NURSING MICROBIOLOGY

1. INTRODUCTION TO NURSING
MICROBIOLOGY
Prepared by Jones H.M-MBA
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2. INTRODUCTION
This course is very
important component in
health
 because it borders on
finding the cause of the
disease
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3. and the specific
causative organisms
so that appropriate
treatment will be given
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4. We depend on
microbiology to come
up with vaccines,
drugs, structures of
microorganism etc.
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5. TERMS USED IN
MICROBIOLOGY
I.Microbiology
MICRO- means: small
or minute
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6. BIO-which means: Life
LOGY-which means:
Study
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7. Microbiology defined
Microbiology can be defined
as the scientific study of
minute living organisms
which include bacteria,
viruses, fungi and yeasts.
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8. Microbiology is also the
science that studies micro-
organisms and their effects
on humans and animals.
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9. Micro- organism
(microbe):
A microscopic cell, Very small
living organism.
Microscopic: This term refers
to organisms that are extremely
small, visible only with the aid of
a microscope.
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10. Dark ground
microscopy:
This is a method of
microscopy which allows
unstained microorganisms
to be seen.
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11. Pathology:
This is the branch of
medical science that
studies the causes and
nature and effects of
diseases
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12. Pathogenic:
A disease causing
microorganism
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13. Infection
The successful invasion and
multiplication of pathogenic
organisms either on the
body surface or in the body
system
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14. Pathogen
A pathogen is a
microbe that has the
ability to cause host
tissue injury.
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15. The host damage can be as a
result of direct microbial activity or
arise from the host immune
response.
This definition encompasses
classical pathogens and
opportunistic pathogens11/9/2019 15Prepared by Jones H.M-MBA

16. Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis is the steps
or mechanisms involved
in the development of a
disease.
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17. Pathogenicity:
Pathogenicity is the
ability of an organism
to cause disease.
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18. Virulence:
This is defined as the level or
degree of pathogenicity.
Thus, a pathogen has greater
virulence if its capacity to
cause host damage is high.
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19. Parasite:
This is an organism living
upon or within another living
organism deriving benefits
as well as causing harm to
the host.
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20. The term also can refer to an
animal or plant or micro-
organism which depends on
another living animal or plant to
provide some or all necessities
for its life process.
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21. Ecto parasite:
This term refers to a
parasite which lives on
the surface of its host
e.g. a flea or lice
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22. Endo parasite:
This term refers to a
parasite which lives inside
its host e.g. malaria
parasite or worms.
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23. Bacteriology:
 This is a branch of
microbiology which deals with
the scientific study of bacteria.
 The branch of medical
science that studies bacteria in
relation to disease
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24. Virology:
 It is a branch of microbiology
which deals with the scientific
study of viruses.
of botany that studies fungi
and fungus-caused diseases
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25. Mycology:
 This is a branch of microbiology
which is concerned with the
scientific study of fungi.
 The branch of botany that
studies fungi and fungus-caused
diseases
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26. Protozoology:
 The branch of
microbiology concerned
with the scientific study
of protozoa
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27. Haematology:
 The science dealing with the
formation, composition, functions
and diseases of the blood.
 The branch of science
concerned with the study of blood,
blood-forming tissues and the
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28. Oncology:
 The branch of
medicine that deals
with the scientific
study of tumours
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29. Attenuated strain:
A strain of micro-organism which
has diminished virulence or which is
weakened.
Autoclave:
A device in which objects are
sterilized by steam under pressure.
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30. Carrier:
A person who, though not
suffering obviously from a
particular disease, continues to
harbour and to excrete the
causative organisms which may
be passed on to others
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31. Chemotherapeutic
agent
This term refers to a synthetic
substance which has a
destructive action against
microorganisms and which is
used to treat infection.
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32. Genus:
This term refers to a group
animals or plants which
though not identical, have
many characters in
common.
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33. Fermentation:
This term refers to the
incomplete splitting of sugar by
microorganisms to provide
energy for their growth which
yields alcohol, acids and gases
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34. Gram stain:
This term refers a method of
bacteriological staining which
divides bacteria into gram-positive
and gram-negative types.
The gram reaction depends on the
nature of the bacteria cell wall
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35. Host:
The animal or tissue on
which a parasite lives
and multiplies.
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36. Interferon:
A substance released
by cells infected with
viruses which renders
other cells resistant to
viral infection.
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37. Infection:
 A state in which the body or part
of it is invaded by a pathogenic
organism which under favourable
conditions, multiplies and
produces effects which are
harmful or injurious to the host
cells.
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38. Macrophage:
A large white blood cell
which has the ability to
ingest (phagocytose)
bacteria and other particles
found in chronic
inflammation.
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39. Antibody
 A specific substance (a
type of protein produced by
plasma cells) found in the
blood that is formed in
response to an antigen.
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40. Antigen:
A substance that
stimulates the production
of antibody or reacts with
them when introduced in
the body.
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41. Antitoxin:
 An antibody which
can specifically
neutralize a particular
toxin.
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42. Toxin:
Poisonous substance
released by certain
organisms which has
damaging action on the
tissues
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43. Asepsis:
Free from germs or from
infection
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44. Antiseptic
It is a chemical agent
which prevents the growth
of micro-organisms,
particularly on body
surfaces and endothelial
linings
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45. Bacteriocide:
 It is an agent that
kills/destroys bacteria.
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46. Aerobe (aerobic
organism):
 It is a micro-organism which
can only live or thrive (grow) in
the presence of oxygen.
Aerobic conditions.
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47. Acid fast bacillus:
 It is an organism which
when stained will resist
decolourization by acids.
E.g Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
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48. Facultative
anaerobe:
 It is a microorganism
which can grow under
both anaerobic and
aerobic conditions.
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49. Commensals (normal
flora)
 these are harmless
organisms in their normal sites
but capable of causing disease
when transmitted to an
abnormal site e.g.
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50.  Escherichia coli (E-coli)
are the harmless resident
of the gut which can cause
infection in the wound or
urinary tract.
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51. Medium:
 The mixture of
substances in or on which
bacteria are grown or
cultivated in the laboratory
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52. Micro aerophilic:
 Bacteria which grow best
in the presence of a low
concentration of oxygen
i.e. less than that found in
the air.
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53. Micron:
A unit of measurement of
length equals 1/1000th of a
millimetre.
Motile:
Able to move under its own
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54. Mutation:
The spontaneous,
random change which
sometimes occurs in the
genetic constitution of an
organism.
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55. Saprophyte:
 It is a micro-organism
which is able to live
without parasitizing an
animal or plant.
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56. Septicaemia:
 This is the presence
of bacteria and their
toxins in the blood
stream.
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57. Sepsis:
 Infection of the body by
bacteria or presence of
pathogenic micro-
organism in the body.
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58. Species:
 A group of micro—
organisms or plants or
animals which have
common characteristics
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59. Spore:
A structure produced by some
species of bacteria which is
very resistant to adverse
conditions e.g. heating or
drying which could kill the
average bacterium.
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60. The spore is also able to
survive the adverse
conditions and to
germinate once conditions
are favourable.
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61. History of Microbiology
Microbiology has had a long,
rich history.
It initially cantered on the
causes of infectious diseases
but now covers practical
applications of the science
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62. Microbiology has developed over
a period of years.
Many individuals have made
significant contributions to the
development of microbiology.
 The following are the notable
ones:
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63. merchant who lived
from 1632-1723)
Antonius Van Leeuwenhoek (1676)
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64.  He was the first to
invent a primitive
microscope.
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65. It consisted of a single
magnifying lens held in a flame
but he was able to see objects
which he called animalcules in
rain water from pools,
scrapings (tartar) from teeth
and in faeces.
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66. Franceco
He lived between 1626 and
1697, through his experiment he
discovered that maggots were
not spontaneously formed in
decomposed meat but that
larvae were the maggots which
came from the flies.
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67. Lazzare Spallanzani-
1776
He was an Italian priest;
he was the first to
cultivate bacteria in a
sterilized media with and
without air.
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68. He also demonstrated that
heating (boiling) meat for a
sufficient length of time
and then sealed would not
contain bacteria.
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69. 1796-Edward Jenner
Introduced cowpox
vaccine/vaccination
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70. 1546-Fracastoro (An
Italian physician)
He first suggested that:
infection is the same for who
received and who has given
the infection is caused by
minute insensible particles and
is spread by means of them.
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71. 1847 Semmelewes
A Viennese obstetrician,
he noted that puerperal
fever was transmitted from
one patient to another
through hands of
attendants
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72. 1854-John Snow
A scientist in London
who demonstrated that
cholera was transmitted
through drinking
contaminated water
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73. Loius Pasteur (1822-
1895)
• A French chemist from France
demonstrated that microscopic
organism yeast caused the
fermentation of sugar and starch
into alcohol and that the
presence of the bacteria was
spoiling the wine.
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74. He developed vaccines for
cholera, anthrax and rabies.
 He also introduced/invented
pasteurization
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75. Robert Koch
(1843-1910)
A German doctor (physician),
his first investigation was into
the case of anthrax, he
isolated anthrax bacteria.
Also isolated and described
the Tubercle bacilli in 1882-
TB/Koch’s disease
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76. Klebs and Fredrick
Loeffler (1852-1920)
A German bacteriologist
who with Klebs isolated the
Diphtheria Bacilli which
they named after
themselves as Klebs
Loeffler Bacilli (KLB)
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77. In 1888, they discovered that
symptoms of diphtheria were
not caused directly by bacteria
but by a substance known as
toxin produced by the bacteria,
carried in the blood stream
able to produce tissue
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78. Emil Vanbehring
(1854-1917)
He discovered Diphtheria
antitoxin in 1890.
He showed that diphtheria
could be prevented and cured
by the administration of serum
from the horse convalescent
from diphtheria.
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79.  This was the discovery of
antitoxins
Jenner
He discovered vaccinations
against small pox.
Theillers
He discovered the vaccine
for yellow fever
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80. Salk and Sabin
They discovered the vaccine
for poliomyelitis
Kiyoshi shiga (1870-1959)
He discovered the
dysentery bacilli known
as shingella shiga
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81. Albert Neisser (1855-
1916)
He discovered the
gonococco organism which
causes Gonorrhoea, It was
named after him and called
it Neisseria Gonorrhoea
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82. Edward Klein (1844-
1925)
He identified
streptococcus as the
cause of scarlet fever.
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83. Angus Von Wasserman
(1866-1925)
He introduced the first
use for diagnosis of
syphilis which is known
as Wassermann’s
Reaction
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84. Leon Calmette (1863-
1933)
Together with Camille
Guren, they introduced a
BCG vaccine (Bacillus
Camille Guren) against
tuberculosis
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85. William Welchi (1850-
1935)
He discovered and
described the organism
that causes GAS
GANGRENE as
Clostridium Welchi
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86. Sir William Alexander
Flemming (1891 1955)
A British
bacteriologist who in
1929 discovered the
antibiotic penicillin
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87. Prince Charles Chamber
land (1857-1908)
He discovered an
instrument called an
Autoclave used in the
sterilization of surgical
instruments.
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88. IMPORTANCE OF
MICROBIOLOGY
I. It helps the nurse
understand and apply the
underlying principles in
the prevention and control
of infection.
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89. II. It helps the nurse to
understand how normal
flora contribute to the
health of an individual, as
well as how they can
cause disease11/9/2019 89Prepared by Jones H.M-MBA

90. III. The nurse needs to know
the different organisms that
cause diseases in man and
their modes of transmission.
Microbiology helps the nurse
to achieve this
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91. IV. As a nurse, you will are
allowed by law to prescribe
certain drugs, including
antibiotics. Study microbiology,
therefore, helps the nurse to
make scientific decisions when
prescribing treatment for
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92. V. Microbiology helps the
nurse to know how to
render and keep certain
instruments aseptic in
order to prevent cross
infection11/9/2019 92Prepared by Jones H.M-MBA

93. VI. Studying
microbiology also helps
the nurse to recognize
the signs and symptoms
of infection
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