Abstract: Corrugated pipe are pipes with rough surfaces walls of discrete grooves regularly disposed along the flow direction. Surface roughness has a significant effect on a wide range of engineering systems such as industrial piping systems, open channel flows, turbo machines, marine, vehicles, and aircraft etc. The d-types and k-type of the roughness were studies and their effect on the flow properties of fluid. Both experimental and numerical analyses of different researchers were reviewed. The rough patterns and results of the researchers were compared. The surface roughness contributed to turbulence, friction loss and enhanced heat transfer depending on the geometrical shape.

1. Invention Journal of Research Technology in Engineering & Management (IJRTEM) ISSN: 2455-3689
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Review on the Effect of Corrugated Shapes on the BEHAVIOURS of Fluid
Tairu Onawale O.1
Ismaila O.S.2
and Oyewola M.O2
and Fagbenle R.O.2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ibadan, Ibadan
Abstract: Corrugated pipe are pipes with rough surfaces walls of discrete grooves regularly disposed along the flow direction. Surface
roughness has a significant effect on a wide range of engineering systems such as industrial piping systems, open channel flows, turbo
machines, marine, vehicles, and aircraft etc. The d-types and k-type of the roughness were studies and their effect on the flow properties
of fluid. Both experimental and numerical analyses of different researchers were reviewed. The rough patterns and results of the
researchers were compared. The surface roughness contributed to turbulence, friction loss and enhanced heat transfer depending on the
geometrical shape.
INTRODUCTION
Corrugated pipes are pipes with rough surfaces walls of grooves periodically disposed along the longitudinal direction of the pipes. The
surface roughness presents in most engineering systems such as industrial piping systems, open channel flows, turbo machines, marine,
vehicles, and aircraft. A lot of researches have been carried out on the effect of roughness on wall-bounded turbulence. The Reynolds
shear stress depends on the shape of the surface more than the viscous stress [26] and roughness alters the structure of the boundary layer
near the wall. It has significant effects on the momentum, heat and mass transfer rates at the surface [3]. The flows are controlled by the
turbulent flow structure in the near-wall region and result into skin friction drag which an important parameter in engineering or
industrial analysis. The skin friction drag can be used to determine the friction velocity which is an important scaling parameter in
boundary layer theory.
The use of corrugated pipe results in a more complex flow structure and improves the heat transfer by as much as two or three times
compared to a conventional straight pipe. [25]. The ratio of distance between two consecutive ribs and height of the rib (Relative
roughness pitch (p/ c)), ratio of rib height to equivalent diameter of the air passage (relative roughness height (c/ D)), angle of attack
(inclination of rib with direction of air flow in duct) and the ratio of duct width to duct height are the basic dimensionless geometrical
parameters that are used to characterize roughness as shown in fig 1. There are “d-type” and “k-type” roughness classifications, which
have been in wide spread use ever since. The former is used to define a surface with roughly square cavities, and the latter is used to
define a surface with grooves with a length-to-height ratio greater than approximately four (4). Geometrically k-type roughness element
is not too close together whereas d-types elements are densely packed [32]. They are classified into d-type (p/c < 2), intermediate type
(p/c = 4) and k-type (p/c> 4) where p is the height of the pitch and e is the distance between successive height [27]. The roughness can
be regular (triangular, quadratic, and sinusoidal forms) or irregular shapes.
Furthermore, it has been shown numerically and experimentally that using of a corrugated channel has effects on the pressure drops,
friction loss of the flow surface heat transfer of system and formation of vortexes in the flow. Experimental and numerical investigations
appropriate districted roughness geometries to enhance heat transfer in the solar air heaters [1, 16, 28, and 35]
CLASSIFICATION OF ROUGHNESS
There is a controversy on the categorization of k-type and d-type roughness, Perry et al was first proposed the classification of “d-type”
and “k-type” roughness. The d-type and k-type roughness are widely used in engineering application and their distinction on wall
turbulence is well established and related to the pitch –to-height ratio [17,32,35]. Most authors’ classified d-type (p/e < 2), intermediate
type (p/e = 4) and k-type (p/e > 4).. The roughness can be regular (triangular, quadratic, and sinusoidal forms) or irregular shapes.it is

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also classified d-type (p/e < 2), intermediate type (2 < p/e < 4) and k-type (p/e > 4) [7].Experimentally and numerically reported that the
transitional roughness is at p/e ≈ 8, the values of p/e < 5 indicate closely spaced ribs, d-type roughness, or skimming flow, while p/e > 5
indicate k-type roughness , or interactive flow. [8] The roughness of the surface affects the convectional heat transfer on the surface. The
convective heat transfer in the channel with wavy plates higher than that with flat plates and corrugated surface has significant effect on
the enhancement of heat transfer and pressure drop [22,23,24] Furthermore, the flow field found to be strongly influenced by roughness
and Reynolds number and enhanced the heat transfer and reduced the friction factor. The increase of channel height gave rise to a
substantial increase both in the fully developed Nusselt number and the friction factor [12, 20]
COMPARISON BETWEEN D AND K TYPE ROUGHNESS
The d type roughness enhanced heat transfer and friction loss more than the k type roughness [19]. The mean velocity profile and three
common characteristics of the boundary layer thickness depend on the type of roughness and the turbulent energy of k-type is greater
than d-type roughness for the same pressure drop. Moreover, the turbulent parameters (turbulent intensity, Reynolds shear stress, etc.)
propagated from the vicinity of the wall to the pipe centre downstream of the disturbance [33]. The shapes of the element affected the
turbulent intensities for d type but did not for the K-type roughness.[18].
EFFECTS OF GEOMETRIC OF FLUID BEHAVIOURS
The heat transfer and friction fraction are function of geometric variables of the pipe [6]. The irregular 3D roughness is more effective in
reducing the flow velocity with respect to the 2D roughness [9]. Moreover, the roughness height, roughness pitch, and channel
separation reduced and enhanced the heat transfer [2,4,10,11,15,17,22,26]. The grooves height and length influence the global friction
factor of turbulent flow and increase the friction factor is more significant at higher Reynolds numbers and larger grooves [31, 36]
CONCLUSION
Roughness not only cause turbulent at low velocity, it also cause friction loss and pressure loss which are very important in flow
behaviour of the fluid. The height of the roughness is not only parameter that affect flow behaviour, the space between the successive
heights also contribute. The tendency of the effects of the shape of the roughness on the flow behaviours need to be analysed
experimentally and numerically. The d-type and k-type rough were treated separate while most surface roughness are combination of
d-type and k-type. Both experimental and numerical study need to be carried out on the combination of the two types study the effect on
the pressure loss, friction loss and heat transfer. Contribution d-type to flow behaviour before passing through k type and the behaviour
of the flow after need to be compare with when solely d type or k-type and vice versa .
b a
D
c
s
Figure 1: Geometric shape of corrugated pipe

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