How Fluid Is A Substance That Has No Yields And Permanent...

How Fluid Is A Substance That Has No Yields And Permanent...
1.0 Introduction
Fluid is a substance that has no yields and permanent shape when encounter the static shear stress.
One of the characteristic is, fluid is a substance that can flow. The fluid flow can be called as
blustery or laminar. To study about the flow element of fluid, "dimensional analysis techniques" is
applied. This method is effective because it helps to decrease the variables like density and
temperature by finding the relations among particular variables. Reynolds Number (RE) (density x
velocity x length of diameter or viscosity) is categorized as the dimensionless variables.
RE=ρVD⁄μ
The formula is commonly used to study about the type and properties of fluid flow. Based on to the
previous experiments conducted, RE is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The (main) outlet control valve is shut and fill the tank with fluid (water) The water level must be
set up to make it constant by having a medium overflow through upper drain outlet. Let the
condition for five (5) minutes and take the water temperature. The mail control valve is opened and
get the appropriate dye flow by arranging the injector control. Take 1 to 2 minutes for the water to
extent and record the flow meter reading. Open the flow meter control knob slowly to enhance the
water flow. Make sure to get an appropriate dye flow. The knob is keep opening until the flow turn
to turbulent permanently. Steps 3 until 6 is repeated.
Material and Equipment: Reynolds Apparatus Dye Injector Dye Flow Meter Thermometer
Result
Record Sheet
Test Pipeline (Inside Diameter , D) = 0.013 m
Cross Section Area , m² = 1.327 x 〖10〗^(–4) m²
Water Density ,p = 1000 kg/ m3 Water Temperature : 20 C Water Viscosity (Pa.s) : 1.12*〖10〗^(–
3)
Water Flow Measurement from Flow Meter , Q in LPM Time , s 60 60 60 60 Mass of Water , kg 1.4
1.8 2.8 4.0 Mass of Flow Rate ,kg/s 0.023 0.030 0.047 0.067 Flow Rate , Q 2.3 x 〖10〗^(–5)
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The Understanding Of Wall Bounded Turbulent Flows
INTRODUCTION
In the world today, the understanding of wall–bounded turbulent flows are of great importance
because of the high number of man–made and natural fluid flow such as flows in rivers, pipelines,
canals, boundary layers, whether it be for power generation, irrigation systems, removal of
pollutants, heat exchangers, various devices, etc. About 50% of the energy spent in transferring
fluids through such systems are lost due to energy dissipation caused by turbulence. Therefore there
is an increasing need to fully understand what occurs in wall–bounded turbulent flows in other to
apply such knowledge and reduce the energy lost during transportation of fluids.
In turbulence, energy, momentum and other conserved quantities are ... Show more content on
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Therefore in wall–bounded flows it is important to not only understand how energy is transferred
across various sizes of eddies at a given geometric location but to also understand the interaction of
various sizes of eddies at various distances from the wall.
INNER AND OUTER REGIONS
Wall–bounded flow can be divided into two main regions: inner and outer regions. The inner region
can be further broken into three different layers, starting from the wall upwards:
Viscous Sublayer: This is the region that is closest to the wall. Turbulent motions in the region are
affected by friction and possess relatively low Reynolds number. Viscosity is dominant in this
region and it ranges around〖 y〗^+≤5. In this sublayer shear stress is negligible to viscous shear
stress hence the momentum equation becomes a linear equation. 〖du〗^+/〖dy〗^+ =1
Therefore, u^+= y^+
Buffer Layer: It ranges from 5≤ y^+ ≤30 . In this range both viscosity and inertial forces are
effective here. Neither of both laws works well in this region with the largest variation from either
laws occurring at〖 y〗^+=11. That is before 11 wall units the linear approximation u^+= y^+ is
more accurate and after 11 wall units the logarithmic approximation f(y^+ )= 1/k ln⁡
〖y^+ 〗+B
should be used.
Near–Wall

Riblets and Tripwires and their Role in Reducing Drag over...
Introduction Riblets and tripwires are widely explored and documented structures that have a huge
potential for use in drag reduction technology. Passive strategies for drag reduction in air and
underwater vehicles, such as airplanes and submarines, are increasingly being investigated as they
reduce the cost of operation of the vehicle by increasing its speed and efficiency. This essay
discusses riblets and tripwires, and their use in drag reduction technology. Their optimal
specifications, mechanism of functioning and potential applications for drag reduction over
underwater aerofoils have also been dealt with.
Riblets and tripwires In case of underwater vehicles, fluid mechanical drag (hydrodynamic drag)
reduces the speed with which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They suggest an Ag+1/2 approximately equal to 11 µm, to be the optimal groove cross section. The
riblet spacings of about 30–70 µm are recommended for airfoils and aircrafts.7 Trip wires are
usually 0.032 inch to 0.036 inch in diameter, and are "usually set at 5 percent of the length aft of the
bow".2
3. Drag reduction
A. Inspiration from nature The inspiration of using riblets for drag reduction came from the study of
sharks. Upon calculation of the Reynolds number of a shark based on its body length, it is found to
be very high, of the order 106–107.3 In spite of this fact, sharks are extremely fast swimmers, which
is disproportionate to the maximum speed they can achieve based on their body mass and area. On
further investigation of the reason behind this anomaly, it was found that shark skin has certain
microstructures that reduce drag. Though shark skin appears to be extremely smooth, it has minute
grooves or microstructures on the surface. They have tiny scales that are about 0.2–0.5 mm, with
ridges that are aligned in a "streamwise direction".3 Each scale has about 3–7 ridges. Laboratory
tests reveal that because of these scales that extend into the turbulent boundary layer, about 7%
reduction in drag is achieved.3
B. Use of riblets & tripwires in drag reduction

Boundary Turbulence Theory
Boundary turbulence refers to a failure in rule coordination between co–owners of private
information. It can occur in the form of an intentional violation or could be a case of a privacy
dilemma where the privacy of a certain piece of knowledge is unspecified and misconstrued.
Boundary turbulence can lead to mistrust however can also lead to improved rule definition between
co–owners of personal information. The study draws on the appraisal theories of emotion to look at
how people's perceptions of situations influence their experience and elicitation of emotions.
According to this theory, the authors draw upon three negative emotions that boundary turbulence
may elicit: hurt, anger and fear. I found this to be an interesting topic of high ... Show more content
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We were unable to measure the time that had passed since the incident occurred and hence were
unable to note whether this had any impact on emotion and communicative variables. The cross–
sectional design of this study precludes us from determining the order of emotion and
communication as a response to boundary turbulence. Another limitation that could affect our
results is the sensitive nature of private information required from participants that could potentially
lead to participants supplying falsified

Measurements in Boundary Layer Flows
Abstract: In this experiment, the velocity profile for a flat plate at zero pressure gradient of a
boundary layer at two different stream wise points were acquired. The investigation was also based
on and how changes in Reynolds number affect the velocity distribution within boundary layers.
Parameters such as the Momentum Thickness, Displacement Thickness, Shape Factor, shear stress
and coefficient of friction was also calculated to gain a better understand of boundary layers. The
experimental values calculated were compared to the theoretical Blasius for laminar flow and Power
Law Solutions for turbulent flow to see how they varied. It was found out the higher the Reynolds
number the greater the boundary layer thickness. As the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[5] The boundary layer can also be measured by other factors. One factor is the Displacement
Thickness, δ*. It is defined as the distance by which the free streamlines are displaced in the y–
direction due to the formation of the boundary layer. The formation of the boundary layer reduces
the mass flow rate per unit area. This is because near the surface the molecules are travelling slower,
meaning less flow rate per unit area is going out compared to coming in. In order to compensate for
this loss in mass flow rate, the external streamlines (free streamlines) will be displaced. The distance
it displaced is the δ*. [5] When deriving this equation it is assumed the flow is incompressible and
steady. Another factor is the Momentum Thickness, ϴ. It is defined as the thickness of a layer of
freestream fluid carrying a momentum flow rate equal to the reduction in momentum flow rate
caused by the formation of the boundary layer. Closer to the surface of the object, the flow is slower.
This means that the momentum is also slower. ϴ is a measurement of the compensation that makes
us the momentum flow rate that was lost due to the formation of the boundary layer. The momentum
thickness is useful in determining the skin friction drag on a surface. [5] When deriving this
equation it is assumed the flow is incompressible and steady. Momentum Thickness is an indication
of Drag. Two parameters that

Upwind Discretization Model Essay
The second order upwind discretization model was used in this problem. The truncated error due to
selected terms in the Taylor series expansion is reduced and a more accurate solution is implied.
Fewer grid points are necessary to give the same level of accuracy.
∂u/∂x+u=0,〖(du/dx)〗_i + ui =0 u_(i–1)=u_i–∆x(du/dx)_i+(∆x^2)/2 ((d^2 u)/(dx^2 ))_i–(∆x^3)/6
((d^3 u)/(dx^3 ))_i+0(∆x^4) u_(i–1)=u_i+∆x(du/dx)_i+(∆x^2)/2 ((d^2 u)/(dx^2 ))_i–(∆x^3)/6 ((d^3
u)/(dx^3 ))_i+0(∆x^4)
The central differencing method is used to find an expression for d2u/dx2 in the form ui–1 +ui+1
u_(i–1)+u_(i+1)=〖2u〗_i+∆x^2 ((d^2 u)/(dx^2 ))_i+O(∆x^4) ((d^2 u)/(dx^2 ))_i=((u_(i–1) )+
(u_(i–1) )–(2u_i))/(∆x^2 )
This is the discretised expression for d2u/dx2 and the truncation error is above O(∆x^2)
Q6a. You were instructed to use an inviscid flow model. Justify the use of that model for this
calculation. (2 marks)
Assuming no viscous forces present an inviscid model has been used for the calculations. Also from
the equation of the Reynolds number Re=ρvl/μ due to Re being really big rearranging and assuming
v and l to be constant the viscous force μ =ρvl/Re becomes negligible.
Q6b. Write down the simplified Cartesian Navier–Stokes momentum equations that you think are
the closest representation to the equations you actually solved in Fluent. State why these aren't
actually the equations you solved. (10 marks)
Navier stokes momentum

4-Twinkle Artifact
4–Twinkle A discrete focus of alternating colors with or without an associated–color comet–tail
artifact (Figure 31) (Chen Q, Zagzebski J A., 2004). Fig (31): Twinkle artifact (red arrow) behind a
stone at the ureterovesicular junction. The stone was not visible on gray–scale ultrasound, and
visualization of the twinkle artifact made the diagnosing of urolithiasis possible (Chen Q, Zagzebski
J A., 2004). 4–Flash artifact Spurious appearance of blood flow (Figure 32) (Robbin MLet al.,
2002). Fig (32): Flash artifact (arrow) visualized due to motion of bowel gas anterior to IVC
(inferior vena Cava) (Robbin ML. et al., 2009). 5–Vascular motion artifact Artifactual increase and
decrease of spectral Doppler velocity pattern in a cyclical fashion (Figure 33) (Barr RG et al., 2009).
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et al., 2009). 6–Spurious spectral broadening Spurious spectral broadening (Figure 34) (Barr RG,
2012). Fig (34): Spurious spectral broadening visualized in (A) due to large sample volume. When
sample–volume size is reduced, the accurate depiction of flow velocities within the vessel is seen in
image (B) (Barr RG, 2012). 7–Spurious thrombosis related to velocity scale, wall filter, and gain:
Spurious thrombosis may be seen as a result of setting the velocity scale or wall filter too high or the
gain too low. When the velocity scale is set too high relative to the blood–flow velocity in a slow–
flow vessel, visualization of flow in such a vessel is decreased. Thus, such vessels may falsely
appear thrombosed (Chen Q Zagzebski et al, 2004). Fig (35): Artifactual appearance of thrombosis
in IVC (arrow) due to PRF/velocity scale setting being too high to display low–velocity slow
venous flow (Barr RG.,

Reflection About Dolphins
Dolphins are a widely known mammal throughout the world. Mainly known for performing at
aquariums such as sea world, not many people have seen wild dolphins. Being from the Florida
Keys I have been lucky enough to be able to see these animals in their natural habitat. Dolphins are
part of the family of toothed whales that also include Orcas. They normally grow to about 8 feet
long and weight up to about 600 pounds. They are carnivores and their diet consist of different
species of fish and squid. Dolphins normally will hunt in groups called "Pods" which they use sonar
to help them find food from a distance away. The interesting thing about sonar vision is that
dolphins can use this signal to visualize what the object is that lies ahead of them. Like how humans
can visualize an object by touching it they can get a visualization of an object by scanning it with
their sonar. They communicate in many ways to each other first is by sound which consist of
whistles and different clicking sounds. Another way they communicate is by visual movement such
as breaching, jumping and falling back into the water, and by moving either their pectoral or tail fin.
They have streamlined bodies and have a relatively high muscle mass which allow them to swim up
to speeds of 35 miles per hour. They do swim normally at about 20 miles per hour and can do this
for a consistent amount of time. Dolphins are also widespread throughout the world but like to stay
in warmer water regions. However, they

Low-speed Circulating Wind Tunnels Essay
Introduction When a viscous fluid flows along a fixed impermeable wall, or past the rigid surface of
an immersed body, an essential condition is that a velocity at any point on the wall or other fixed
surface is zero. To the extent to which the condition modifies the general character of the flow is
dependent on the viscosity of the fluid. If a body has a streamlined shape and the fluid flowing over
the body has a small viscosity that is not negligible, the modifying effect appears to be confined to
the narrowest regions adjacent to the solid surfaces; these are called boundary layers. Within these
layers, there is a rapid change in velocity which gives rise to a large velocity gradient normal to the
boundary which produces a shear stress ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the medium air speed wind tunnels where wind speed ranges from 1.5 – 40m/s, several types of
wind tunnels can be applied. At first, an open suction type wind tunnel can have a large test section
with high contraction ratio [3]. This type of wind tunnel has a large inlet area to take motionless air
to the test section. Air filters can be installed before the inlet to prevent any dust from entering the
test section and disturbing the air flow [3]. It also provides a pressure drop to generate uniform flow
at the inlet. A honeycomb–shaped panel and several sheets of screens are installed in the settling
chamber of the wind tunnel. The contraction section makes the air flow more uniform and stable. A
diffuser is placed downstream of the test section to prevent an adverse pressure gradient. This is
done by increasing the cross–sectional area along the main flow direction [3]. When the open
suction type wind tunnel is used for calibration purposes, air in front of the inlet section should be as
dormant as possible [3].A baffle or a restraint can be installed at the inlet section to prevent any flow
disturbances at the inlet of the wind tunnel [3]. However, if there are any fluctuations in the air at
the inlet, a closed type wind tunnel can prevent this. In a closed–type wind tunnel, air is

A Coupled Model Of Transport, Turbulence, And Mesoscale Flows
A coupled model of transport, turbulence, and mesoscale flows is proposed, including turbulence
spreading. The model consists of transport equations for plasma density and pressure coupled to a
shell model of drift wave turbulence, which incorporates coupling to mesoscale flows via disparate
scale interactions. The model can describe the turbulent cascade and its dynamical interplay with
zonal and mean shear flows as well as the profile evolution (including the profiles of turbulence
intensity itself) due to these self–consistent turbulent fluxes. This simple system of equations is
shown to capture the low to high confinement (L–H) transition. It is also observed that as the
heating is increased, the system goes through an intermediate ... Show more content on
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For instance the models including the effect of evolution of plasma turbulence driven by profile
gradients were proposed and studied by various authors (see, e.g., Refs. 7 and 18). In particular, the
model of Miki et al.7,19,20 has the advantage of including oscillations between two predators
(zonal flows and mean flows) and one prey (turbulence) while achieving the L–H transition. As
such, it is also able to describe an L–I–H transition (L–H transition with an intermediate phase),
which was initially predicted by a 0D model.21,22 However in most of the reduced models, the
transport coefficients are determined by an ad hoc shear suppression rule. Here we propose an
approach based on shell models, where the shear suppression and the predator–prey dynamics are
natural results of the disparate scale interactions incorporated within the shell model description.
The model that is introduced in this paper is interesting for various reasons. It is significant, for
instance, in that it makes use of a simple description of turbulence based on shell models, yet it is
able to describe the complex interplay between turbulence and zonal flows in a natural self–
consistent way, without making use of ad hoc steady–state relations such as the shear suppression
rule. On the other hand, the model

Firearms Legislation across the States and its...
The first question to be considered in this paper is the problem of similarity of firearms legislation
across the states and its correspondence with the federal legislation. The hypothesis is that, no
matter how many acts were enacted by the local governments in addition to the federal legislation,
the general idea of the basic federal legislation on this matter has been preserved, and there are no
dramatic changes in the main approaches. The second question arises whether the diversity of
firearms legislation across the states is a consequence of different rates of gun violence, the
variations in demographics and cultural backgrounds, or the political influences and conventional
approaches to this problem. The hypothesis of the study is that no increase in gun violence within
separate states with stricter or laxer firearms legislation has been even observed, so there is no direct
correlation between gun violence rates and the adoption of new laws regulating the gun ownership
and sale.
The third research question relates to the most important reasons of such diversity in the firearms
legislation amid the states and localities. It relates to the historical, cultural, and political
backgrounds of different states. The most important effect on this diversity is produced by the
political views supported in separate states, and it is unlikely that cultural and social backgrounds,
demographic factors, or the racial content of the population have sufficient influences.

Terri Mulcahey Leadership
Terri Mulcahey is one of Northwood University's 2016 Distinguished Women honored for her
leadership in her workplace and community. She currently works as Penske Automotive Group's
Executive Vice President, Marketing and Business Development after 20 years working as Reynolds
and Reynolds Company (Penske Automotive Group, Inc.). Ms. Mulcahey attended Northwood
University after receiving a scholarship and with family history in the auto industry she had a desire
to continue the legacy. She did just that as her first job was a customer training consultant for
Reynolds and Reynolds in 1987 (Harris). After working her way up in the industry, Terri Mulcahey
has served in various leadership positions with a great focus on her employees and mentorship ...
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As I look forward to graduation in the spring, I prepare myself for the great challenges I may
encounter while envisioning a future executive position that allows me to make a difference in my
industry. Mulcahey has taught me how important it is to be a fair and honest leader; if I can take
time off for family events then my employees should have the same opportunity. Similar to
Mulcahey, I grew up in a family invested in the automotive industry however unlike the experience
she is giving her son my parents were hardly around and I wouldn't change my experience because
it has made me who I am. However, I hope to provide an opposite experience for my children
demonstrating that proper leadership overflows into all aspects of one's life. Looking to the future, I
find great interest in her involvement in Penske's mentor program as I believe that the best way to
learn about an organization's culture and operations is through an employee who has been with the
company. Ms. Mulcahey explained how important this program is to her because when she began
working for Reynolds and Reynolds as a college graduate she happened to be paired with the
President and CEO of the company (Harris). While this was intimidating for her at first she quickly
grew to see the benefits she was reaping from meeting with her mentor once a week and has now
brought

the study of aerodynamics and gravity Essay
My topic for the science fair is " Which falling objects fall the fastest? ". Many factors affect the
speed of aerodynamics such as the different forces on the object. The aerodynamics of the object
and the physics surrounding the object. Great scientists have studied falling objects such as Galileo
Galilei and Sir Isaac Newton. I will discuss their lives, experiments and scientific findings.
Aerodynamics is the study of force on an object. It has been called the science of flight.
Aerodynamics consists of two Greek words. Aerios means " concerning the air ", while dynamis
means " powerful ". The wind duct is the basic experimental tool in the studies of dynamics. The
three main forces used in aerodynamics are the lifting force, the ... Show more content on
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Why couldn't the apple go up, or left, or right? Why did it go down? In his experiments, he found
that an invisible force is pulling us down and keeping everything on the ground. This explained why
the apple fell down and not in any other direction. Newton figured out that the force keeps
everything on the earth. He discovered that the force even held the atmosphere around the earth.
Newton called this force gravity. For example, when you jump, you come back down to earth. If
there was no gravity, you would float up and disappear into space. He also discovered different
planets have more or less gravity. For instance, Pluto has almost the same amount of gravity as
earth, but the moon has much less gravity than the earth. If you jumped on the moon, it would take
you more time to get down. Since there is less gravity on other planets, their atmosphere does not
keep in much oxygen, thus it is harder to breathe on other planets. That is why astronauts wear
spacesuits, to give them air. Because planets with weak atmospheres cannot hold in much heat, it is
cold on the other planets, except for those close to the sun.
Since we have already figured out who discovered gravity in the physics section, then we will go
straight to what gravity does and how it affects us. Gravity holds the atmosphere. The atmosphere
holds heat and air as well and it blocks us from the sun's harmful rays. Without the atmosphere we
would all die. We would either choke

Properties Of Fluids And How Is Flows Around A Medium
Properties of Fluids https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fe_f_mQCY6g Fluids have a variety of
properties and with each property impacting how is flows around a medium. One of these properties
of a fluid is viscosity. Viscosity is a property arising from friction between neighbouring particles in
a fluid that are moving at different velocities.
When the fluid is forced through a tube, the particles which comprise the fluid generally move faster
near the tube's axis and more slowly near its walls: therefore some stress, (such as a pressure
difference between the two ends of the tube), is needed to overcome the friction between particle
layers and keep the fluid moving. For the same velocity pattern, the stress required is proportional to
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The flow is laminar – when Re < 2300 turbulent – when Re > 4000
When Re < 2300, the Frictional Forces(viscosity) dominates and causes fluid flow to keep
streamlines constant so they flow steadily over each other in predictable paths.
When Re > 4000, the Inertial Forces dominate and cause circular eddies to form in the liquid
causing turbulent flow. [9]
In practice laminar flow is only actual for viscous fluids – like crude oil, fuel oil and oils.
Note: These numbers can vary depending on type of fluid. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ELaZ2x42dkU [10]
Java Code https://www.openprocessing.org/sketch/197 [11]
This simulation code written in Java shows you how an example fluid flow simulation is formed.
The study or fluid mechanics is just as important to engineers, whose main interest is in the
applications of fluid mechanics to solve industrial problems. Aerospace engineers may be interested
in designing aeroplanes that have low resistance and, at the same time, high "lift" force to support
the weight of the plane [12]. This can be

The Optimization And Aerodynamic Characteristic Of Laminar...
Literature Review Introduction The title of the project is "CFD Calculation and aerodynamic
characteristic of laminar flow airfoil S809". According to this topic, the critical aim of this project is
to achieve the minimum drag on the aircraft by considering the streamline movement over the
surfaces of the aircraft body. The aerodynamic drag is spilt into different components such as skin
friction drag, shock or compressibility drag, form drag, drag due to lift (Bushnell.D, 2003). If we
look at an airfoil profile, we need to have an understanding about airflow behaviour along with an
airfoil before study about drag reduction. Development of boundary layer on a smooth flat plate The
boundary layer has two regions such as laminar and turbulent. Over the airfoil where the laminar
separation occur to fully turbulent which at this point is defined as transition point. In the late 1930s,
the viscous drag reduction was investigated to understand the possible significant effect on the
aircraft (Bushnell.D, 2003). We focus only on the boundary layer viscous drag on the airfoil due to
majority of the effect, it is about 45% of the total drag developed by skin friction, and the other
major compound is induced drag (about 35%). In 1950s and 1960s, the computing technology then
wasn't developed enough therefore the drag reduction approaches had to be investigated by
theoretically and from experimental data (wind tunnel tests, flight tests, empirical & semi empirical)
(Claus, 2016).

Lab Report Of Pitot Tube
Introduction:
In most of the world planes, spaceships and helicopters have been tested in wind tunnel. The wind
tunnel is a chamber where the high speed air is passed through. The objective of this experiment is
to determine the velocity profile at a single location within the wind tunnel by using the Pitot tube.
Firstly, make plot of the non–dimensional distance Versus non–dimensional velocity to compare the
plot with White's Figure 7.5. Then Reynolds number, coefficient of drag, skin friction coefficient,
free stream velocity and boundary layer thickness should to be determined.
The experimental equipment which is used shown in the figure 1 below wind tunnel open end blow
type. Starting from the lift side of the figure position one is the fan. Then position 2 is the
Contraction Cone. The third position is the emergency stop. Four position is the test section. The
fifth position is the digital manometer which is used to calculate the Pitot tube position and the and
pressure difference of Pitot tube. The position 6 is Pitot tube. The last position 7 is the Chamber
Methodology:
The Pitot tube is a right angle tube with open end located in opposite to the fluid flow and its used to
measure the pressure. The Pitot tube is used in the wind tunnel and it has some holes at the surface
which is right angle to the wind and other hole facing the wind direction which lead to rubber pipe
as shown in the figure 2 below.
The total pressure can be measure from the hole facing the wind

Case Summary: Crown Cork And Seal Company
Crown Cork and Seal Case Summary
The Crown Cork and Seal Company was the biggest maker of metal cans and crowns. Under the
initiative of John Connelly, the organization had changed from close liquidation in 1957 to turning
into a powerful force in the domestic and international metal container market. By 1976 Crown had
returns of $910 million, out of which $343million originated from global markets – making them
the biggest worldwide maker. They inferred 65% of aggregate deals from tin–plated cans and 29%
from crowns; the rest of their business originated from bolting and canning machinery.
Competition:
Crown's biggest competitors were American Can (25%), Continental Can (18%), Reynolds Metals
(7%) and Ball Corporation (4%).
They were also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is not affecting metal can industry much. Plus biggest problem with the plastic industry right now
is to produce a material that can retain carbonation as well as prevent infiltration of oxygen. CCS
are not very good in R&D and hence they should look forward to expanding in the area of their
strength.
Looking at Potter's 5 forces model, we can note that Crown Cork & Seal lies among market
dominants. This implies that the company have the possibility of becoming the market leader of the
industry. Further, consolidation within the industry will lead move the power towards the company
and hence reducing the bargaining power of the buyers.
So, Crown Cork & Seal at the current situation can acquire major portions of Continental Can
Company and hence become the leader of North American packaging industry.
Later, when Crown Cork & Seal has acquired the metal can industry, it can go into plastic industry
by acquiring market leader such as CONSTAR International. This acquisition can lead to further
diversification of the company into different products and reducing the market risk of substitutes.
Another reason for Crown Cork and Seal to not to depend on can sales alone is the rise of in–house
manufacturing in the

Reynold's Number
Therefore if two spheres have the same Reynold's number, they should both have the same
aerodynamic characteristics even if the spheres are of different sizes and/or are flying at different
speeds. The boundary layer is a thin layer of air which lies closely to the surface of the body in
motion, and within this layer the adverse pressure gradient is crated which causes the separation of
flow. When the Reynolds numbers are low, the boundary is smooth and called laminar. Laminar
boundary layers usually reduce drag on most shapes, however due to their fragile nature they
separate from the surface of an object very easily when they encounter an adverse pressure gradient,
and this separated flow causes the drag to remain so high below the critical ... Show more content
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Resulting in a large pressure difference between the front and rear faces, creating a large drag below
the transition Reynolds number. But the transition to the turbulent boundary layer, adds energy to
the flow meaning it remains attached to the surface of the sphere, allowing the Magnus effect to
occur meaning the ball has a long hang time in the air, forming the parabola ball flight model. As
separation is delayed until a much later point, the wake is narrower. This reduces the low pressure
region on the rear face and reduce the difference in pressure, resulting in a smaller drag force like
above the transition Reynolds number.

What Are The Fundamental Characteristics Of Fully...
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HTML ––) (–– removed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This anomalous transport degrades the plasma performance of the fusion device. Therefore, the
study of characteristics of plasma turbulence (onset from unstable plasma conditions, nonlinear
saturations, etc.) has been the most important endeavor in fusion plasma physics for decades. A
thorough understanding of this problem is still far from completeness, given the complexity and
difficulty of the problem. (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) Plasma turbulence is of
wave turbulence, which is different from the fluid turbulence where vortex–vortex interaction
provides spectral transport of physical quantities across the scales. (–– removed HTML ––) (––
removed HTML ––) 5 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) In plasma physics, the
simplest but non–trivial drift wave turbulence model is the Hasegawa–Mima (HM) equation. (––
removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 6 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––)
Even though it is simple enough, it contains sufficient degrees of complication and physics contents
to study plasma wave turbulence. Thus, studies of wave turbulence in the HM model can provide
insights into turbulence dynamics and its consequence in determining plasma transport in
magnetized plasmas. Therefore, many direct numerical simulations as well as analytic studies have
been carried out using the HM model for the past decades. (––

Summary Of ' The Wayzata High School Auditorium '
The Wayzata High School auditorium had been transformed into an art museum full of Caleb's
paintings. There was a long table covered with hundreds of candles and matchbooks. An adjacent
table displayed a guest book where friends and family wrote down messages and prayers. The pastor
from the Miller's church distributed flyers about Caleb and suggested prayers to help him and his
family through this difficult time. Dr. Reynolds opened the pamphlet and scanned down the back of
the front page. As his eyes glanced over, he was surprised to see the last section dedicated entirely to
Becca and her struggle. He read every word. The Coopers and the Millers were quietly conversing
with the Davenports in a small circle far across the auditorium. Cathy was gushing to Mrs. Miller
about what a wonderful and brave son she had and how much their family owed him and Matt for
saving Ashley. Matt, Miranda, Ashley and George congregated with twenty other friends discussing
the added weight they all felt when hearing about Becca's condition. Paige stood fifteen feet away
with a group of friends, sobbing uncontrollably in Marcy's arms. The auditorium was already
packed, and people were still pouring in. Dr. Reynolds' main objective for the evening was to appear
concerned. There were plenty of other doctors and nurses from Methodist in attendance and to cast
suspicion away from himself, he needed to be amongst them. Making sure to stop and shake hands
with many of his colleagues along the

Changes According To Modern Chemistry : Chemical And...
Chemistry is very important, it is basically anything that deals with matter. If you think about it
almost everything around us is matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter is composed of
both chemical and physical properties. A chemical property is determined by the substance's ability
to react with other substances. Chemical properties react to air, rust, tarnish, rot, burning, and etc.
According to Modern Chemistry, a chemical change is a change that occurs that causes the identity
of a substance to change; something new is formed. A chemical change is irreversible, meaning that
it can't change back to it's original state. According to Modern Chemistry, a physical property is
description of an object / substance. A physical change is a change that occurs without changing the
identity of the substance, no new substances are formed. We can determine a physical change by
using our 5 senses and a physical change is always reversible. Did you know that viscosity, friction,
and density are all examples of a physical property.
Well viscosity is the measure of the liquid's resistance to flow. It is also known as the thickness of a
liquid. According to RheoSense, viscosity basically is the friction between the molecules of a liquid.
Friction is basically the resistance that one object/substance encounters when moving over each
other, however, in this case, it is called a fluid friction. According to Study.com, "Fluid friction is
the force that resists motion either

The Importance Of Motivation And Features For Microfluidic...
Electronic & Electrical Engineering
EE312 – Instrumentation & Microcontrollers
Case Study – Microfluidics
ZHENG Weihao
201419390
30th April, 2015
Report
Declaration of Originality
Contents
Introduction 1
Motivation and features for Microfluidic and Lab–on–a–chip 1
Physical background and principle of operation 2
Two examples of Microfluidics technology 4
Microfluidics technology combined with microcontrollers 4
Two commercially available systems of Microfluidics technology 4
Future development of Microfluidics technology 5
Conclusions 5
References 5
Introduction
Microfluidics technology, originated at Stanford University in Analytical Chemistry field, is a
science integrated the sample preparation, reaction, separation, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Motivation and features for Microfluidic and Lab–on–a–chip
Lab–on–a–chip is the main platform of Microfluidic technology. The computer chips miniaturize the
size of computer, Lab–on–a–chip miniaturize the size of laboratory. In the past, chemists required a
long period of time and a large amount of sample or reagent to complete the analysis or synthesis.
However, using a square centimeter size chip instead of those large analysis instrument not only
reduces the consumption of resource but also shortens the experimental time. In addition, because of
these miniatures, the sewage emissions are also reduced. In other words, it is a kind of green

technology.
With the research and development of microfluidic chips, it has many unique characteristic features.
First, the chip material becomes diversified from those expensive glass and silicon materials to
PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane), PMMA (poly methyl methacrylate), PC (polycarbonate) and other
polymer materials allows a high degree of flexibility, while the cost are continually decreasing [2].
Second, the manufacturing processes are more precision by using automatic and numerical
controlled sub–UV laser to produce a smooth microchannel instead of hand based MEMS
(microelectromechanical) [3]. Third, the components are highly integrated in a small chip including
pumps, valves, channels, reactors, etc. [3]. The fourth point is the precision drive technology mainly
using fluid power,

Boundary Layers During The Early 1900s By Ludwig Prandtl
section{Boundary–Layers}
The concept of boundary–layers was first thought of in the early 1900s by Ludwig Prandtl. He
presented a paper in Germany in 1904 which outlined a slightly viscous fluid near a solid boundary
cite{Prandtl}. In this paper certain assumptions were made. Firstly the Reynolds number is large, so
the viscous terms can be neglected far away from the solid boundary. Then there exists a thin layer
of fluid near the solid boundary and this fluid is known as a boundary–layer. Outside this viscous
fluid is an inviscid fluid region, which gives rises to a multideck structure. This boundary–layer has
a thickness of $delta$ and is proportional to Reynolds number by $delta/L propto {Re}^{–1/2}$,
where $L$ is the characteristic length scale of the solid boundary. The pressure from outside the
boundary–layer is not significantly different from the pressure inside the boundary–layer. The
boundary condition for pressure can be approximated by the value of upper boundary in the inviscid
region. Rescaling the wall normal coordinate $y$ by the boundary–layer thickness ${Re}^{–1/2}$
implies that we are located within the boundary–layer and this retains some viscous terms. The
following scalings are introduced to perform analysis within a boundary–layer
egin{eqnarray}
x^*=xL, quad y^*=delta yL,quad z^*=zL,quad p^*= ho{U_{infty}}^2p, label{BL_nondim1}
{u}^*=U_{infty}{u}, quad {v}^*=epsilon U_{infty}{v}, quad {w}^*=U_{infty}{w}.
label{BL_nondim2} end{eqnarray} The

The Generation And Selection Rules Of Moodulational...
In the previous studies, the generation and selection rules of zonal flows and streamers have been
formulated in the context of modulational instability mechanisms. (–– removed HTML ––) (––
removed HTML ––) 12,13 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) In this approach, the
dynamics of a monochromatic pump wave is considered. These fluctuations induce large scale
convective cells by exerting Reynolds stress. (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 8,13
(–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) Once generated, large scale flows modulate the
original pump wave to induce side bands and feedback on the original wave. The overall nonlinear
dynamics can be formulated in the framework of a nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS), which ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As reported from several studies, parallel flow shear is an important control knob for turbulent
plasmas. Note that parallel flows can be experimentally controlled through neutral beam injection,
etc. Parallel flows can also be internally excited by turbulent Reynolds (Residual) stress. (––
removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 17,18 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML
––) Once generated, parallel flows exert shear through (–– removed HTML ––) E (–– removed
HTML ––) × (–– removed HTML ––) B (–– removed HTML ––) shear, stabilize the underlying
fluctuation or shift the mode off the rational surface, etc. Basic experiments report the destabilizing
effect of parallel flow shear on underlying drift wave turbulence. (–– removed HTML ––) (––
removed HTML ––) 19 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) Once the parallel flow
shear exceeds the critical value, parallel velocity gradient (PVG) turbulence can be excited, which
can be important for NBI plasmas, (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) 20 (––
removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) ITB, (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––)
21,22 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) SoL, (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed
HTML ––) 23 (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) etc. The simultaneous excitation
and coexistence of drift wave turbulence and PVG turbulence at different radii are observed. (––
removed HTML ––) (––

A Short Note On Numerical Analysis Of Various Turbulence...
2–D Numerical Analysis of Various Turbulence Models in CFD for External Flow over a Cylinder
Tharikaa Ramesh kumar
Graduate Student, Aerospace Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
The effects of turbulence on a flow can be predicted by Turbulence modeling in Computational
Fluid Dynamics. Numerous turbulence models have been developed over the time and are used for
envisioning the characteristics of the flow in different flow regimes in terms of time–averaged
quantities for both internal and external flows. Still, one of the challenges in CFD is to simulate the
significant flow physics. Numerical analysis will be carried out to investigate the capabilities of the
various turbulence models in CFD. External flow over a cylinder ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Over the past decades, the laminar and turbulent unsteady viscous flow behind a circular cylinder
has been the subject of numerous experimental and numerical studies. Flow past a bluff body like
the circular cylinder usually experiences very strong flow oscillations and boundary layer separation
in the wake region behind the body. In certain Reynolds number range, a periodic flow motion will
develop in the wake as a result of boundary layer vortices being shed alternatively from either side
of the cylinder. For assessing the ability of computational flow solving software to reproduce real
flow conditions flow around a cylinder is an excellent case because of simplicity of the geometry
and the complex nature of flow around the body. The flow regimes can be divided based on the Re
and the behavior of the flow around the cylinder in these regimes as Steady axisymmetric regime
(20 Re 210), Steady planar–symmetric regime (210 Re 270), Unsteady planar–symmetric
regime (270 Re 400), Unsteady asymmetric regime (400 Re 1000), Turbulent wake regime
(Re 1000). One of the most important but unsolved problem in the area of engineering and
sciences are Turbulence. Solving the time dependent three–dimensional Navier stokes equation
might give a complete description of turbulent flows but with the available computers are not
capable enough to solve for the required length and time

Head Loss Of A Pipe Flow
Introduction Head loss in a pipe flow is mainly due to friction in pipes and again friction is due to
the roughness of pipes. It has been proved that friction is dependent not only upon the size and
shape of the projection of roughness, but also upon their distribution of spacing. Theory If the head
loss is a given length of uniform pipe is measured at different at different values of the velocity, it
will be found that, as long as the velocity is low enough to secure laminar flow, the head loss, due to
friction, will be directly proportional to the velocity. But with the measuring velocity, at some point
where the visual observation in a transparent tube would show that the flow changes from laminar to
turbulent, there will be an abrupt increase in the rate at which the head loss varies. If the logarithms
of those two variables are plotted on linear scales or if the values are plotted directly on log–log
paper, it will be found that, after a certain transition region has been passed, lines will be obtained
with slopes. Background At the point when a liquid is flowing through a funnel, it encounters some
resistance because of shear burdens, which changes over some of its energy into undesirable heat.
Energy loss through friction is alluded to as head loss because of friction and is a channel 's
component; length, funnel width, mean stream speed, properties of the liquid and harshness of the
funnel (the later just being an element for turbulent streams), however is free of

Energy Notes On Energy Losses
Energy losses in pipe
Introduction
The fluid flow is subjected to energy losses as it moves through pipes, particularly via friction. An
indication of energy loss is in the form of a head loss or pressure drop. The task at hand will be to
investigate the variation of head loss at different velocities through a 17.2mm diameter and 4.5mm
diameter pipe. The results will then be used to derive the Reynolds numbers for each velocity and
then compared the variation of friction factor. From the results we will be able to gain an insight
into the different types of flow and observe the region of transition as a fluid changes flow type
from laminar to turbulent flow. The result calculations will consist of both experimental and
theoretical results, this will help us to understand better the impact of errors. A comparison will then
be made of the Friction factor to Reynolds number ratio for both experimental and theoretical
results. Aim and objective
Aim
– To gain an insight into the nature of fluid flow in pipes and relationships for estimating energy
losses
–To establish the relationship between head loss and flow rate for a straight smooth cylindrical pipe.
– To show how this result can be generalised using dimensionless groups.
– To show that there are two distinct types of flow and to determine the Reynolds number region for
transition between them.
Background reading
Reynolds number
Dimensionless quantity used to predict the flow patterns in different fluid flow

Reflection Essay
It was the first day of the new semester. Dr. Razzaque, the professor giving the introductory lecture
of his fluid mechanics course, decided to start with an audacious statement. If you think
mechanical engineering is too broad in scope for your liking, remember, you have seen nothing yet.
Aware that he had the class's attention, he went on, Think about what you have learned so far. You
have taken courses in physics, multivariable calculus, electric circuits, computer programming and
so on. It will be some time before you will properly understand how all these elements come
together, but when you do, you will probably be surprised by your own understanding of the world.
He then went on to explain, citing Formula One, computational fluid dynamics and biomimetics,
how mechanical engineering brings very diverse skill sets together. Those words felt, at the time,
like a key to making sense of the plethora of courses that was my college life. Dr. Razzaque had
suddenly made me realize the relevance of what I was learning. It would prove to be a pivotal point
in my academic life. That lecture, and the following course, renewed my passion for mechanical
engineering. I joined Dr. Hasan's lab a year later as an undergraduate researcher and now I aspire to
pursue graduate studies in mechanical engineering. All of these can be traced back to that quiet
spring morning more than two years ago.
While Dr. Razzaque's course did not cover much of the coming together he alluded to, my

Top Tensioned Risers ( Ttrs ) For Dry Tree Production...
2.1.4 Top tensioned Risers (TTRs)
Top tensioned risers (TTRs) are risers used for dry tree production facilities like Spars and tension
leg platforms (TLPs) as conduits (either for production, drilling, injection or export) between the
floating production units (FPU) and subsea systems. 'A top tensioned riser extends substantially
vertically from a platform hull to the sea bottom. The riser includes length adjustment at its upper
end and is detachably connected to an anchor pile at its lower end.'(Jordan et al., 2006). TTRs are
tensioned at the top to resist environmental loading. The tensions needed for the production risers
are generally lower than those for the drilling risers (Chakrabarti, 2005).
2.2 VORTEX–INDUCED VIBRATION ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Von Kármán observed that the stability of vortex street is integrally linked to its configuration(Von
Kármán, 1912). His analysis has since been followed by studies of vortices, in the presence of
bluff bodies which causes separation of flow.(Horváth et al., 2000) Fig. 1. Kármán Vortex Street
(Dyke, 1982. )
When a bluff body is placed in a flowing fluid, the body will cause flow separation which will result
in vortex shedding. (Bearman, 1998).This separation changes the flow field from steady flow to
unsteady flow with an increase of the Reynolds number. Properties of the wake produced behind a
bluff body depend on three main factors, which when combined into a single relationship known as
Reynolds number Re has an important influence on the characteristics of vortex induced vibration.
These properties include: free–stream velocity Uf, geometry of the structure acting as an obstacle in
flow, and kinematic viscosity of the fluid v. For a rigid cylinder, whose characteristic dimension in
the direction of flow is its external diameter D, Reynolds number Re: 1
Reynolds number enables the comparison of similar systems under different fluid and flow
properties and structure size. This helps during the presentation of results during

The Relationship Between Pressure Drops And Flow
Background: Hemolysis is a fact in all extracorporeal circuits being used, as investigated and
published by many manufacturing companies of commonly utilized capital equipment such as
oxygenators and cannulae. Suggested pressure gradients are then established for the protection of
blood and hemostasis of the patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Typically aortic cannulas
exert higher flows through a small opening and therefore have been recommended to be limited to a
pressure drop of 100 mmHg by manufactures to avoid complement activation and hemolysis to red
blood cells (RBC's).
Methods: The purpose of our study was to quantify the relationship between pressure drops and
flow in commonly used extracorporeal circuits specifically to commonly utilized tubing sizes in
pediatrics and neonate populations. The more commonly used arterial line tubing sizes for these
particular cases studied are 3/8, 1/4, 3/16, and 1/8 inch. Pressure manometers were placed pre–
and post– arterial lines of six feet (1.8288 m) in length to accurately collect pressure gradients
across them utilizing a roller pump as the driving force. Velocity, diameter, density, and viscosity
were also all taken into account when calculating Reynolds number for the all studied tubing sizes,
at different temperatures and viscosities.
Results: We propose to collect data, evaluate, and quantify flow rates, pressure drops, and other
pertinent variables across different common pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass

Osbourne Reynolds Demonstration
1.0 ABSTRACT The objectives of handling this experiment are to study the characteristics of
laminar, turbulent and transition flows by calculating the Reynold's number of each flow and by
observing the behavior of the flow itself. Besides that, this experiment is in conduct in order to
determine the range for laminar and turbulent flow as well as to prove that Reynold's number is
dimensionless by calculating by using the formula. The experiment was started with laminar flow.
In order to obtain the laminar flow, the valve for the water inlet was adjusted so that the laminar
flow can be achieved. The flows for laminar is slow, so the water inlet is small. After obtain the
specific flow, amount of water was collected 5 seconds. Then, by ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The inlet valve, V1 was opened and water was allowed to enter in the stilling tank. A small overflow
spillage through the overflow tube was ensurred to maintain constant level. Water was allowed to
settled for a few minutes. The flow control valve was opened and the water was allowed to flow
through the visualizing tube. The dye control valve, V4 was achieved when the valve slowly
adjusted until a flow was slowed with dye injection Inlet valve, V1 and outlet valve, V2 was control
until the straight identifiable line of dye was achieved. The flow was the laminar flow and was
observed. The flow rate at outlet valve, V2 was measured using measuring cylinder and stop watch
was staided for 5 seconds. It is reported for two times to desire average value. The experiment was
repeated by regulated water inlet value, V1, and outlet valve V2 to produced the transitional and
turbulent flow 7.0 RESULT LAMINAR FLOW (TABLE 1.1) Trial Volume (mL) Time (s)
Flowrate,Q (L/s) Flowrate,Q (m3/s) Reynolds 1 14 5 0.014/5=0.0028 0.0034/1000=2.8×10 ̄⁶ 257 2
14 5 0.014/5=0.0028 0.0024/1000=2.8×10 ̄⁶ 257 3 13 5 0.013/5=0.0026 0.0026/1000=2.6×10 ̄⁶ 239
AVERAGE 251 TRANSITONAL FLOW (TABLE 1.2) Trial Volume (mL) Time (s)

Thermodynamic Optimization of Flow Over an Isothermal...
Boundary layers are thin regions next to the wall in the flow where viscous forces are important.
The above–mentioned wall can be in various geometrical shapes. Blasius [1] studied the simplest
boundary layer over a flat plate. He employed a similarity transformation which reduces the partial
differential boundary layer equations to a nonlinear third–order ordinary differential one before
solving it analytically. The boundary layer flow over a moving plate in a viscous fluid has been
considered by Klemp and Acrivos [2], Hussaini et al. [3], Fang and Zhang [4] and recently Ishak et
al. [5] and Cortell[6] which is an extension of the flow over a static plate considered by Blasius. A
large amount of literatures on this problem has been cited ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
u=∂ψ/∂y and v=–∂ψ/∂x and ν is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid.
Substituting Eqs.(5) and (6) into Eq.(2) we obtained the following ordinary differential equation. f^'''
(η)+f(η)f''(η)=0 (7)
With these boundary conditions:
f(0)=0 ,f^' (0)=λ (8) lim┬(η→∞)⁡
〖f^' (η)〗 = 1
Where λ=u_w/u_∞ is the plate velocity ratio that represents the direction and magnitude of the
moving plate.
The skin friction coefficient C_f can be defined as:
C_f=τ_w/(ρ〖〖 u〗_∞〗^2 ) (9)
Where τ_w is the surface shear stress which is given by: τ_w=├ μ(∂u/∂y)┤| y=0 (10)
Substituting Eqs.(5),(6) into Eqs. (9) and (10) we obtain:
√(2〖Re〗_x ) C_f=f^'' (0) (11)
Where 〖Re〗_x is the local Reynolds number.
Looking for Similarity solution for energy equation, Eq.3, we obtained: θ^'' (η)+Pr f(η) θ^' (η)=0
(12)
Where θ=(T–T_∞)/(T_w–T_∞ ) (13)
Is dimensionless temperature and Pr=ν/α .

The boundary conditions are:
At η=0: θ(0)=1 (14) lim┬(η→∞)⁡
θ(η) = θ(∞)=0
The local Nusselt number〖 Nu〗_x, is defined as:
〖Nu〗_x=(x q_w)/(k (T_w–T_∞)) (15)
Where q_w is the surface heat flux which is: q_w=–k├ ∂T/∂y┤|_(y=0 ) (16)
Using Eq.(5), (6),(15) and (16) we obtain:
〖[〖Re〗_x/2]〗^( –1/2) 〖 Nu〗_x=–θ^' (0) (17)
Works Cited
[1] H. Blasius, Grenzschichten in FlüssigkeitenmitkleinerReibung. Z. Math. Phys. 56 (1908) 1–37.
[2] J.B. Klemp, A. Acrivos, A method for integrating the

Understanding The Flow Dynamics Of An Aircraft
section{The Road to Transition.}
Understanding the flow dynamics of an aircraft in flight conditions is a very difficult task. The
process that the flow undergoes is complicated and many factors are involved. The main
understanding of this process is that it undergoes a transition from laminar flow (linear, parallel
streamlines) to turbulent (chaotic, mixed) one. The region where this changes is called laminar–
turbulent transition. It is important to understand the characteristics of the flow for prediction of this
transition location. Laminar flows are sensitive to adverse pressure gradients and are inclined to
separate, whereas turbulent flows create larger wall friction.

Reynolds cite{Reynolds1883} assessed this laminar–turbulent transition by performing experiments
in a pipe. He did this by injecting ink into a pipe with a water flow and observing the results. He
noted that there were different regimes based on the speed of the flow, laminar and turbulent
regions. A parameter, which is named after him, quantified this different behaviour of the fluid. The
Reynolds number is the ratio of the inertia forces over the viscous ones and it dictates the transition
process. We are interested in what caused this transition to occur and if there needs to be a critical
value for this transition to happen.
In aerodynamics many factors exist that contribute to the triggering of turbulence. In a three–
dimensional boundary–layer on a swept wing, various instabilities are

Fluid Flow in a Smooth Pipe Essay
Experiment 1
Fluid Flow In A Smooth Pipe
Abstract
In this experiment, three variable flow meters are used to alter the flowrate. Changes in pressure
drop due to the change in flowrate are then observed from the three pressure gauges that can
measure pressure at different range and recorded. The shift from laminar flow to turbulent flow is
seen from the results recorded, but it is observed more clearly from the water–soluble dye
experiment that was carried out by the demonstrator. Laminar flow turns to be turbulent when the
Reynolds Number goes above a certain value, around 2000.
Aims
To look at how the pressure drop changes when the average velocity is altered in a circular pipe and
to plot a graph of Friction Factor versus Reynolds ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fanning friction, f: f=∆PLd2ρV2 f=191001.50.01262999.44(3.56)2 f=0.0063 Head loss, hf:
∆P=ρghf
19100=999.449.81(hf) hf=1.948 m
Using the definition gz1+V122+P1ρ=gz2+V222+P2ρ , the condition z1≠z2 is true if the two
pressure taps are not horizontal (at different height).
While the condition V1≠V2 is true if the cross sectional area of the pipe is not the same from the
first pressure tap to the second pressure tap.
Considering a viscous liquid that is being pumped through a smooth pipe with the parameters:
ρ=1460 kg/m3 μ=5.2×10–1Ns/m2 D=0.1 m Q=5×10–2 m3/s
To determine the velocity,
V=QA
V=5×10–2π0.124 m/s
V=6.37 m/s
Then find the Reynolds Number,
Re=ρVDμ
Re=14606.370.15.2×10–1
Re=1788.5
According to Figure 2, the Fanning friction factor is 0.007.
The Bernoulli equation:

∆Pρ+g∆z+∆12V2+2fLV2D+Ws=0
Horizontal pipe, so ∆z=0
Constant pipe cross sectional area, so ∆12V2=0
Also, work done by pump, WP=–Ws
So the Bernoulli equation is reduced to
∆Pρ+2fLV2D–WP=0
WP=∆P1460+20.007L6.3720.1
F=WPL=6.85×10–4∆PL+5.68 N
Conclusion
A

The Founder of Modern Fluid Dynamics: Ludwig Prantdl
THE FOUNDER OF MODERN FLUID DYNAMICS: LUDWIG PRANTDL
A fluid is defined as a substance that does not have any determined shape and is deformed
continuously by a shear force, thus it can be said that fluid mechanics is considered as a part of
physics which is concerning about gases, liquids and plasmas, in the other words, no solid phases.
[1] Modern fluid mechanics is based on Continuum Hypothesis. This hypothesis assumes that a
matter is continuous, hence while a matter is examined, atomic structure is not regarded– because if
a matter is analyzed at a microscopic scale, the matter will be observed as discrete– and
macroscopic scale is preferred instead of microscopic scale.[2]
Fluid mechanics can be divided into some subtitles, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The outer part of boundary layer area can be assumed inviscid like before Prandtl. The boundary
layer is a very thin layer around the solid body. Prandtl explained the boundary layer with the help
of adhesion. The velocity difference between solid body and fluid is zero, in the other words there is
no slip condition in between since, they are interlocked by adhesion. In the light of this information,
the velocity gradient of flow changes from the surface of solid body to the outer line of boundary
layer, and this means shear stress demonstrates a vast alteration. Therefore, the friction drag force
that observed on the surface of solid body cannot be ignored.[5]
Another Prandtl's explanation is flow separation. Some layers of fluid start to make rotational
motion and then, strive for passing to free fluid flow. The separation starts at a determined point.
This point– is called separation point– is specified by external conditions completely and it is
occurred by friction which observed in the boundary layer. The layers of fluid in which is rotational
motion forms a separation region (it can be called dead region) that has a low energy. As a result of
the flow separation, pressure distribution on the surface of solid body changes and a pressure drag in
which is the direction of stream lines of free flow or friction drag appears owing to the new pressure
distribution.

The Influence Of Sexuality In Music
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98765432112345678
Music containing sexual aspects has distinguished the American culture from other cultures, has
diversified us in every genre, and has become a consistent part of American life.
Therefore, Americans spend a considerable portion of their leisure time listening to music or
participating in activities that have music involved. A good portion of each musical genre uses
sexuality as the basis for their lyrics.Sexuality can be categorized into different groups that can help
us better understand the distinction between them. These groups pertaining to sexuality include; the
historical meaning and relevancy to the time ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Miranda has Puerto Rican parents which has had a major influence on his reasoning to blind cast
his shows.Hamilton won the Pulitzer prize and eleven tonys.
This piece targets sexuality in a form that is not used often. When people delve into history they
tend to look at our historical figures as a hero. People do not typically think of these people as being
flawed in their nature. This song demonstrates that
Hamilton was not a hero. He was a human and he made mistakes. In the context of the song, we see
him choose to make this choice. We see him regret it as well. This piece helps to create a social
construct and really change the meaning of what a hero is.
Without using music and sexuality in this case, we would have never got to really delve into the
flawed persona of Hamilton. This piece helps to advance the plot in unexpected ways.This score of
a Broadway show was composed about the story of our underrated founding father, Alexander
Hamilton. Although written in the 21st century by
Lin–Manuel Miranda, the score targets the history of yesterday, set right as the American
Revolution events begin. Lin–Manuel Miranda wanted to tell the story of yesterday by the people of
today. In his original casting of the show, each role was cast to a minority in our country, except for
the role of King George; who was given to Jonathan Groff, to offer some English historical
significance. This type of casting is still present in the show
today.

The Effect Of Velocity On A Flat Plate Boundary Layer
Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to measure the magnitude of velocity in a flat
plate boundary layer in which the pressure was constant. A pitot tube located at the top of the test
section that was used to determine the total pressure across the boundary layer. The Pitot tube
needed to be able to more along both horizontal and vertical directions for accurate measurements.
Five different tubes, aligned along the x–axis, were placed under the wind tunnel test section to
measure the static pressure. The result of both the static and total pressures is the dynamic pressure.
Theory:
The boundary layer is defined as a thin layer of any fluid adjacent to the solid surface it surrounds.
The characteristics of a boundary layer are basically what define the effects of viscosity. The
velocity of the boundary layer starts from a value of zero at the solid surface and increases until it
reaches a maximum which happens to be the free stream velocity. In other words, theoretically
speaking the boundary layer is infinite, but for measurement purposes the boundary layers ends
where the velocity gradient is 99% of the free stream velocity. The Reynolds number, a unit less
ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces, is used to identify the several inner layers of the boundary
layer. Furthermore, as previously mentioned when a body parallel to the flow, such as a flat plate, is
placed in the parallel direction of a free stream flow, a boundary layer is formed. At the

The Relative Importance Of Four Variables As Possible...
The Relative Importance of Four Variables as Possible Indicators of Wake Length.
Introduction
In rivers there are objects that cause more of an obstruction to the overall flow and so generate more
resistance than the surrounding grains. This is because they are larger than the bed's grains and thus
they are sometimes known as large roughness elements. Large roughness elements are an important
feature in the river bed since they block the path of the flow. Obstructions embedded in a bed such
as stones can cause flow separation which results in phenomena such as detachment of boundary
layer and turbulent wakes (Charlton, 2008, p. 81 87). The flow is separated into three parallel
flows that combine at a later point downstream. Between these ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Stone length shall henceforth refer to the length of the stone parallel to the overall direction of the
water flow. Stone length was determined using two measurements of length which shared the same
starting point: The upstream beginning of the artificial bed. The first was measured to the upstream
end of the stone while the second was measured to the downstream end of the stone. Stone length
was obtained by subtracting the first measurement from the second measurement. Stone protrusion
shall refer to a measurement taken perpendicular to the flow and approximately parallel to gravity.
Stone protrusion was determined using two measurements of depth: The first was the depth of the
water above the artificial bed. The second was the depth of the water above the stone. Stone
protrusion was obtained by subtracting the second depth measurement from the first depth
measurement. Stone width shall refer to the measurement taken perpendicular to the both flow and
gravity. Stone width was determined by directly measuring the stone along the widest possible
perpendicular axis to both gravity and the direction of water flow.
Empirically determining the properties of the artificial bed was neglected. However a few properties
can be estimated or stated: The smallest grain sizes in the bed were approximately 1cm. This was
due to the process used for selecting grains when the artificial bed was created. The maximum grain
size did not exceed the size of any of the stones

Summary Of ' Dead Girls Don 't Write Letters `` By Gail Giles
Kreena Patel Book Talk
For the mystery book talk, I read, Dead Girls Don't Write Letters by Gail Giles.
The setting takes place in present day Texas throughout the whole novel. The main characters were
Sunny Reynolds (14) who was the main detective of the novel, and the younger sister of the dead
sister, who died in a fire in New York, but was deeply loved by everyone, Deborah Hallard a girl
who looked and pretended to be Jasmine Reynolds (the girl who died), but knew everything about
her and her family, and Dan and Lily Reynolds the parents of Sunny and Jasmine. Dan had a
drinking problem, and Lily was depressed because of her beloved daughter who was dead, Jasmine.
The mystery of the story was when a letter arrived to Sunny's house from her dead sister, two
months after her sister passed away. It said that Jasmine was going to come home because she ran
away even though she was reported dead. When Jazz arrived at her family's doorstep, everyone
besides Lily knew that it wasn't the real Jasmine. They weren't sure who she was, why she was at
their home pretending to be someone who she wasn't, and how she knew everything about the
Reynold's family and their secrets. The detective in the novel was Sunny Reynolds. She was always
trying to find clues about the girl pretending to be her sister, calling people to get as much
information as possible, and would even look through the girl's bags even if that risked her getting
caught because unlike some people, she had nothing

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