Introduction to integrated reproductive health

INTRODUCTI
ON TO
INTEGRATED
REPRODUCT
IVE HEALTH
MR. JONES H.M-MBA
8/27/2019JONES H.M-MBA1

At the end of this lecture, you should be able to:
– Define RH and IRH
– Mention the components of IRH
– Describe the Integrated Reproductive Health Policy
– Outline the Principles of IRH
8/27/2019JONES H.M-MBA
2

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Reproductive Health (RH)
– Reproductive Health is a state of complete physical, mental
and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of
reproductive disease or infirmity.
Integrated Reproductive Health (IRH)
– This is a comprehensive approach to Reproductive Health
in a response to expanding needs arising from; increased
demand for family planning, greater awareness of maternal
and neonatal mortality and morbidity, and a growing
burden of reproductive ill health (MoH, 2003).
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Components of IRH
The components of IRH include the following:-
Reproductive health information
– To enhance reproductive health information and service
provision so that all individuals and couples will be able to
achieve their reproductive intentions while upholding their
reproductive rights.
– To strengthen the concept of Integrated Reproductive
Health through advocacy and IEC so as to ensure
sustainability of Integrated Reproductive Health programs.
4

Safe motherhood
– To ensure the provision of quality Integrated Safe
Motherhood Services which are accessible, acceptable and
free at all levels of the health care system.
5

Family planning
– To ensure that procurement of family planning
commodities are made on a sustainable basis.
– To ensure that provision is made for production and
distribution of IEC
Maternal nutrition
– To ensure that the nutritional status of women and
adolescent girls in particular, is improved to prevent health
problems.
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Adolescent health and development
– To empower adolescents/youth by equipping them with life
skills, including assertiveness, self-esteem, value
clarification and decision making in order to achieve a
positive life attitude.
– To increase accessibility and availability of affordable Youth
Friendly Health Services to adolescents/youth at all levels
of the health care system.
7

STIS/HIV/AIDS
– To strengthen the prevention and effective management of
STI/HIV/AIDS.
– To reduce the rapid spread of HIV/AIDS.
Abortion
– To strengthen the quality and availability of Post Abortion
Care (PAC) and counseling services within the context of
Integrated Reproductive Health.
8

Infertility
– To ensure the provision of appropriate services for
overcoming infertility barriers to the achievement of
reproductive intentions.
Health service delivery
– To ensure the provision of quality reproductive health
services at all levels of the health care system.
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Other reproductive health issues
– To strengthen diagnosis and management of all related
reproductive health cancers at all levels of health care
system (cancer of the cervix, breast and prostate).
– To ensure that there is a preventive and curative
programme for women after menopause.
– To prevent harmful traditional practices, such as female
genital mutilation, unsafe male circumcision.
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INTEGRATED
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
POLICY
– The reproductive health policy was formulated by the
Ministry of Health to provide guidelines to different sectors
involved in the implementation of reproductive health
programs.
– The policy sets out to respond to the country's prevailing
reproductive health situation so as to improve the standard
of living and quality of life of Zambians.
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– The Reproductive Health Policy provides guidelines to
different sectors involved in the implementation of
reproductive health programmes.
– The policy sets out to respond to the country's prevailing
reproductive health situation so as to improve the
standards of living and quality of life of Zambians.
12

– The policy commits itself to addressing the reproductive
health needs of individuals and families, as well as
supporting their physical, mental, emotional and social
development throughout their life cycle.
13

– The policy also commits itself to the concept of
Reproductive Health, which encompasses, safe
Motherhood, including Safe Abortion care: Family Planning:
Adolescent Health: STD/HIV/AIDS: and Gender issues
throughout the life of individuals, within the context of
population and sustainable development, and reduction of
poverty.
14

– Furthermore, the policy is committed to advocating for a
multi-sectoral approach to reproductive health by involving
other government Ministries, Non-Governmental
Organization, Politicians, Policy makers, Senior managers,
the Community, Church organizations and other concerned
bodies and users of services.
15

Other commitments for Reproductive Health Policy include:
– Creating an enabling environment, for the provision of
reproductive –Health services, by effective management,
training, supervision, essential logistic supplies, infrastructure,
and referral system.
– Guaranteeing that all public and private health facilities will
provide the essential Reproductive Health services to all in
consistent with the level of experience and training of service
providers.
– Providing Reproductive Health information and services to all
regardless of age, gender, and marital or socio-economic
status.
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– Taking into account the religious, social and cultural factors
in the provision of sexual and reproductive health
information and services in the various communities and
groups of people.
– Protecting the rights of the clients in the course of
obtaining appropriate medical information and services
and ensuring maximum confidentiality and privacy.
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– Strengthening existing pre-service, in service and post
graduate training on reproductive Health, and ensuring
regular updates according to staff performance and
establishing appropriate infrastructure to meet the service
provision requirements.
– Involving traditional practitioners/healers in the promotion
of safe practices for all aspects of sexual and reproductive
health (MoH, 2000)
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PRINCIPLES OF IRH
Integrated Reproductive Health has 12 principles which are as follows:-
Community Participation
– Community participation is essential at all stages to ensure
acceptability, appropriateness and sustainability of RH programmes.
– It is necessary for empowering the community, particularly women, to
have greater control over their lives and over the services that are
provided to them.
– It is through community participation that essential information will
be gathered to direct the planning of services. Such information
includes:
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• Identification of the training needs of care providers.
• Selection of appropriate sites to avoid stigmatisation of users.
Analysis of the appropriate level of privacy and confidentiality
required by local customs, cultures or beliefs.
• Decisions on whether primarily female staff must be used; and
recognition of birthing preferences.
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• A failure to obtain such information may have a negative
impact on the use of services, for example, if family members
are excluded from a birth when they have an important cultural
role to play at such times.
• It is important that both men and women be involved in many
aspects of the RH programme to promote responsible and
caring attitudes and behaviour for the benefit of all.
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– Although men may be poorly informed about RH matters, they
are often the decision makers. Health providers need to be
aware of the roles and decision-making process within the
family so they can provide services effectively and in the best
interests of the whole family.
22

Quality of Care
– Quality RH services require that organisations, programmes
and providers use appropriate technologies and have trained
staff.
– There is also need to respect clients’ rights to informed
consent by providing adequate information and counselling,
Reproductive Health Care providers must ensure accessible
services, privacy, confidentiality, and continuity of care.
– These aspects of quality of care are also guiding principles of
medical ethics in the protection of human rights.
23

Appropriate Technologies and Skills
– Appropriate technologies must be selected according to
universal standards.
– Providers must be adequately trained, equipped and
supervised.
– Appropriate supplies must be available, clean, and, when
necessary, sterile.
– All invasive procedures must involve Infection Prevention
(IP) and proper use of drugs.
24

Accessibility
– Primary Health Care (PHC) services must be available within a
reasonable distance from all patients (at least within 12Km
radius).
– A referral network, including transportation, to higher-level
facilities should be coupled to PHC services. Patients’ access to
services should not be contingent on social or cultural
backgrounds nor on age, marital status, parity, number of
male children, sexual orientation, or partner or parental
consent.
– Patients should not be required to accept one service in order
to gain access to another type of service
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Informed Consent
– A patient has the right to know, before any procedure is performed,
what the procedure involves as well as its expected benefits, possible
risks, duration of treatment, and cost to the patient or her/his family.
This information must be presented to the patient in a language that
s/he can understand.
– Informed consent means that the patient not only has choices, but
also can make an informed decision among various options.
– To make such a decision, the patient must know her/his condition and
have ample opportunity to ask questions and receive answers from a
knowledgeable provider.
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Privacy
– Visual and auditory privacy must be maintained during all
phases of patient care, that is, from presentation through
diagnosis, testing, treatment, and counselling. Examination
tables should face away from doors and windows so that a
woman will not risk exposure during examination,
particularly during pelvic examination. Windows should be
covered, and partitions placed between examination areas.
Others within the health facility should not be able to
overhear the interaction between the patient and health
provider.
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Confidentiality
– All information regarding the patient, her/his history,
treatment, condition, circumstances, and prognosis is
discussed only between the patient, the provider and
supervisors.
– No staff member should share patient information with
anyone who is not directly involved in the patient’s care
without the patient’s permission (shared confidentiality).
Medical records should be stored in a locked room or file
cabinet to which only providers and supervisors have access.
– Medical records should never leave the clinic unless required
for patient referral to another clinic.
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Respect
– All health staff should talk with patients politely and manage
patient care in a compassionate and non-judgmental fashion.
– Patients have the right to ask questions and expect those
questions to be answered in a timely, complete and
understandable manner.
– Patients need to know how to recognise and manage common
complications of their condition, signs and symptoms
indicating the need for additional medical attention and when
and how to obtain follow-up care.
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Integrating Services
– Reproductive health services should be integrated into
primary health care. Integration may occur in relation to the
place at which services are provided or the personnel who
provide those services.
– The potential to integrate services provided at any particular
site will depend on the skills and resources available.
– Successful integration is dependent on the quality of
communication among the various personnel, at different
levels, within the overall service.
30

– All personnel must be fully aware of how the system
operates, what services are provided at each level, and
how those who want to use the services can do so.
– The staff at one level must be able to provide information
about all other levels. When referrals are made between
levels, adequate information about the patient must travel
in both directions and must cover both the reasons for a
referral and the eventual consequences of any action
taken.
31

Information, Education and Communication (IEC)
– Reproductive health requires knowledge and understanding about human sexuality
and appropriate, adequate and accessible information.
– It is important to raise the level of knowledge about reproduction and sexuality.
– Women, men and adolescents should understand how their bodies work and how
they can maintain good reproductive health.
– Scientifically validated knowledge should be shared to promote free and informed
choice and to counter misperceptions and harmful practices.
– IEC activities are essential for sharing this knowledge. Such activities range from
“one-to one” conversations between service providers and clients to highly
developed formal campaigns.
– There are also effective IEC strategies that promote community participation and
individual commitment to changing behaviours.
–
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Advocacy for Reproductive Health
– The active promotion of reproductive health should be part of all
communities’ assistance programmes.
– A lack of awareness of the issues involved in protecting and promoting
reproductive health may be found in all groups involved in a community
setting, from the providers of health care to the community they serve.
– This lack of awareness may become a real barrier to improved
reproductive health and responsible sexual behaviour. However,
opportunities to promote RH issues may be limited.
– Any advocacy that is undertaken must demonstrate understanding of the
culture, values and belief systems of the local population. Advocacy that is
insensitive or disrespectful may be counterproductive and prompt
rejection, or even reprisals, within the community.
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Coordinating Activities Among Relief Agencies
– Coordination is needed among sectors (health, community
services, protection), implementing agencies (government,
NGOs, UN agencies), Levels of service providers (doctors,
midwives, Traditional Birth Attendants, health assistants).
– To foster this coordination, it is recommended that an
individual be identified as RH Coordinator in each
community situation.
34

– To deal with the causes and consequences of violence,
health professionals must work closely with staff in the
protection and community services sectors.
– By doing so, staff can develop detailed procedures on
appropriate care for survivors and strategies to prevent the
occurrence of sexual violence.
35

– This person would assume the responsibility for overall
organisation and supervision of RH activities, as well as the
integration of these services within other health services.
– The issue of sexual violence provides an excellent
illustration of the need to coordinate among sectors.
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– Coordination among implementing agencies requires that,
although each agency has its own expertise and range of
qualified staff, there should be a standard approach used by all
agencies involved.
– Even though an agency may not provide a full range of RH
services, coordination with others would ensure that the end
product is complementary and comprehensive RH care.
– Uncoordinated activities result in inappropriate allocations of
scarce resources and reduced impact of the project.
37

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