texts which both ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A surprising difference between these two texts is the tone and message. These two passages have
differing messages regarding life and death. During this time, texts usually instill the idea of fearing
God, which is contrary to the passage written by Hildegard of Bingen. "Know the Ways of the Lord"
gives an optimistic tone, unlike "On the Misery of the Human Condition" which displays more
pessimism. The optimism of Bingen's writing is displayed through the quote, "It happened in the
year 1141 of the Incarnation of the Son of God, Jesus Christ, when I was forty–two years and seven
months old, that a fiery light of the greatest radiance coming from the open heavens flooded through
my brain. It kindled my whole breast like a flame that does not scorch but warms in the same way
the sun warms anything on which it sheds its rays" (Know the Ways of the Lord lines 21–26). The
use of phrases such as "a flame that does not scorch but warms" show the use of a less god–fearing
tone and a greater closeness with God. On the other hand, Pope Innocent III writes, "In life, he
produced lice and tapeworms; in death, he will produce worms and flies. In life he produced dung
and vomit; in death, he produces rottenness and stench" (Innocent lines 28–30). Pope Innocent III
demonstrates the negative connotation of the death and decay of humans. Both texts convey similar
messages while using different descriptors, one which instills optimism from the

Malebolge : 10 Pouches Of Evil In Dante And Dante
In Canto 18, Dante and Virgil enter into the eighth circle of the fraudulent. This is the place in hell
known as Malebolge which contains 10 "pouches of evil (line 2)." The sinners at the bottom of the
first ditch are all nude, running in different directions. At each end, " horned devils" whip the sinners
backs. Amongst the crowd Dante recognizes Venedico Caccianemico and wonders how he ended up
in here. Venedico admits that he forced his sister Ghisolabella to " the bed of the Marchese (line
56)." A demon whips Venedico and Dante returns to Virgils side. Virgil points out a sinner named
Jason who was punished for fooling Hypsipyle and Medea. They cross the bridge to the second
trench. The bottom of the trench is so hallow that they "had no vantage point to see a soul." Dante
stares at Alessio Interminli from Lucca who has been punished because he was a flatterer. Before
they exit, they come upon Thais who " claws herself with shit beneath her nails (line 131)," she
compares her sexual encounters as miraculous. Dante and Virgil enter the third ditch of Malebolge
where those who have profited from religious icons or institutions, known as simonists. They are
punishment is having their feet and legs stuck in holes. Instead of pitying them, Dante seems
satisfied with their punishment. Dante sets his eyes on a sinner who seems to have been burned
more than the rest. The sinner is Pope Nicholas III and Dante feels like "a friar who hears the sins of
a faithless assassin (line

Essay on Fourth Crusade
Role of the Papacy in the 4th Crusade
The fourth Crusade was one of the most astonishing turn of events during the Middle Ages. Each
Crusade was called for one purpose, to reconquer the Holy Land from the Muslims. With that in
mind, the fourth Crusade was disaster, not only failing to get anywhere near Jerusalem but then to
attack and conquer two Christian cities, which had been unprecedented to this time. When
discussing these points in history, it is important to discuss how such events came to be, and whilst
the sacking of Zara and Constantinople are not in question, what is in question is how much of a role
did Pope Innocent III did play in the 4th Crusade? Was he the mastermind, or was control of the 4th
Crusade taken from him? This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Crusaders, led by Boniface Montferrat, were unable to pay the money demanded from the
Venetians for the fleet they were constructing, so Doge Enrico Dandolo compromised and decided
that payment would be postponed in return for the capture of Zara, a rival city located on the coast
of Dalmatia. Although the Crusaders weren't particularly fond of the idea of being in debt, the
knights felt honour–bound to agree to the terms to get the Crusade on track and in motion, despite
being forced to attack a Christian city.
A fleet of over 200 ships set out in October 1202 and arrived to the city in less than a month, at
which point the city fell in five days and surrendered in less than two weeks. Even though Zara was
a Christian city, the Crusaders still pillaged the city, and to the outcry of Pope Innocent,
excommunicated those that had taken part in the ransacking. The Pope's anger, and very hard stance
on any Crusader that was a part of the pillage suggests that the Pope was not informed and aware of
the decision to attack the Christian city.
With the city of Zara safely in their hands, the Crusaders began to take stock of their provisions, and
soon found that the although they receieved adequate amounts of food and supplies, it would not be
enough to journey to Egypt as planned. Nobody expected the Fourth Crusade to be in such a
financial state, and were soon faced with a difficult decision, to return home, or to continue to
Constantinople. Eventually they come to

John Paul II Research Paper
John Paul II On May 18, 1920, in a small Polish town just outside of Wadowice, a child was born to
Karol Wojtyla (1879–1941, and Emilia Kaczorosks (1884–1929). His name was Karol Jozef
Wojtyla. Little did his parents know that one day their child was destined not only to become a priest
and a bishop, but the 264th pope of the Roman Catholic Church, and only the second non–Italian
pope.
Emilia, a schoolteacher, died in childbirth. Wojtyla was nine years old and the youngest of three
children. This was just the beginning of a life of crosses. His oldest sister, Olga, died before he was
born. His brother, Edmund, who he was very close with and who had a huge impact on him, was a
physician and died of scarlet fever. Wojtyla was twelve ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wojtyla had a jovial and likable personality; thus, he quickly became popular with many students
who were magnetically drawn to his teaching style. It was his infectious natural charisma that led
some students to form a prayer/philosophical group led by Wojtyla to help the poor and needy. The
group, Rodzinka, started with just 20 people, but quickly grew to over 200 people. By 1953,
Wojtyla's thesis at Jagiellonian University was approved and he was awarded his second Doctorate
in Sacred Theology (STD). On July 4, 1958 Wojtyla was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Krakow. It
was then that he recalled Padre Pio's remark regarding the "highest post in the church" and knew
intuitively that he would someday become pope. On September 28, 1958, Wojtyla was officially
ordained bishop of Ombi. He was just 38 years old and the youngest priest in Poland to be ordained
bishop. In October 1962, Wojtyla was one of many bishops to participate in the Second Vatican
Council. Due to his great speaking skills, he was chosen to make a presentation. Wojtyla addressed
relations and conflicts between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern world. Two points of
focus were: 1) the Decree on Religious Freedom, and 2) the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in
the Modern World. On January 13, 1964, Wojtyla was appointed Archbishop of Krakow by Pope
Paul VI. Roughly, three years later on June 26, 1967, Wojtyla was promoted to the Sacred College
of Cardinals as

Compare And Contrast William The Conqueror And Charlemagne
Throughout the course of different eras in our history many great, powerful, and memorable
conquerors have left their heritage. The years that spanned from 500–1500 known as the Middle
Ages, or the medieval period, were the Age of Discovery. Were it took a shift from old–fashioned to
modern. In the course of such years, forces such as the Church and state rose and fell. Societies
slowly emerged, having strong rulers as allies. It is true, though, that all of these "rulers" were
peculiarly different. Still, the reign of William the Conqueror and Charlemagne left a memory of
fierce, strong, and victorious monarchs. The ruling of both of these leaders were very different in the
role of faith and development in learning and knowledge. Yet their success can also be seen in their
leading abilities and great military accomplishments when trying to protect their territories, expand
their land and establish ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Charlemagne, was a man influenced in learning and education, in fact William the Conqueror made
alterations to the English language dictionary. He incorporated various words from other languages
such as French. Yet, stronger in education, Charlemagne was surrounded by scholars from different
areas and he opened a palace school where he recruited the best teachers. Adding to this, both
conquerors, incorporated religion in their skills of conquering. This means, faith was an important
element on how they ruled and their actions. However, Charlemagne and William indeed were very
different. In fact, Charlemagne's rule was maintained by the strength of his personality, meaning a
unified royal authority came first. While William the Conqueror was desperate on winning more
lands and was brutal on battles, Charlemagne focused his reign on education and

The Great Schism of 1054 that occurred in the Catholic...
The Great Schism of 1054 that occurred in the Catholic Church has left a once united people
separated because of conflict. These issues that tore them apart are still true today and the relations
between Catholics and Orthodox Christians has yet to be repaired.
The Eastern Schism was a result of many problems but it was largely a struggle between two main
churches; the Western Church located in Rome, and the Eastern Church that was centered in
Constantinople. Barbarian invaders, who were on a mission to recapture their lands, were a main
influence on the separation of the Roman Empire of the time. When Diocletian named two Capitals
to his empire, Rome and Constantinople, it made communication very difficult and inadvertently led
to a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Pope supported Ignatius over Photius and because of this he became outraged with the Latin
Church. He condemned Western theology and practice. His biggest issue was the Western Church's
addition of the phrase "and from the Son" (filioque) to the Nicene Creed (Pennock 113). The Eastern
Church was completely against this phrase and object that the Holy Spirit came through the Son, not
from the Son. A conclusive split occurred when in the 11th century when Popes began to assert their
authority over the whole Church under German emperors. This gave rise to a figure by the name of
Michael Cerularius who preached a strong and violent anti–Latin attitude. He like others before him
were angered by the filoque (and from the Son) clause that was added to the Nicene Creed.
Additionally, he was extremely opposed to the Western tradition of clerical celibacy (priest allowed
to be married after ordination) and the unleavened bread used for Eucharist. He took it to the extent
of closing all Latin Churches in Constantinople and excommunicating any priest that gave mass in
Latin. This was the final straw in the rift between the East and the West (Latin vs. Greek). This
effectively marks the split between the two sides.
A positive relationship between the two Christian groups has not been restored though there have
been efforts to do so. IN the years shortly after the schism, there were attempts to restore a
connection through councils such as the Second Council of Lyons

Mother Teresa Essay examples
Mother Teresa was born Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu in Skopje, Macedonia, on August 27, 1910. Her
family was of Albanian descent. At the age of twelve, she felt strongly the call of God. She knew she
had to be a missionary to spread the love of Christ. At the age of eighteen she left her parental home
in Skopje and joined the Sisters of Loreto, an Irish community of nuns with missions in India. After
a few months' training in Dublin she was sent to India, where on May 24, 1931, she took her initial
vows as a nun. From 1931 to 1948 Mother Teresa taught at St. Mary's High School in Calcutta, but
the suffering and poverty she glimpsed outside the convent walls made such a deep impression on
her that in 1948 she received permission from her ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1979 the Contemplative branch of the Brothers was added, and in 1984 the Priest branch was
established.
The Society of Missionaries has spread all over the world, including the former Soviet Union and
Eastern European countries. They provide effective help to the poorest of the poor in a number of
countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and they undertake relief work in the wake of natural
catastrophes such as floods, epidemics, and famine, and for refugees. The order also has houses in
North America, Europe and Australia, where they take care of the shut–ins, alcoholics, homeless,
and AIDS sufferers.
The Missionaries of Charity throughout the world are aided and assisted by Co–Workers who
became an official International Association on March 29, 1969. By the 1990s there were over one
million Co–Workers in more than 40 countries. Along with the Co–Workers, the lay Missionaries of
Charity try to follow Mother Teresa's spirit and charism in their families.
Mother Teresa's work has been recognised and acclaimed throughout the world and she has received
a number of awards and distinctions, including the Pope John XXIII Peace Prize (1971) and the
Nehru Prize for her promotion of international peace and understanding (1972). She also received
the Balzan Prize (1979) and the Templeton and Magsaysay awards.
From Nobel Lectures, Peace 1971–1980, Editor–in–Charge Tore Frängsmyr, Editor Irwin Abrams,
World Scientific

Francis And Al-Kamil
Francis and al–Kamil shared stories of faith with one another. They met regularly and discussed
matters of faith. Although the two did not share the exact same beliefs, they grew a profound respect
for one another. When Francis left to return home, al–Kamil presented him with a trumpet made of
ivory.
By 1220, the order numbered five thousand friars and needed to be governed more cogently. Francis
could no longer handle the duties of overseeing so many people, so Pope Honorius III required him
to bring more organization to the order. At this time, Francis appointed Peter of Catanii as minister
general to oversee the order. Within a year, Francis wrote a more formal letter to govern the order.
Over the next few years, he would debate and revise the rule. In 1223, Pope Honorius III approved
the Third Order.
The Beginning of the End
Over the next few years, his health would continue to deteriorate. He contracted a form of leprosy
and was mostly blind. He returned to San Domiano and was placed under the care of Clare and the
sisters. He asked to be taken back to Portiuncula. It is there that he dies and is buried in 1226.
A year after his death, Francis' friend, Cardinal Ugolino, became the pope. "In enrolling ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Francis usually winced at the lepers, but a recent moment of interaction with God allowed him to
view them in a new light. He dismounted himself from the horse, gave the leprous man a coin, and
kissed him on the hand. The leprous man accepted his kiss of peace. Francis remounted and
continued along the way. After a few days, he moved to a hospice of lepers. He brought with him a
large sum of money. One day, he called all of the lepers together, kissed the hand of each, and gave
them offerings. Francis' ministry to the lepers still instructs us on how to treat people with dignity
and look past social norms to truly see people for who they are,

The Catholic Church's View on Contraception Essay
Contraception is the deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation by various drugs,
techniques, or devices – also more famously known as birth control. This research paper will
examine the views of both the Catholic Church and the view that opposes the Catholic Church on
this practice. Each view will be examined thoroughly with the reasoning behind each unique view.
The Catholic Church's view on contraception is simple. They believe that any act of sex must be
both unitive and procreative Birth control, by any means or techniques will halt the procreative
process and over time diminish the unity created by sex (Catechism). During the 1960s there was a
major boom in contraceptives; The Pill had just been created. It is at this point ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
He said that before sex there must be some responsibility and outlook on the future welfare of the
unborn child. The method that Pope John Paul II was referring to is called period continence, also
known as "natural family planning" (Natural Family Planing). Natural family planning is a means of
birth control through sex during infertile periods. According to the Catechism of the Catholic
Church, this is within the criteria of objective morality because it "respects the body of the spouses,
encourages tenderness between them, and promotes an authentic freedom" (Catechism, 2370).
In terms of the Catholic Church's point of view on certain subjects, their view on contraceptives is
the most dissented. Out of the 63 million women in the children bearing age (15–43) within the US,
43 million are both sexually active and do not want to have a child. Out of these 43 million, 89% use
contraceptives. The most common forms of birth control include the pill (or "day after pill"), tubal
sterilization, the male condom, and vasectomy (Facts on Contraception). A survey in 1998 taken by
"Catholics for free choice" claimed that 96% of catholic women had used contraceptives at some
point in their lives and that 72% of Catholics believed that one could remain a good catholic without
obeying the Catholic teaching of birth control (Catholics free choice). Out of the 24% of Americans
that are identified as Catholic, only 1.5% of those that are

Pope Benedict XVI Biography Essay
Pope Benedict XVI:
A Life and Papacy Revealed
On April 19, 2005 Joseph Alois Ratzinger was elected as successor to the beloved Pope John Paul II.
He was formally enthroned during the papal inauguration Mass on April 24, 2005 and chose the
name of Pope Benedict XVI (Wiki P. Ben XVI bio). Elected at the age of 78 Pope Benedict XVI
was the oldest to be elected Pope since Clement XII in 1730 (Wiki P. Ben XVI bio). Pope Benedict
is only the eight German Pope to be elected into office the last being Adrian VI (1522–1523) (Wiki
P. Ben XVI bio).
His Early Life
Joseph Alois Ratzinger was born on Holy Saturday April 16, 1927 at his parents' home in Marktl am
Inn, Germany (Ewtn P. Ben XVI ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ben XVI bio). While Hungary was occupied by the Red Army, Ratzinger was put into work setting
up tank traps near the borders of Czechoslovakia. (Time 43). This is where he recalled in a 1993
interview with Time Magazine that he saw Hungarian Jews being shipped to their death. After being
a witness to such horrifc acts he deserted his duties in the military and did some time in an American
P.O.W camp and made his way back home (Time 43). Many supporters of Pope Benedict feel that
his involvement in the Nazi military actually strengthened his religious faith. Lucy Difilippo a
religious teacher at O.L.A parish stated " I feel very comfortable having a newly elected Pope who
had such experiences ... I believe that it gives him a better understanding of similar current events
which in the long run will help him to make the right decisions."
Education & Early Church Teachings
After he returned home from his military duties in 1945, he and his brother Georg entered into the
Catholic seminary of Freising (Locker P. Ben XVI edu). They both decided to study at the
Herzogliches Georgianum of the Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich (Locker P. Ben XVI
edu). On June 29 1951, both Joseph and his brother were ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal
Faulhaber, in the Cathedral in Freising (Ewtn P. Ben XVI bio.).
Continuing his theological studies at the University of Munich, he was able to receive

The Fourth Crusade : The Failure Of The Crusade
According to Allen and Amt, a crusade "in its strictest sense, was a holy war called by the medieval
papacy with the aim of gaining the Holy Land and, in particular, the city of Jerusalem." This
definition states that the goal of a crusade was to conquer a Holy Land. If that is the goal then in
order to partake in a successful crusade one must fulfill that mission. In the case of the Fourth
Crusade, which took place from 1202–1204, regaining control of Jerusalem was the objective at
hand. The proclamation of a Fourth Crusade came from Pope Innocent III in 1198 when he became
"determined to restore Christian control over the Holy Land." The envoys even delivered a message
to the Doge saying that they "have taken the sign of the cross to avenge the shame done to Jesus
Christ, and to reconquer Jerusalem." It was clear that the Fourth Crusade intended to capture
Jerusalem. However, after years of battle, the Crusaders did not seize Jerusalem let alone reach it,
leaving the Fourth Crusade to be considered a failure.
During the time that Pope Innocent III called for a fourth crusade, Jerusalem was under Muslim
control. While Christian pilgrims were being allowed to enter the land, this was not enough for the
Pope. The late twelfth century focused on the spread of Christianity to expand their territory. To do
so, empires must push out Islam from all areas of power, including Jerusalem. The birthplace of
Jesus, Jerusalem, has a tremendous significance to both Muslims and

History Essay
History
Manorialism was an economic system that existed in Western Europe from about 1050 to 1300 CE.
Serfs who worked for a lord farmed large fields. The lord owned the fields and lived in a large
manor house. He owned between a third and a half of all the crops. The serfs also had a part of the
fields for themselves. Serfs couldn't leave the manor and they had to give the lord a certain amount
of their crops, but they could keep the surplus. The serfs lived together communally and worked the
fields together using the three crop rotation. There was also a church and a parson who had his own
house and part of the crops. Lords who were warriors that defended the manor and attacked
neighboring manors created manors. The serfs had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A free man was also entitled to judgment before his equals and in accordance with the law before
the state could enforce punishment. One short–term effect of the Magna Carta was that King John
was denied the ability to finance a war with France. One long–term effect of the Magna Carta was
that it limited government and bound the King to the law.(437)
Canon Law The Western Church developed Canon Law during the 12th century. The ideas that
drove the creation of the Canon Laws were conceived during the papacy of Pope Gregory VII. He
saw the Church as an active organization that had to create "right order in the world". Gregory VII
thought that the papacy was superior to Kings and Emperors and he was very confrontational with
them. His ideas drove the papacy to strive toward a "papal monarchy". The Canon Laws were
created as a basis for the Church to preside over matters pertaining to clergy as well as many civil
areas such as marriage, adoption, and inheritance. The pope and bishops had the final say on all
Court appeals in Canon Law courts. This gave the Church both power and prestige. One short–term
effect of Canon Law was that Pope Innocent III had control of Kings and some of the rule over
Western Europe's governments. He brought Fredrick II to power in Germany and gained financial
control over England as a fief. He was also able to call the Crusades and raise money through
income tax. One long–term effect of Canon Law was that it changed the Church.

Pope Francis's Influence On Papacy
As Philadelphia prepares for Pope Francis' visit, he continues to make headlines for his continual
use of the papacy power in an effort incite action in correcting many societal issues. And although
the Pope's activism has been sensationalized in the media as novel, throughout the centuries the
Pope has been a figure whose influence and power extends past the Catholic Church and taps into
the realm of law and politics.
This significant trend began with Pope Innocent III who reigned from 1198 until his death in 1216.
Through his relatively short tenure, he asserted the rights of the Church of England against the
English crown, launched the Crusades in an effort the recover the Holy Land, and most importantly,
established the powerful doctrine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The encyclical is aptly titled, "The Moral Dimensions of Climate Change and Sustainable
Development." In the pope's report, he not only affirms that climate change is a direct result of
humankind, but links the degradation of the environment to poverty and societal inequality. As one
of the world's most trusted leaders, the pope's encyclical is expected to significantly further
environmental policy by converting skeptics into believers. Additionally, it is a call for political
action to both parties in America and a prelude to Francis's speech to the UN this coming
September. At its minimum, it has reinitiated the global conversation of climate change, but the
Pope's message has the potential of aiding the passage of environmental legislation across nations as
more individuals adopt climate change as a moral

Pope Innocent III's Great Impact on Medieval Society Essay...
Pope Innocent III began a sequence of changes that influenced the face of secular and ecclesiastical
Europe through careful use of law and political manipulation. It has been remarked that the papacy
acquired and retained the most power under the leadership of Pope Innocent III during the late 12th
and early 13th centuries. I plan to examine sources primarily pertaining to the Fourth Lateran
Council in 1215 and secondly to a collection of Innocent III's papal letters. In my analysis, I hope to
draw a correlation between Innocent III's actions and these actions influence on medieval society
and why this period is considered to be the height of papal power since its inception. The Fourth
Lateran Council demonstrated Innocent III's great ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The letter then ends with a great inspirational message, a message that conveys the desire of the
pope to fix what needs to be fixed. The letter also gives the authoritative sense that the changes will
be hard but they must happen. In just one letter Pope Innocent III has asserted his sphere of
influence over Europe and it's people. "No one shall plead as an excuse difficulties of the journey or
obstacles of strife..." No one shall plead excuses, that is, not the archbishops, bishops, abbots, priors
or representatives of royalty through out the continent. Innocent III had essentially put out a
summons and like a lord sending summons to his vassal, left people with only one option in how to
answer the summon. Hundreds of clergy and representatives of many of the great leaders of Europe
answered Innocent III's summons and attended the Fourth Lateran Council . Innocent put to work
his knowledge of law to begin implementing changes that would shape Europe from then on. Canon
13 produced at the great council states that "we strictly forbid anyone in the future to found a new
order, but whoever should wish to enter an order, let him choose one already approved." Unlike the
great emperors of Rome, who had continuously looked farther and hungered for more which had
eventually led them to being unable to control and maintain that which their greed had brought
them. Innocent and the council believed it would be better for the church to solidify the holdings
that

Niccolo Machiavelli Philosophy Of New Orders
Niccolo Machiavelli teaches us that establishing and/or founding new orders and modes it can be
difficult to enforce when acquiring new principalities but it also a necessity to keep the state and
secure it. New orders are "more difficult to handle, more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous to
manage, than to put oneself at the head of introducing new orders" (23). With new orders can come
great success, for it is tough to achieve greater success than their predecessors by just imitating what
they already have put in place. When old laws are still in tack it can cause adversaries, who believe
the law is on their side, therefore when enforcing new laws one "must beg or indeed can use force"
(24). But, once new orders are put into place either by will or force, "they remain powerful, secure,
honored, and happy" (25).
Niccolo Machiavelli considers Cesare Borgia to be a great example to follow if one wishes to
apprehend, secure, and strengthen their principalities. Cesare Borgia was a great prince whom
gained his principality through his father Pope Alexander VI by fortune. He exhibited great prowess
to secure his state, but lost it to unfortunate fortune, that led to his fall and death.
Cesare Borgia, called Duke Valentino, came into power through "his roots in the state that the arms
and fortune of others had given him" (27). Borgia should great signs of staying in power and
expanding his foundations by not only conquering the Romagna. But, also, he used tactics to
weaken powerful principalities, gained a great amount of popularity and loyal noblemen.
First, it was necessary for Cesare Borgia, to "upset orders to bring disorder to their states to be able
to make himself secure" (27). When the duke came into power he could not trust no one, for the
people were all loyal to Orsini and Colonna. In order secure his new state, he had to seek out and
eliminate his competition. With the help of his father, he was able to gain Romagna from Colonna
by using force and some cruelty, and then allowed the country to be ran on its own. He then, brought
Orsini supporters' loyalty through big allowances, honoring them, and giving them promotions
within the government. Through these tactics he was able to turn "all

Rites Of The Catholic Church
One of the most important sacraments of the Catholic Church is the Eucharist, also known as Holy
Communion. The Eucharist is not merely the consumption of bread and wine, but a sacrifice and
meal full of symbols, rituals, meaning and community involvement. To gain an understanding of the
Eucharist, it is important to first to look at the symbols, how they were started, then to see how the
Christian community enter into the mystery of the sacrament and what they believe.
Symbols
There are many symbols of the Eucharist, bread, wine, water, chalice
There is a real presence of Christ in the form of bread and wine. In the Eucharist, Christ is present in
the totality of His being. The Second Vatican Council proclaimed that the
Eucharist "is the source and summit of the Christian life" "the source and summit of the Christian
life" (Vatican II, Lumen Gentium, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, paragraph 11),The real
presence of Christ in the Eucharist comes about through transubstantiation meaning to change on an
in perceivable level, we believe that bread and wine changes at a fundamental level have become the
body and blood of Christ as a result of our prayers to God. St Augustine's sermon 272 stated that
"for what you see is simply bread and a cup this is the information your eyes report, but your faith
demands far subtler insight the bread if Christ's body and the cup is Christ's blood"
We can argue that the Eucharist is a mystery. But what is the source of the Church's

Who Was Gregory The Great?
Derrick M. Williams
Fall 2016 (DL 1st Session) 2016–2017
GS135
Church History I
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
PART 1: Who was Gregory the Great? The purpose for choosing him? PART 2: What were his
accomplishments? Works Produced Contribution Significance Why or Why not? PART 3: Lessons
Learned
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION Throughout the history of the Christian Church we often times hear of many
indivdiuals who made several if not many significant contributions to the church. Names such as
Dominic, Catherine of Siena, John Wycliffe, Martin Luther, and John Calvin are to name only a few.
I want to tell you a story about an individual who made many contributions the Christian Church,
and to this day his contributions and legacy yet remain. His name is Pope Gregory I, also known as
St. Gregory or Gregory the Great.
Chapter 1
[Who was Gregory the Great?]
Born in c. 540 AD in Rome Italy, majority of the Western Roman Empire had already collapsed due
poverty and sicknesses plaguing the western region. Being that Gregory was born into a wealthy
family, he was fortunante unlike others to have Men in his family who were well renowned and
respected throughout the entire area. Gregory's great great grandfather was Pope Felix III and his
father was named Gordianus was a senator of Rome. Gregory's father also held a position in the
Church as a

Why Is John Paul Successful
John Paul, Sr. and Jean MacDuff gave birth to John Paul, on July 6, 1747 in Kirkcudbrightshire,
Great Britain. He was the fourth out of seven children. His father was a gardener and his mother was
the daughter of a Highlander. John Paul had a strong yearning to be on the sea since he was a young
boy and he achieved that goal at a young age and made his mark in the while working on different
vessels throughout his lifetime.
John Paul's maritime career began when he was my age. He served as an apprentice on the vessel,
Friendship, at age 13. He was done with his apprenticeship at 17 and went into slave and trade on
the vessel, King George, as third mate and later first mate on the vessel, John. When Samuel
McAdams and the mate died from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a member of the crew asked John Paul Jones for his wages, they got into an argument and
John Paul ordered the man to be flogged. When the man later died, John Paul was blamed for
murdering him. He was sent to jail and released on bail.
While John Paul commanded The Betsy, he got into another fight with a crew member of wages and
killed the crewmate with a sword, but claimed it was in self–defense. Soon after, he left for America
and began calling himself "John Jones".
On Dec. 3, 1775 John Paul Jones commanded a fleet of ships on the vessel, The Alfred. He sailed
from the Delaware River and later commanded to sail to the Bahamas and raid Nassau. On another
six week voyage, John inflicted major damage and got sixteen prizes. Later he was commanded to
raid British ships. In 1776 John Paul Jones raided the British supply ship, Mellish, and took the
winter clothing that was supposed to go to General John Burgoyne's troops in Canada. John admired
Benjamin Franklin and wanted to be his friend. In the late 1700's John Paul Jones and Benjamin
Franklin developed a close friendship. In 1778 they went to the Masonic Lodge together. They
sailed on the Ranger and raided Jones' birthplace together, taking 200 prisoners for

Erasmus's Use Of Rhetoric In Sacrifice
During the Renaissance, there were seven subjects/skills that were considered essential for a free
person to know, known as the liberal arts. Among those seven is the art of persuasive speaking and
writing called rhetoric. Rhetoric became increasingly popular during this period and this could be
seen through a lot of Renaissance works such as in "Letters of Catherine of Siena", "Letters of
Petrarch", and "Erasmus, Julius Excluded from Heaven." The three works all have one thing in
common; it utilizes the art of persuasion. However, due to the fact that the authors have different
motives and backgrounds, they ended up using different strategies to persuade their audiences. In
"Letters of Catherine of Siena", Catherine resorted to using the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He could not use the same technique as Catherine because, like Petrarch, he had a different motive
then her. While her purpose was to better the Catholic church, Erasmus's purpose was to expose the
wrongdoings of the church. Using the scare tactic in this situation would have not been appropriate
because instilling fear only works when you want someone to perform a certain action and by
showing them the consequences of not doing in they will be persuaded into doing it. However, in
Erasmus's case, he wants to persuade his audience into believing the church is corrupt. He also
couldn't rely on Petrarch's technique because although it would've been persuasive, it was also risky.
The Pope was a very influential and powerful figure, therefore by explicitly exposing the him to the
public, Erasmus could've been severely punished. However, by using satire, his crime will be less
severe and yet he could still get his point across the audience. In his pamphlet, Erasmus used mostly
humor to criticizes Pope Julius II. For example, on page four, Erasmus pointed out that the Pope had
the "belch and stink like a man just come from a drunken debauch and fresh from the a fit of
vomiting," (Erasmus, Julius Excluded From Heaven, pg. 4). Through this, you can see that the tone
of the dialogue is very light and humorous. This strategy is the most effective in Erasmus's case
because he is trying to reach out to a broader audience than Petrarch and Catherine, therefore by
making the tone less serious, it can attract more attention. If Erasmus had made it too political then
people would've been less compelled to read it because the content would've dry and not as
interesting. The dialogue had a lot of witty comments in it such as when Genius exclaimed, "Only
listen to the bragging of the beast!" as a response to Julius talking about how he "[brought] goodly
sums into the papal

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