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Global Health; Reproductieve gezondheidszorg
Reproductive Health; global perspective
• Doelstelling
– Inzicht geven in belang reproductieve gezondheidszorg
Reproductieve gezondheidszorg
• Inhoud
– Theorie;
• Demografie & anticonceptie & infertiliteit
• MDG 5; Maternale sterfte; oorzaken en oplossingen
– Praktijk; Verhalen uit het veld; consult online
– Dr. Schagen v. Leeuwen aan het woord; Ethiopie
- Vragen
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Bron: United Nations Populations Division, World Population Prospects, The 2004 Revision, medium variant
Global Population Growth;
a developing country phenomenon
Developing countries
Developed countries
Billions
Bron: United Nations Populations Division, World Population Prospects, The 2004 Revision, medium variant
Global Population Growth;
a developing country phenomenon
Developing countries
Developed countries
728
1.941
668
778
457
549
326
885
3.875
5.385Asia
Africa
Europe
Latin
America/
Caribbean
North America
2050
2005
Bron: United Nations Populations Division, World Population Prospects, The 2004 Revision, medium variant
The young population of developing
countries has great growth potential (2005)
300 200 100 00 100 200 300
0-4
10-14
20-24
30-34
40-44
50-54
60-64
70-74
80-84
90+
FemalesMales
Millions
Millions
Age
Bron: United Nations Populations Division, World Population Prospects, The 2004 Revision, medium variant
In the developed countries there are fewer
and fewer young people, more and more
elderly (2005)
300 200 100 00 100 200 300
0-4
10-14
20-24
30-34
40-44
50-54
60-64
70-74
80+ FemalesMales
Age Millions
• Worldwide 210 million conceptions
• 80 million no life baby of which:
• 42 million induced abortions
• 35 million miscarriage/ectopic
• 3 million babies are stillborn
Unmet need for family planning
Bron:The Lancet; Countdown to 2015 decade report(2000-10) taking stock of amternal, newborn, and child survival; jun 2010
World abortion laws 2007: grounds on
which abortion is permitted
Bron: Brown, H. BMJ 2007;335:1018-1019
Infertiliteit
• 3% nooit zwanger, 4.5% geen kind
• Subsahara Africa infertiliteit 7-31 %
Stellingen
• Onze planeet kan geen 9 miljard mensen herbergen en een
menswaardig bestaan bieden
• Iedereen moet gratis toegang krijgen tot anticonceptie
• Geen zorg voor onvruchtbaarheid vermindert de kans op
acceptatie van family planning
Introductie MDG 5
• Millenium Development Goals; MCG 5; Improve
maternal health. Reduce by 75% the MMR and
achieve universal access to reproductive health
VN uitspraak
• “Our world possesses the knowledge and resources to
achieve the MDGs… falling short of the Goals would be an
unacceptable failure, moral and practical.”
Ban Ki Moon
Maternal Mortality Rate; WHO 2008
Introductie
• Highlight on maternal mortality:
• Every day in 2008, about 1000 women died due to
complications of pregnancy and child birth
• US: life time risk; 1: 2100
• Subsahara Africa: life time risk; 1:31
Bron: Are we making progress in Maternal Mortality? NENGLJMED may 26 2011
MMR world
1 moedersterfte elke minuut
• Malawi; zwangerschap => Chichewa “pakati”;
“ the place between life and death”
Moedersterfte (WHO definitie);
overlijden moeder in zwangerschap of tot 42
dagen na zwangerschap van een oorzaak
gerelateerd of verergerd door zwangerschap
Maternal mortality is the health indicator that shows the
widest gaps between rich and poor, both between countries
and within them
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Tanzania 1996 Indonesia 2002 Peru 2000
Maternalmortalityratio
Poorest 20% Richest 20%
Maternal Mortality
Maternal Mortality: a Small Part of a Larger Problem
Poor Health
and
Disability
UNICEF/C-79-53/Goodsmith
Vooruitgang
Maternale sterfte wereldwijd
• In 1980 > 526.300 (onzekerheidsinterval 446400 – 629600)
• In 2008 > 342.900 (onzekerheidsinterval 302100 – 394300)
Maternal Mortality Ratio per 100.000 live births wereldwijd
• In 1990 320 (272-388)
• In 2008 251 (221-289)
• Ofwel een reductie van ongeveer 22%
Bron: Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980–2008: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5
Margaret C Hogan, Kyle J Foreman, Mohsen Naghavi, Stephanie Y Ahn, Mengru Wang, Susanna M Makela, Alan D Lopez, Rafael
Lozano,Christopher J L Murray
Lancet 2010; 375: 1609–23
Vooruitgang
Bron: Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980–2008: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5
Margaret C Hogan, Kyle J Foreman, Mohsen Naghavi, Stephanie Y Ahn, Mengru Wang, Susanna M Makela, Alan D Lopez, Rafael
Lozano,Christopher J L Murray
Lancet 2010; 375: 1609–23
MDG 5 Target
Introductie
Majority of these deaths can be prevented with timely medical
treatment and functioning health systems
Timing of death is critical
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
D
uring
pregnancy
D
ay
1
D
ay
2
D
ay
3-7
D
ay
8-42
D
ay
43-90
D
ay
91-180
D
ay
181-365
Year2
Deathsper1000personyear
Most deaths cluster
around labour or
within 24 hours after
delivery
How much time do we have?
• It is estimated that, if untreated, death
occurs on average in
• 2 hours: from Postpartum Hemorrhage
• 12 hours: from Antepartum Hemorrhage
• 2 days: from Obstructed Labor
• 6 days: from Infection
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia
Maternalmortalityratio
Haemorrhage Hypertensive diseases Sepsis/Infection Obstructed labour
Other direct Abortion Indirect causes Unclassified
Most problems can be prevented or treated
during delivery or immediate postpartum
Most problems can not be
predicted or prevented antenatally
Excessive bleeding
is the main cause of death
To avert death and disability
…We Need to Ensure
that Women have Access To…
Emergency Obstetric Care
10
EmOC Signal Functions
(UNICEF,WHO,UNFPA,1997)
Basic EmOC -health centre
1. iv/m antibiotics
2. iv/m oxytocics
3. iv/m anticonvulsants
4. manual removal placenta
5. assisted vaginal delivery
6. removal of retained
products
Comprehensive EmOC
- Hospitals
All six Basic functions plus:
7. caesarean Section
8. blood transfusion
EMOC;
well trained nurses and midwives
10 12
28 30
37
76
87
42
86
36
Middle East and
North Africa
Latin America
and the
Caribbean
Sub-Saharan
Africa
East Asia and
the Pacific
South Asia
Births in millions, 2004 Percent of births attended by skilled personnel, 1996-2004
Evidence
Bron: Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980–2008: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5
Margaret C Hogan, Kyle J Foreman, Mohsen Naghavi, Stephanie Y Ahn, Mengru Wang, Susanna M Makela, Alan D Lopez, Rafael
Lozano,Christopher J L Murray
Lancet 2010; 375: 1609–23
Illustratie: 40% zorg dekking voorkomt
105.000 doden voor US dollar 0,54
Bron: PLOS 2010
Maternal disability
• Short- or Long-term Illness caused by
obstetric Complications
The Most Serious Is Obstetric Fistula
(An Abnormal Passage Between Vagina and
Bladder or
Rectum Often Caused by Obstructed Labor When it
is Not
Treated with Cesarean Section)
Maternal disability
• VVF = vesicovaginal fistula (continu lekken van urine door de vagina)
• RVF = rectovaginale fistula (wisselende passage van ontlasting of
flatus door de vagina
• Obstructed labour: hoofd van bab te groot, draait of presenteert zich
verkeerd, en gaat vast zitten in het geboortekanaal
• Het weke deel van de vagina zit vast tussen het harde hoofd en
bekken  druk necrose
• De baby sterft en het hoofdje slinkt, dit kan
dan door geboortekanaal
Maternal disability
Safe Motherhood
•A woman’s ability to have a safe and healthy
pregnancy and delivery; at a time she wants
Hoe bereik je safe motherhood?
• Providing high-quality maternal health services to all
women
– Care by skilled personnel
– Emergency care for complications
– Services to prevent and manage complications of unsafe
abortions
– Family planning
– Health education and services for adolescents
– Community education
Prioriteit
•Empower women, ensure their choices
• Advance safe motherhood through human rights
• Safe motherhood as a vital economic and social investment
• Delay marriage and first birth
• Every pregnancy faces risks
• Ensure access to high quality maternal health services
• Prevent unwanted pregnancy and address unsafe abortion
• Measure progress
• The power of partnership
The Three delays
The theoretical framework of the three
phases of delay:
• (1) The decision-making process
• (2) The delay to reach the health facility
• (3) Delay before receiving adequate care
Recognition
ReferralRecognition
ResponsivenessReferralRecognition
Video
‘Dead mums don’t cry’ BBC http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=5g0vzs8bC8s
Consult Online
Casus Obstetrie
• G6P4, AD 25 wkn;
• Presentatie met RR 160/110, zonder klachten
• Urine: massieve albuminurie
• Echo: intacte graviditeit cf 24-25 wkn
Beloop
• Gedurende opname: perifeer oedeem en dyspnoe
• LO/ pulmones: basaal crepitaties
Differentiaal Diagnose
• Pre-eclampsie
• Infectie ziekte
Beleid Tropenarts
• Medicamenteus; R/ Methyldopa 500mg 3dd1; R/
Nifedipine 20mg 2dd1 en R/ Furosemide 80mg
2dd1
Hierop normalisering v/d tensies naar 120/80,
afname dyspnoe-> maar wat nu gezien AD 25
wkn!?
Consulteren casus aan CO
Definities
Pre-eclampsia
• Hypertension (>140/90)
• Proteinuria: > 1+ protein
Eclampsia
• Convulsions or unconsciousness
• Pre-eclampsia
• No other causes for convulsions or unconsciouness
Kliniek
• BP > 140/90
• Proteinuria 1+ or more
• Headache
• Blurred vision
• Epigastric or upper abdominal pain
• Hyperreflexia, clonus
• Breathlessness (pulmonary oedema)
• Oliguria (<100 ml/4 hours)
Beleid
• Control the convulsions
• Control the bloodpressure
• Manage complications
• Deliver the baby
Risico’s eclampsie
• Aspiration
• Intracerebral hemorrhage
• The risk is directly proportional to the total number of fits
since cerebral oedema occurs as a consequence of the fits
Vraagstelling tropenarts CO
• Waarom presenteert een multiparae met een blanco
voorgeschiedenis zich met pre-eclampsie?
• Afwachten of inleiden gezien AD25wkn?
• Advies tav aanvulling huidige behandeling?
Reacties CO
• Waarom presenteert een multiparae met een blanco
voorgeschiedenis zich met pre-eclampsie?
– Mgl heeft pte in eerdere zws ook ongemerkt hypertensie
gehad
– Multiparae kunnen ook opeens hypertensie ontwikkelen
Reacties CO
• Afwachten of inleiden gezien AD25wkn?
– Termineren zwangerschap => Moeder is nu belangrijk,
kind zeer wrs niet te redden. Longoedeem is zeer
ernstige pre-eclampsie
– inleiden met misoprostol ½, ¼, tablet misoprostol in
fornix posterior.
– Indien klinisch toch stabiel dan dexamethason 6mg 1m
2dd voor 2dgn voor longrijping kind
Reacties CO
• Advies tav aanvulling huidige behandeling?
– Geef O2
– Vochtbalans! indien UP<: overweeg dopamine infuus
(5dpls p/minuut)
– Adviseer tubaligatie
– Sluit malaria en PCP uit tav dyspnoe
Afloop casus
• Zwangerschap is getermineerd, moeder is ingeleid,
kind is overleden, moeder goed hersteld
Tropenopleiding www.tropenopleiding.nl
Vragen?

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Maternal health

  • 2. Reproductive Health; global perspective • Doelstelling – Inzicht geven in belang reproductieve gezondheidszorg
  • 3. Reproductieve gezondheidszorg • Inhoud – Theorie; • Demografie & anticonceptie & infertiliteit • MDG 5; Maternale sterfte; oorzaken en oplossingen – Praktijk; Verhalen uit het veld; consult online – Dr. Schagen v. Leeuwen aan het woord; Ethiopie - Vragen
  • 4. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 95 01 95 51 96 01 96 51 97 01 97 51 98 01 98 51 99 01 99 52 00 02 00 52 01 02 01 52 02 02 02 52 03 02 03 52 04 02 04 52 05 0 Bron: United Nations Populations Division, World Population Prospects, The 2004 Revision, medium variant Global Population Growth; a developing country phenomenon Developing countries Developed countries Billions
  • 5. Bron: United Nations Populations Division, World Population Prospects, The 2004 Revision, medium variant Global Population Growth; a developing country phenomenon Developing countries Developed countries 728 1.941 668 778 457 549 326 885 3.875 5.385Asia Africa Europe Latin America/ Caribbean North America 2050 2005
  • 6. Bron: United Nations Populations Division, World Population Prospects, The 2004 Revision, medium variant The young population of developing countries has great growth potential (2005) 300 200 100 00 100 200 300 0-4 10-14 20-24 30-34 40-44 50-54 60-64 70-74 80-84 90+ FemalesMales Millions Millions Age
  • 7. Bron: United Nations Populations Division, World Population Prospects, The 2004 Revision, medium variant In the developed countries there are fewer and fewer young people, more and more elderly (2005) 300 200 100 00 100 200 300 0-4 10-14 20-24 30-34 40-44 50-54 60-64 70-74 80+ FemalesMales Age Millions
  • 8. • Worldwide 210 million conceptions • 80 million no life baby of which: • 42 million induced abortions • 35 million miscarriage/ectopic • 3 million babies are stillborn
  • 9. Unmet need for family planning Bron:The Lancet; Countdown to 2015 decade report(2000-10) taking stock of amternal, newborn, and child survival; jun 2010
  • 10. World abortion laws 2007: grounds on which abortion is permitted Bron: Brown, H. BMJ 2007;335:1018-1019
  • 11. Infertiliteit • 3% nooit zwanger, 4.5% geen kind • Subsahara Africa infertiliteit 7-31 %
  • 12. Stellingen • Onze planeet kan geen 9 miljard mensen herbergen en een menswaardig bestaan bieden • Iedereen moet gratis toegang krijgen tot anticonceptie • Geen zorg voor onvruchtbaarheid vermindert de kans op acceptatie van family planning
  • 13. Introductie MDG 5 • Millenium Development Goals; MCG 5; Improve maternal health. Reduce by 75% the MMR and achieve universal access to reproductive health
  • 14. VN uitspraak • “Our world possesses the knowledge and resources to achieve the MDGs… falling short of the Goals would be an unacceptable failure, moral and practical.” Ban Ki Moon
  • 16. Introductie • Highlight on maternal mortality: • Every day in 2008, about 1000 women died due to complications of pregnancy and child birth • US: life time risk; 1: 2100 • Subsahara Africa: life time risk; 1:31 Bron: Are we making progress in Maternal Mortality? NENGLJMED may 26 2011
  • 18. 1 moedersterfte elke minuut • Malawi; zwangerschap => Chichewa “pakati”; “ the place between life and death” Moedersterfte (WHO definitie); overlijden moeder in zwangerschap of tot 42 dagen na zwangerschap van een oorzaak gerelateerd of verergerd door zwangerschap
  • 19. Maternal mortality is the health indicator that shows the widest gaps between rich and poor, both between countries and within them 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Tanzania 1996 Indonesia 2002 Peru 2000 Maternalmortalityratio Poorest 20% Richest 20%
  • 20.
  • 21. Maternal Mortality Maternal Mortality: a Small Part of a Larger Problem Poor Health and Disability UNICEF/C-79-53/Goodsmith
  • 22. Vooruitgang Maternale sterfte wereldwijd • In 1980 > 526.300 (onzekerheidsinterval 446400 – 629600) • In 2008 > 342.900 (onzekerheidsinterval 302100 – 394300) Maternal Mortality Ratio per 100.000 live births wereldwijd • In 1990 320 (272-388) • In 2008 251 (221-289) • Ofwel een reductie van ongeveer 22% Bron: Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980–2008: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5 Margaret C Hogan, Kyle J Foreman, Mohsen Naghavi, Stephanie Y Ahn, Mengru Wang, Susanna M Makela, Alan D Lopez, Rafael Lozano,Christopher J L Murray Lancet 2010; 375: 1609–23
  • 23. Vooruitgang Bron: Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980–2008: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5 Margaret C Hogan, Kyle J Foreman, Mohsen Naghavi, Stephanie Y Ahn, Mengru Wang, Susanna M Makela, Alan D Lopez, Rafael Lozano,Christopher J L Murray Lancet 2010; 375: 1609–23 MDG 5 Target
  • 25. Majority of these deaths can be prevented with timely medical treatment and functioning health systems
  • 26. Timing of death is critical 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 D uring pregnancy D ay 1 D ay 2 D ay 3-7 D ay 8-42 D ay 43-90 D ay 91-180 D ay 181-365 Year2 Deathsper1000personyear Most deaths cluster around labour or within 24 hours after delivery
  • 27. How much time do we have? • It is estimated that, if untreated, death occurs on average in • 2 hours: from Postpartum Hemorrhage • 12 hours: from Antepartum Hemorrhage • 2 days: from Obstructed Labor • 6 days: from Infection
  • 28. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia Maternalmortalityratio Haemorrhage Hypertensive diseases Sepsis/Infection Obstructed labour Other direct Abortion Indirect causes Unclassified Most problems can be prevented or treated during delivery or immediate postpartum Most problems can not be predicted or prevented antenatally Excessive bleeding is the main cause of death
  • 29.
  • 30. To avert death and disability …We Need to Ensure that Women have Access To… Emergency Obstetric Care
  • 31. 10 EmOC Signal Functions (UNICEF,WHO,UNFPA,1997) Basic EmOC -health centre 1. iv/m antibiotics 2. iv/m oxytocics 3. iv/m anticonvulsants 4. manual removal placenta 5. assisted vaginal delivery 6. removal of retained products Comprehensive EmOC - Hospitals All six Basic functions plus: 7. caesarean Section 8. blood transfusion
  • 32. EMOC; well trained nurses and midwives 10 12 28 30 37 76 87 42 86 36 Middle East and North Africa Latin America and the Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia and the Pacific South Asia Births in millions, 2004 Percent of births attended by skilled personnel, 1996-2004
  • 33. Evidence Bron: Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980–2008: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5 Margaret C Hogan, Kyle J Foreman, Mohsen Naghavi, Stephanie Y Ahn, Mengru Wang, Susanna M Makela, Alan D Lopez, Rafael Lozano,Christopher J L Murray Lancet 2010; 375: 1609–23
  • 34. Illustratie: 40% zorg dekking voorkomt 105.000 doden voor US dollar 0,54 Bron: PLOS 2010
  • 35. Maternal disability • Short- or Long-term Illness caused by obstetric Complications The Most Serious Is Obstetric Fistula (An Abnormal Passage Between Vagina and Bladder or Rectum Often Caused by Obstructed Labor When it is Not Treated with Cesarean Section)
  • 36. Maternal disability • VVF = vesicovaginal fistula (continu lekken van urine door de vagina) • RVF = rectovaginale fistula (wisselende passage van ontlasting of flatus door de vagina • Obstructed labour: hoofd van bab te groot, draait of presenteert zich verkeerd, en gaat vast zitten in het geboortekanaal • Het weke deel van de vagina zit vast tussen het harde hoofd en bekken  druk necrose • De baby sterft en het hoofdje slinkt, dit kan dan door geboortekanaal
  • 38. Safe Motherhood •A woman’s ability to have a safe and healthy pregnancy and delivery; at a time she wants
  • 39. Hoe bereik je safe motherhood? • Providing high-quality maternal health services to all women – Care by skilled personnel – Emergency care for complications – Services to prevent and manage complications of unsafe abortions – Family planning – Health education and services for adolescents – Community education
  • 40. Prioriteit •Empower women, ensure their choices • Advance safe motherhood through human rights • Safe motherhood as a vital economic and social investment • Delay marriage and first birth • Every pregnancy faces risks • Ensure access to high quality maternal health services • Prevent unwanted pregnancy and address unsafe abortion • Measure progress • The power of partnership
  • 41. The Three delays The theoretical framework of the three phases of delay: • (1) The decision-making process • (2) The delay to reach the health facility • (3) Delay before receiving adequate care
  • 45.
  • 46. Video ‘Dead mums don’t cry’ BBC http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=5g0vzs8bC8s
  • 48. Casus Obstetrie • G6P4, AD 25 wkn; • Presentatie met RR 160/110, zonder klachten • Urine: massieve albuminurie • Echo: intacte graviditeit cf 24-25 wkn
  • 49. Beloop • Gedurende opname: perifeer oedeem en dyspnoe • LO/ pulmones: basaal crepitaties
  • 51. Beleid Tropenarts • Medicamenteus; R/ Methyldopa 500mg 3dd1; R/ Nifedipine 20mg 2dd1 en R/ Furosemide 80mg 2dd1 Hierop normalisering v/d tensies naar 120/80, afname dyspnoe-> maar wat nu gezien AD 25 wkn!? Consulteren casus aan CO
  • 52. Definities Pre-eclampsia • Hypertension (>140/90) • Proteinuria: > 1+ protein Eclampsia • Convulsions or unconsciousness • Pre-eclampsia • No other causes for convulsions or unconsciouness
  • 53. Kliniek • BP > 140/90 • Proteinuria 1+ or more • Headache • Blurred vision • Epigastric or upper abdominal pain • Hyperreflexia, clonus • Breathlessness (pulmonary oedema) • Oliguria (<100 ml/4 hours)
  • 54. Beleid • Control the convulsions • Control the bloodpressure • Manage complications • Deliver the baby
  • 55. Risico’s eclampsie • Aspiration • Intracerebral hemorrhage • The risk is directly proportional to the total number of fits since cerebral oedema occurs as a consequence of the fits
  • 56. Vraagstelling tropenarts CO • Waarom presenteert een multiparae met een blanco voorgeschiedenis zich met pre-eclampsie? • Afwachten of inleiden gezien AD25wkn? • Advies tav aanvulling huidige behandeling?
  • 57. Reacties CO • Waarom presenteert een multiparae met een blanco voorgeschiedenis zich met pre-eclampsie? – Mgl heeft pte in eerdere zws ook ongemerkt hypertensie gehad – Multiparae kunnen ook opeens hypertensie ontwikkelen
  • 58. Reacties CO • Afwachten of inleiden gezien AD25wkn? – Termineren zwangerschap => Moeder is nu belangrijk, kind zeer wrs niet te redden. Longoedeem is zeer ernstige pre-eclampsie – inleiden met misoprostol ½, ¼, tablet misoprostol in fornix posterior. – Indien klinisch toch stabiel dan dexamethason 6mg 1m 2dd voor 2dgn voor longrijping kind
  • 59. Reacties CO • Advies tav aanvulling huidige behandeling? – Geef O2 – Vochtbalans! indien UP<: overweeg dopamine infuus (5dpls p/minuut) – Adviseer tubaligatie – Sluit malaria en PCP uit tav dyspnoe
  • 60. Afloop casus • Zwangerschap is getermineerd, moeder is ingeleid, kind is overleden, moeder goed hersteld

Editor's Notes

  1. Vanavond in het teken van maternal health; reproductieve gezondheidszorg in de wereld Ik ben Josien Westendorp; tropenarts in opleiding; nu assistentschap gynaecologie in St Antonius; hiervoor chirurgie/ kindergnk; Ghana, Uganda en Brazilie geweest Plaatje van dr. schagen v leeuwen =&amp;gt; geeft goed beeld van huidige situatie in sommige landen. Dit is Ghana  waar een grafcultuur heerst.
  2. Vanavond is bedoeld om vanuit een globaal aspect naar reproductieve gnk te kijken; Introductie; Als je iets wilt vragen; onderbreek me gewoon; Even tussendoor; IFMSA; Welk jaar? Co schap gynaecologie/ buitenland plannen? Ontwikkelingsco-schap
  3. Hoe ziet vanavond er uit; als eerste; theorie; verdieping SvL: brazilie; Malawi;woord
  4. Zoomen uit =&amp;gt; Wereld; populatie groei; demografie
  5. Wereld; populatie groei; Europa enige continent wat niet groeit
  6. Opbouw bevolkings piramide
  7. Opbouw bevolkings piramide
  8. Reproductiviteit =&amp;gt; in die wereld  getallen; productieve machine
  9. The gestational age at which termination of pregnancy is allowed varies from country to country. (Source: Centre for Reproductive Rights)
  10. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  11. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  12. Wat komt bij jullie op bij MDG: even steekproef; alles mag; Nu gaan we naar moeders die wel succesvol waren en een kind kregen
  13. Nieuwe kofi anan; uitspraak lancet
  14. 1 moeder overlijdt elke minuten;Maternal Death: overlijden van vrouw tijdens zwangerschap of binnen 42 dagen na zwangerschap 300 x meer kans om te overlijden subsahara afrika en arm  Nederland hoog opgeleid LANCET gegevens!
  15. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  16. Maternal mortality illustreert als geen ander goal de ongelijkheid tussen landen en binnen landen
  17. Belangrijkste slide! MMR topje van de ijsberg
  18. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  19. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  20. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  21. Over 99 percent of maternal deaths occur in less developed countries, particularly in Asia and Africa. While high-quality, accessible health care has made maternal death a rare event in more developed countries, the lack of such health care has fatal consequences for pregnant women in less developed countries.
  22. Waar overlijden vrouwen dan aan? Other causes: malaria / malnutrition
  23. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  24. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  25. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  26. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  27. The areas of the world in which deliveries are least likely to be attended by skilled personnel, South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, account for nearly half of all births worldwide (37 million and 28 million, respectively, out of a total of 133 million in 2004).
  28. 4 miljoen Afrikaanse vrouwen en kinderen niet overlijden  indien 90% bereikt wordt PMTCT: preventie mother to child transmission HIV
  29. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  30. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  31. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  32. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  33. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  34. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  35. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  36. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  37. Succes verhaal
  38. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  39. Vraag voor de zaal; waar denken jullie aan? Wat zou je nog meer willen weten?
  40. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  41. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  42. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  43. Let op; 1 van de oorzaken van maternale sterfte
  44. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  45. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  46. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  47. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  48. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  49. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  50. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  51. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.
  52. Voorlichtingsdag november 2011
  53. Casus mooie illustratie van het vak; brede basis; inventief. Als je er niet uit komt; tijd nemen.