what moral and ethical standards in Bangladesh should guide media professional and journalists?

1. 1
MYgva¨‡gi bxwZ-‰bwZKZv
cÖiw¤¢K K_v:
evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U AekB †h‡Kv‡bv MYgva¨g Kg©x‡KB cÖ‡qvRbxq bxwZ ˆbwZKZv †g‡b Pjv
Avek¨K| MYgva¨g gvbyl‡K me‡P‡q †ewk cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K, gvbyl‡K †kLvq, Z_¨ †`q, we‡bvw`Z K‡i|
GLb MYgva¨‡gi †`Iqv GB mKj Z_¨ hw` e¯‘wbó bv nq Z‡e gvbylI G&B fzj Z‡_¨i Dci cÖfvweZ n‡q fzj
KvR Ki‡e| Gfv‡eB GKwU †`k fz‡ji w`‡K P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| cwibv‡g, BwZnvm weK…Z n‡”Q, gvbyl w`‡bi
ci w`b fzj Z_¨ wkL‡Q I wek^vm Ki‡Q| hv †h‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki Rb¨ gvivËK ûgwK|
wPÎ: evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ RvwZq ˆ`wbK cwÎKvmg~n
evsjv‡`k †cÖm Bbw÷wUD‡Ui (2017) cwimsL¨vb m~‡Î Rvbv hvq †h, Õevsjv‡`‡ki 72 kZvsk gvbyl ‰`wbK
55 kZvsk mgq MYgva¨g‡K wb‡q KvUvqÕ| myZivs ejv P‡j, GKRb gvbyl ˆ`wbK A‡a©‡KiI †ewk mgq
wgwWqv‡K wb‡q KvUvq| G‡ÿ‡Î ejv hvq, MYgva¨g wewfbœ Av‡aq w`‡q RbMY‡K AvKl©b K‡i Ges †kLvq|
†h‡nZz gvbyl MYgva¨g †_‡K †k‡L, †m‡nZz MYgva¨g hw` cÿcvwZ nq, fzj Z_¨ †`q Z‡e gvbyqI fzj I
wg_¨vi w`‡K cwiPvwjZ n‡e Ges evsjv‡`‡k GwU Anin n‡”Q|
Avgvi †Pv‡L aiv c‡i, eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki MYgva¨g¸‡jv hv‡”QZvB gbMov Pj‡Q, hv Z‡`i bxwZ-‰bwZKZv,
Dc¯’vwcZ Av‡aqi g‡a¨ dz‡U DV‡Q| GB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Avwg g‡b Kvwi evsjv‡`‡ki MYgva¨g¸‡jv‡K wKQz wbw`©ó
avivevwnK bxwZ Abymib, †mÝikxc Av‡ivc, I Dchy³ KZ©„c‡ÿi wbqš¿‡bi gva¨‡g MYgva¨g‡K mwVK c‡_
Avbv hv‡e| G‡Z g‡b nqbv †h MYgva¨‡gi Lye †ewk ¯^vaxbZv niY n‡e, ei AvB‡bi AvIZvq _vK‡j, fzj
KvR Ki‡Z mvnm cv‡e bv|
†Kb mvsevw`KZvq bxwZ-ˆbwZKZv cÖ‡qvRb?
‡h‡Kv‡bv MYgva¨g Zv‡`i gZ cÖKv‡k n‡e ¯^vaxb, e¯Íywbô,
cÿcvwZËnxb| MYgva¨g Zvi we‡eK w`‡q cwiPwjZ n‡e AvBb w`‡q bq| GB K_vwU ‡hgb mZ¨ †Zgwb
AwZwi³ ¯^axbZv cvIqvi d‡j MYgva¨g hLb cÿcvwZËg~jK, e¯‘wbônxb n‡q c‡o ZLb Aek¨B wKQz K‡Vvi
bxwZ-wewa wb‡la cÖ‡qvRb c‡o MYgva¨g‡K wbqš¿b Kivi Rb¨| MYgva¨g ZLbB ¯^vaxbZv cvIqvi †hvM¨ n‡e
hLb †m wb‡R wb‡RB e¯‘wbô, mrfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡e|

2. 2
MYgva¨‡gi wbqš¿b ev bxwZ-‰bwZKZv Ave× Kiv wbf©i K‡i wewfbœ †`‡ki cwi‡eki Dci| †hgb: evsjv‡`‡ki
AvwaKvsk MYgva¨g kiæ †_‡KB ivR‰bwZK, wkícwZ‡`i w`‡q cwiPvwjZ n‡q Avm‡Q| hvi d‡j, &H wbw`©ó
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji fv‡jv w`K †ewk †ewk Zz‡j aiv n‡”Q Avi mZ¨ Z_¨¸‡jv ev` hv‡”Q| myZivs, GB cwiw¯’wZ
†_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki MYgva¨g¸‡jv‡K wbqg-bxwZi g‡a¨ Ave× Kiv †`v‡mi wKQz bq|
wPÎ: mvsevw`K‡`i Rb¨ cÖYxZ AvBb Kvbyb
D`vnib:
BD.Gm.G, KvbvWv, hy³evR¨ †Z MYgva¨g AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB ¯^vaxbfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡o| GBme
†`‡ki MYgva¨‡gi Dci wbqš¿b †bB ej‡jB P‡j KviY Zviv wb‡RivB mrfv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki
†cÖÿvc‡U GwU m¤ú~b© wfbœ| GLv‡b wgwWqvi gvwjK nq wkícwZ, ivRbxwZex`iv, hvi d‡j Zviv gbMov,
Amrfv‡e wgwWqv‡K cwiPvjb Ki‡Z Pvq| Gi Rb¨B GLv‡b 57 aviv, wWwRUvj wbivcËv AvBb-2018,
evsjv‡`k †cÖm Bmw÷wUDU AvBb Kivi gva¨‡g MYgva¨‡g myôz I e¯Íywbôfv‡e cwiPvjb Ki‡Z eva¨ Kiv nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki mvsevw`K‡`i †hme bxwZ gvb‡Z n‡e...
ivq (2003) D‡jøL K‡ib:-
Avwg g‡bKwi, e¯‘wbô mvsevw`KZvi †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki †h‡Kv‡bv mvsevw`K‡KB wb‡Pi wKQz weqq †g‡b
Pjv Avek¨K:-
mvsevw`K‡K
n‡Z n‡e
mwVK I h_v_©
`vqe×Zv
gvbeZv
evK ¯^vaxbZv
cÿcvwZËnxb
fxwZnxb
e¯‘wbôZv

3. 3
 mwVK I h_v_©: mvsevw`K‡K n‡Z n‡e mwVK I h_v_©| mvsevw`K hw` memgq Zvi wb‡Ri Ae¯’v‡b
mwVK _v‡K, Z‡e Zvi ˆZwi cÖwZ‡e`b ev msev`wUI wb¯^t‡›`‡n eš‘wbô I wbf©yj n‡e| cvVK GB wbf©yj
Z_¨ †c‡q DcK…Z n‡e, mwVK wKQz wkL‡e| Ab¨w`‡K, GKRb mvsevw`K †hB Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Q †mB
Z_¨¸‡jvI nIqv PvB h_v_©| wZwb ZLbB wbf©yj Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cvi‡e hLb †m e¨w³MZfv‡e h_v_©
I mr n‡eb|
Ab¨w`‡K, mvsevw`K hw` mwVK, e¯‘wbô bv nq Z‡e †mUv †hKv‡ivi Rb¨ gvivËK ûgwKi KviY n‡Z
cv‡i| KviY mvsevw`K hw` Lvivc nq Z‡e Zvi Øviv †h †Kv‡bv gvivËK Lvivc KvR msMwVZ n‡Z
cv‡i|
wPÎ: `ÿ nv‡Z mvsevw`KZv
Avgviv hw` evsjv‡`‡ki w`‡K ZvKvB Z‡e jÿ Kwi †h, AwaKvsk wgwWqv mvsevw`K‡Kiv
mwVK Z‡_¨i mv‡_ fzj Z‡_¨i wgkÖb K‡i GKwU Ab¨ ai‡bi fzqv Z_¨ RbM‡Yi mvg‡b Zy‡j
ai‡Q| hvi d‡j Zviv Abv‡q‡kB weåvšÍ n‡”Qb| myZivs GB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †`‡ki mvsevw`K‡`i
mwVK I h_v_© nËqv PvB|
mvsevw`K n‡e h_v_©| wZwb wZwb memgq mwVK Z_¨ Dcövcb Ki‡eb GUvB †`‡ki mevB
Avkv K‡i| wZwb Zvi msev‡`i e¯‘wbôZvi j‡ÿ Drm †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨¸‡jv web w`avq MÖnb
Ki‡ebbv| wZwb cÖvß Z‡_¨i h_v_©Zv m¤ú‡K© hvPvB evQvB Ki‡eb, Z‡eB fv‡jv I mwVK
msev` cvIqv m¤¢e| Avi evsjv‡`‡ki mvsevw`K‡`i GgbUvB nIqv evÂbxq|
 evK ¯^vaxbZv: Aek¨B GKRb mvsevw`‡Ki evK kw³ n‡Z n‡e ¯^vaxb| mvsevw`K AvbyôvwbK ev
AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e KLbB A‡b¨i n‡q ev K_v g‡Zv KvR Ki‡eb bv| wZwb A‡b¨i K_vq DVem Ki‡eb
bv| †Kv‡bv we‡kl c‡ÿi n‡q †hgb: ivR‰bwZK `j, †emiKvwi, miKvwi cÖwZôb ÿgZvai e¨w³
BZ¨vw`i n‡q KvR Ki‡eb bv| wZwb Zvi m¤úv`‡Ki mwVK †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ n‡eb| wZwb Zvi
AwW‡q‡Ýi ¯^v‡_© Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb|
 GKRb mvevw`K hw` ¯^vaxb bv nq Z‡e wbðB wZwb A‡b¨i K_v g‡Zv KvR Ki‡eb| hLb
wZwb A‡b¨i K_v ïb‡Qb, ZLb &H ÿmZvai e¨w³ hw` fzj Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ e‡j Z‡e
mvsevw`K Zv Ki‡Z eva¨| Avi GB welq¸‡jv e¯Íywbô mvsevw`KZvq eZ©gv‡b me‡P‡q eo
evav|
 D`vnib: evsjv‡`‡k Ggb A‡bK MYgva¨g Av‡Q †hgb: we.wU.wf, hyMvšÍi, BZ¨vw` miKv‡ii
`¦iv wbqwš¿Z Ges Zviv †`‡ki †h †Kv‡bv Lvivc cwiw¯’wZ‡ZI miKv‡ii mvdvB Mvq|

4. 4
 Avgiv jÿ¨ Kwi, evsjv‡`‡ki MYgva¨g ¯^vaxb bq| Zviv miKv‡ii `ye©jZv RbM‡Yi mvg‡b
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| Zv Ki‡Z †M‡jI miKv‡ii Pv‡ci gy‡L co‡Q cÖwZwbqZ| †hgb:
cÖ_g Av‡jv, THE DAILY STAR Gi g‡Zv cwÎKv miKv‡ii fzj KR¸‡jv Dc¯’vcb
K‡i weavq GB `ywU nvDm‡K MYfe‡b XzK‡Z †`Iqv nqbv|
wPÎ: MYgva¨‡gi evK ¯^vaxbZv niY Kiv n‡”Q|
 fq I cÿcvwZË¡nxbZv: Avgiv Rvwb, AwaKvsk ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK msev‡`i `ywU cÿ _v‡K|
msev‡`, mvsevw`K‡K †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU cÿ †bIqvi myhyM †bB| Zv‡K memgq Dfq c‡ÿi hyw³, myweav-
Amyyeav Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 e¯‘wbô mvsevw`KZv memgq m¤¢e bvI n‡Z cv‡i, ev AvkvI Kiv hvqbv (AgvbweK I wbôzi
mvsev`wKZvi †ÿ‡Î)| wKš‘ cÿcvwZ˦nxb msev` RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ H wgwWqv nvD‡Ri cÖwZ Av¯’v
I AvZ¥wek^vm m„wó K‡i|
 D`vniY: evsjv‡`‡k Ggb A‡bK mvsevw`K Av‡Q wb‡Ri ¯^v‡_© †Kv‡bv wbw`ó ÿgZvai e¨w³i
cÿ †bq| Avevi wKQz msL¨K mvsevw`K jÿ¨ Kiv hvq, PvKwi evPvu‡Z ev f‡qi Ki‡Y
ÿgZva‡ii cÿ †bq| Avwg g‡b Kwi GB ai‡Yi mvsevw`KZv Kivi †P‡q bv KivB fv‡jv|
Avgiv jÿ¨ Kwi, wewUwf ïay miKv‡ii mvdvB Mvq A_©vr myayB GK‡c‡k mvvsev`| ZvQviv †ek
wKQz RvwZq ˆ`wb‡Ki I GKB Ae¯’v| GB KvR †_‡K MYgva¨g‡K weiZ _vK‡Z n‡e|
 gvbeZv: mvsevw`K Ggb wKQz Ki‡eb bv hv w`‡q A‡b¨i ÿwZ nq| wZwb †h LeiwU ˆZwi Ki‡Q Zv
RbM‡Yi Dci †bwZevPK cÖfve ci‡Z cv‡i ev A‡b¨i g‡b AvNvZ Ki‡Z cv‡i, LeiwU A‡b¨i
gvbnvbxi KiY n‡Z cv‡i| †mB Rb¨ MYgva¨g Kg©x‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e Zvi cÖKvwkZ †jLv ev Qwe
A‡b¨i Rxe‡b †bwZevPK cÖfve bv †d‡j| GB Rb¨B †`‡ki mvsevw`K‡`i gvbeZvi bxwZ Abymib
Kiv Avek¨K|
 D`vniY: GK mvsevw`K Zvi nvD‡mi mybvg e„yw×i Rb¨ †Kv‡bv GK bvwg-`vwg e¨w³i Lvivc
Z_¨ Zz‡j ai‡jv, A_P wZwb GB Lvivc KvR K‡iwb| Ab¨w`‡K, †Kv‡bv GK gwš¿i e¨w³MZ
Qwe MYgva¨‡g cÖKvk K‡i †`Iqv n‡jv, hv cÖKvk Kiv †gv‡UI mwgwPb wQ‡jvbv| GB ai‡Yi

5. 5
KvR e¨w³ Rxe‡b gvivZ¥K cÖfvi †dj‡Z cv‡i| myZivs GB cwiw¯’wZ †_‡K DËi‡bi Rb¨
mvsevw`K‡`i D³ wbqg gvbv AZ¨vek^K e‡j g‡b Kwi|
mvsevw`‡Ki wKQz ˆbwZK wewagvjv:
Rbmb (2008) e‡jb, mvsevw`‡Ki cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv mZ¨ I ¸iæZ¡c~b©
Z‡_¨i gva¨‡g mgv‡R bvMwiK AwaKvi iÿv Kiv| GKRb mvsevw`K Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡eb †Kv‡bviæc wbqg
Kvbyb I ‡ckvMZ mn‡hvwMZvi evB‡i| mvsevw`‡Ki mvgvwRKv `vqe×Zv ej‡Z eySvq, wZwb Zvi †ckvMZ
`vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡eb Zvi e¨w³MZ ˆbwZK gvb`‡Ûi gva¨‡g|
‡jb‡`‡bi bxwZgvjv wbf©iK‡i mvsevw`‡Ki wPi¯’vqx `wqZ¡‡ev‡ai Dci hv wZwb K‡i _v‡Kb Zvi †ckvMZ
eva¨ev`KZvi KVv‡gvi gva¨‡g, Kv‡iv ˆZwi Kiv wbq‡gi gcva¨‡g bq| eZ©gv‡b mvsevw`K‡`i Rb¨ †hme
bxwZgvjv ‰Zwi Kiv nq Zv DPz gv‡bi †ckvMZ ˆbwZKZvi AvPi‡bi w`‡K †Lqvj †i‡LB Kiv nq hv msev`
AbymÜvb, msev` msMÖn, cÖwµqvKiY I cÖKv‡ki mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| mvsevw`‡Ki wewagvjv Zvi ˆbwZK ¯^vaxbZv‡K
niY Kivi Rb¨ Kiv nqbv eis †m †hb ‰bwZKZvi Dci memgq _vK‡Z cv‡i Gi Rb¨ wKQz wbw`ó c_ ˆZwi
K‡i †`Iqv nq|
1. MYgva¨‡gi ¯^vaxbZv:
 evK ¯^vaxbZvi me‡P‡q eo wbðqZv n‡jv MYgva¨‡gi ¯^vaxbZv|
 evK ¯^vaxbZv ej‡Z eySvq, ¯^vaxbfv‡e K_v, wPšÍ I Kv‡iv mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cviv|
 ¯^vaxbfv‡e mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cviv ej‡Z eySvq miKvwi, †emiKvwi, mvgwiK I †h‡Kv‡bv
ch©‡qi †`vl ÎæwU Zz‡j ai‡Z cvivi ÿgZv|
 Ackw³i weiæ‡× mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvivi †eva gvby‡li g‡b GKRb mvsevw`KB ˆZwi K‡i
_v‡K|
 mvsevw`K‡K Zvi evK ¯^vaxbZv Aek¨B iÿv K‡i Pj‡Z n‡e, a‡i ivL‡Z n‡e ivR‰bwZK
gZvg‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv|
2. Z_¨ AbymÜvb I msMÖ‡ni ¯^vaxbZv:
 e¯‘wbô msev‡`i †ÿ‡Î mgv‡Ri cÖwZ `vwqZ¡‡ev‡ai cÖwZ jÿ †i‡L GKRb mvsevw`K Aek¨B
mZ¨ I e¯Íywbô Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡eb|
 ‡h‡Kv‡bv msev` NUbv I Z‡_¨i Dci wfwË K‡i ˆZwi nq Ges mvsevw`K Zvi cªvß NUbvi
mZ¨Zv wbwð‡Zi Rb¨ µm †PK(cwiÿ-wbwiÿv) Ki‡eb|
 mvsevw`‡Kiv Zvi Drm †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi Rb¨ m‡ev©”P †Póv Ki‡eb Ges wZwb wbwðZ
n‡eb Zvi Z_¨ †h‡bv mZ¨ I wbi‡cÿ nq|
 ‡hB Z_¨¸‡jv gvby‡li ÿwZ ev g‡b AvNvZ Ki‡Z cv‡i †mB welq wb‡q wZwb m‡PZb _vK‡eb|
 Z_¨¸‡jv Aek¨B ˆea I ˆbwZK Dcv‡q msMÖn Ki‡eb|
 mvsevw`K Aek¨B Zvi Dr‡mi †MvcbxqZv iÿv Ki‡eb|
 Ac~b©v½ Z_¨ cÖKvk bv Kiv|
3. cÖKvkbvi bxwZgvjv:
 mvsevw`‡Ki DwPZ g~j NUbv Dc¯’vcb Kiv, cÖK„Z Z_¨ msiÿb Kiv, NUbvi mZ¨Zv cÖ`k©b
Kiv Ges †Kv‡biƒc weK„Z Z_¨‡K AvkKviv bv †`Iqv|

6. 6
wPÎ: digv‡qkx I †Zlv‡gv`x wbDR
 cÿcvZk~b¨ mvsevw`KZv gv‡b GB bq †h mvsevw`K Zvi e¨w³MZ gZvgZ Zz‡j ai‡Z cvi‡eb
bv| cvVKI Zvi gZvgZ eyS‡Z cv‡i wZwb wK eySv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
 GB bxwZ mvsevw`‡Ki †jLvi aiY wba©i‡Yi KLbI evav cª`vb K‡ibv|
 mvsevw`K‡`i DwPZ K‡iv cÿ wb‡q KvR bv Kiv| wZwb MYgva¨‡gi e¯‘wbôZv eRvq †i‡L
mKj c‡ÿi gZvgZ‡K mgvbfv‡e Zy‡j ai‡eb|
 cÿcvwZZ¡g~j gZev` mvsevw`KZvi bxwZ enxey©Z|
 msev‡`i m~Pbv I wk‡ivbvg Aek¨B NUbvi mv‡_ mvgĨm¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| ZvQvi, Av‡jvKwPÎ
ev wfwWI msev‡`i cÖwZ”Qwe n‡e|
4. 3q c‡ÿi m&¦_© I AvBbZ AwaKvi iÿv I m¤§vb Kiv:
 ‡Kvb Z_¨wU RbM‡Yi AvMÖn‡K Avnevb K‡i Ges †Kvb Z_¨wU mevi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~b© Zv GKRb
mvsevw`‡Ki cv_©K¨ Kivi ÿgZv _vK‡Z n‡e|
 GKRb gvby‡li e¨w³MZ Z_¨ wZwb ZLbB cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡eb hLb H Z_¨¸‡jv gvby‡li
Rb¨ ÿwZi KviY nq|
 KLbI KLbI GUv Rvbv Riæix †h, Zvi cÖKvkxZ Z_¨ †hb Z„Zxq c‡ÿi gvbnvbx ev ÿwZi
KviY bv nq|
 mvsevw`K KLbIB ‡Kv‡bv e¨w³i AbygwZ bv wb‡q Zvi e¨w³MZ Ae¯’vi Qwe DVv‡eb bv|
Kv‡iv ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi wKQz wPÎ, hv cÖKv‡k Zvi Rb¨ gvbnvwbi KviY n‡Z cv‡i Zv wZwb
cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
 ‡Kv‡bv gvgjv ev ¸iæZ¡c~b© cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mvsevw`K Zvi Dr‡mi bvg cÖvKvk Ki‡eb bv|
 AcÖ¯‘Z ev Aa©mgvß †Kv‡bv M‡elbv‡K wZwb c~b©½ M‡elbv e‡j Pvwj‡q yw`‡eb bv|
 16 eQ‡ii †Kv‡bv wkï ‰hvb nqivwbi wkKvi n‡j Zvi Z_¨ mvsevw`K cÖKvk Kiv †_‡K weiZ
_vK‡eb
5. ‡jvKmvb Kwg‡q Avb‡Z cviv:
 MYgva¨g‡K Zvi fzj¸‡jv `ªæZ I m¤úyb©„iæ‡c ms‡kvab Kivi †hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e|
ms‡kvabK„Z fzj¸‡jv ‡Kv‡bviƒc †`wi QvivB cÖKvk Kiv‡e Ges Zv n‡e `„k¨gvb †Kv‡bv
RvqMvq|
 RbMY hLb MYgva¨‡gi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i ZLb mvsevw`‡Ki DwPZ ZvrLwbK mgv‡jvPbvi
cÖwZwµqv †`Lv‡bv| Avb GB cÖwZwµqv n‡Z n‡e cwiwgZ gvÎvq|

7. 7
6. mvsevw`KZvi ¯^vaxbZv:
 mvsevw`K Ggb †Kv‡bv AvPib Kiv‡eb bv hv‡Z eySvhvq wZwb Kv‡iv cÿ wb‡q KvR Ki‡Qb
 wZwb Ggb Kviv gvwjKvbv †_‡K gy³ _vK‡eb †hB gvwjKvbv Zvi gZvg‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv niY
K‡i|
 wZwb Ggb †Kv‡bv Kvh©µg ev cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ Riv‡eb bv hv Zvi ¯^axbZv I ‡ckvMZ
Kvh©µg‡K mxgve× K‡i|
 ¯^v_© wb‡q Ø›Ø MYgva¨‡gi mybvg ÿzš^ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 mvsevw`K Ges m¤úv`K Zv‡`i †ckvMZ Kv‡Ri evB‡i Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖkvmwbK Kv‡R m¤ú„³
n‡eb bv|
 hw` †Kv‡bv mvsevw`K †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK `‡ji n‡q KvR Ki‡Qb, wZwb Zvi KvR cÖ`k©b
Ki‡Qb, mgv‡Ri ¸iæZi mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Qb| wKš‘ Zvi GB KvR hw` RbM‡Yi ¯^v‡_©i
we‡ivax nq, MYgva¨‡gi e¯‘wbôZvi Dci cÖkœ D‡V Z‡e Zvi GB KvR KLIB Mªnb‡hvM¨ bq|
 mvsevw`K KLbI Zvi Drm †_‡K cÖvß Z‡_¨i Dci c~b©v½ Av¯’v ivL‡eb bv|
 g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e m¤úv`wKq cvZv m¤ú~b© weTvcb †_‡K weiZ _vK‡e|
wPÎ: mvsevw`K‡K wjL‡Z †`Iqv n‡”Q bv
7. mvsevw`K‡`i g‡a¨ cvi®úwiK wbf©Zv:
 ‡ckvMZ wbf©iZv I mwVK cÖwZ‡hvwMZv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ mvsevvw`‡Ki cª‡qvRb Zvi mnKgx©i
Dc‡`k MÖnb Kiv|
 ïay mvsevw`K bq m¤úv`Kxqe„›` MYgva¨‡gi ga¨‡g bwRi ¯’vcb Ki‡eb|
 wKwQz wKQz AvPib MYgva¨‡gi m¤§vvb nvbxi cvkvcvwk mvsevw`KZv †ckvi mybvgI bó K‡i
†`q| myZivs MYgva¨g‡K Zvi AvPi‡bi w`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|
 mnKgx©‡`i mv‡_ Ø›Ø wbim‡b mvsevw`‡Ki DwPZ Zvi AvBbMZ AwaKvi‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv|
 GKRb mvsevw`K Zvi †ckvMZ m¤§vb I ghv©`v iÿ Ki‡eb Ges Zvi mnKgx©‡`i mv‡_
msnwZ cÖKvk K‡i Pj‡eb|

8. 8
D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki mvsevw`KZvi wKQz ˆbwZK w`K Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:
Avj½xi(2017) D‡jøL K‡ib:
cÖ‡Z¨K MYgva¨‡gi GKwU bxwZgvjv _v‡K| †mwU n‡jv m¤úv`Kxq bxwZ| A_©vr MYgva¨g Kx mg_©b Ki‡eb
, Kx we‡ivwaZv Ki‡eb BZ¨vw`| GB bxwZgvjv MÖn‡Yi e¨vcv‡i MYgva¨g †gvUvgyyU ¯^vaxb| Z‡e †Kv‡bv MYgva¨g
B‡”Q Ki‡jB †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv, mve©‰fgZ¡, gyw³hy× BZ¨vw`i weiæ‡× Ae¯’vb MÖnb Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| KviY
G¸‡jv iv‡óªxq bxwZ| Gi evB‡i GKwU MYgva¨g ‡gvUvgywU ¯^vaxb m¤úv`Kxq bxwZ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| MYgva¨‡gi
gvwjK ev gvwjK †Mvwô Zv‡`i cQ›`g‡Zv wKwQz bxwZ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †mB bxwZi Av‡jv‡KB MYgva¨g
cwiPvwjZ nq| MYgva¨‡gi me Kg©iZ mvsevw`K †mB bxwZ Abymib K‡i KvR K‡ib| GUv †gvUvgywU
AšÍRv©wZKfv‡e ¯^xK„Z c_|
Gi evB‡i cÖ‡Z¨K MYgva¨‡gi GKUv ˆbwZKZv _v‡K| Bs‡iwR‡Z hv‡K e‡j Gw_Km| MYgva¨‡gi bxwZ hvB
†nvK bv †K‡bv, Gw_Km Zv‡K †g‡b Pj‡ZB n‡e| GUvI AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯^xK„Z| GKwU MYgva¨g GK ev
GKwaK e¨w³i A_© wewb‡qv‡M cwiPvwjZ n‡jI MYgva¨‡gi gvwjK ev cwiPvjK hv Lywk Zv Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| ‡h
†`‡ki MYgva¨g †m †`‡ki mvaviY g~j¨‡eva, ms¯‹…wZ, agx©q g~j¨‡ea BZ¨vw`i Av‡jv‡K MYgva¨‡gi ˆbwZKZv
wbf©ikxj| GB Gw_Km c„w_exi me RvqMvq GK iKg bq| wewfbœ †`‡ki wfbœ wfbœ g~j¨‡eva Øviv Zv cwieZ©b
n‡Zv cv‡i| †Zgwb evsjv‡`‡ki MYgva¨g evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ I agx©q g~j¨‡eva Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡e|
D`vniY-01: wewKwb civ GKRb gvwnjvi Qwe wejv‡`i KvM‡R eo K‡i Qvcv n‡j Zv †`vlbxh n‡e bv KviY
Zviv GB wel‡q Af¨¯Í| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki Le‡ii KvM‡R ev wUwf‡Z Zv cÖvq Am¤^e KvR| evsjv‡`‡ki
mvsevw`Kiv GB ai‡Yi KvR KLbB Ki‡ebv hv †Kv‡bv gvby‡li gvbnvbxi KviY nq| KviY evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ
I agx©q †cÿvcU KLbB G ai‡Y welq‡K mg_©b K‡ibv|
D`vniY-02: wKš‘ AvRKvj †`Lv hvq A‡bK msev`cÎ, GgbwK eûj cÖPwjZ L¨vZ cÎ cwÎKv‡ZI cÖwZev`
weTwß cÖKvk Kiv nq bv| GRb¨ m¤úv`K Aek¨B `vqx| Awfhy³ e¨w³ hw` †cÖm KvDw݇j Awf‡hvM K‡ib,
Zvn‡j †m m¤úv`‡Ki kvw¯Í n‡Z cv‡i|
D`vniY-03: †Kv‡bv e¨w³ m¤ú‡K© ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, AvqKi ev Ab¨vb¨ welq Awf‡hvM msµvšÍ Lei
cÖKvwkZ n‡j †mB Awfhy³ e¨w³i e³e¨ Ae¨k¨B wi‡cv‡U©i mv‡_ _vK‡Z n‡e| H e¨w³i e³e¨ Qvov H msev`
cÖKvk n‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ XvKvi eû cwÎKv Awfhy³ e¨w³i e³e¨ QvovB cÖqk wewfbœ Awf‡hvM msewjZ Lei
cÖKvwkZ n‡”Q|
D`vniY-04: AvqKi GKwU LyeB ¯úk©KvZi Ges LyeB e¨w³MZ welq| †Kv‡bv e¨w³i AvqKi msµvšÍ †Kv‡bv
Awf‡hvM _vK‡j Zv AvqKi Awdm I mswkøó e¨w³i g‡a¨ wggvskv nIqvi K_v| KiY GUv e¨w³i †Mvcbxq
welq| GKgvÎ Av`vjZ wb‡`©k w`‡j GbweAvi e¨w³i AvqKi msµvšÍ Z_¨ Av`vj‡Z w`‡Z cv‡i| Av`vjZ
Qvov GbweAvi e¨w³i AvqKi msµvšÍ Z_¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| cÖKvk Ki‡j Zv kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Avciva| wKš‘
Avgv‡`i GbweAvi Gi GK †Pqvig¨vb K‡qK eQi Av‡M msev` m‡¤§jb K‡i e¨w³ we‡k‡li Avq msµvšÍ Z_¨
Rbmgy‡ÿ cÖKvk K‡iwQj| †Kv‡bv mvsevw`K ev cwÎKv G e¨cv‡i †Kv‡bv ckœ †Zv‡jbwb| G e¨cv‡i GbweAv‡ii
†Pqvig¨‡bi †Kv‡bv `vdZwiK ev ˆbwZK AwaKvi Av‡Q wKbv †Kv‡bv mvsevw`K GB cÖkœ K‡iwb| mvsevw`K ïay
wb‡Ri ˆbwZKZvB †`L‡e bv, miKvwi Kg©KZ©vi I ˆbwZKZv †`L‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv we‡kl ¯^v‡_© miKvwi D”Pc`¯’

9. 9
Kg©KZ© ˆbwZKZv ewR©Z AvPiY Ki‡j Zv mvsev`cÎ D‡b¥vPb Ki‡e| hw` msev`cÎ Zv D‡b¥vPb bv K‡i
Zvn‡j GB A‰bwZK AvPiYB mgv‡R cÖwZwôZ n‡q hv‡e| ZLb msev`cÎ n‡e GB A‰bwZKZvi mn‡hvMx|
A‡bwZK KvR †evSvi g‡Zv wkÿv I cÖwkÿb mvsevw`‡Ki _vK‡Z n‡e|
evsjv‡`‡ki mvsevw`K‡`i Rb¨ †cÖm KvDwÝj KZ©„K cÖYxZ bxwZgvjv:
ingvb (2007) Abymv‡i:-
‡cÖm KvDwÝj A¨v± Gi 11(we) aviv Abyhvqx cÖYxZ msev`cÎ, msev` ms¯’vmg~n Ges mvsevw`K‡`i Rb¨
Abymibxq AvPibwewa:
bs bxwZgvjv
1 RbMY‡K AvKl©Y K‡i A_ev Zv‡`i Dci cÖfve †d‡j Ggb wel‡q RbMY‡K AewnZ ivLv GKRb
mvsevw`‡Ki `vwqZ¡| RbM‡Yi Z_v msev`cÎ cvVKM‡Yi e¨w³MZ AwaKvi I ms‡e`bkxjZvi cÖwZ
c~b© m¤§b‡evamn msev` I msev`fvl¨ cÖ¯‘Z I cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e|
2 msev`cÎ I msevw`K‡K cÖvß Z‡_¨i mZ¨Zv I wbf©yjZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
3 wek^m‡hvM¨ m~Î †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨ †Kv‡bviƒc kvw¯Íi SzuwK QvvovB Rb¯^v‡_© cÖKvk Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G
ai‡Yi Rb¯^v‡_© cÖKvwkZ msev` hw` mr D‡Ïk¨cÖ‡Yvw`Z n‡q _v‡K Ges cÖvß Z_¨ hw` ‡hŠw³Kfv‡e
wek^vm‡hvM¨ we‡ewPZ nq, Z‡e G ai‡Yi cÖvKvwkZ msev` †_‡K D‡™¢vZ cÖwZK~j cwiYwZ †_‡K
mvsevw`K‡K †invB w`‡Z n‡e|
4 ¸Re Ges Amgw_©Z cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKv‡ki c~‡e© †m¸‡jv‡K wPwš’Z Ki‡Z n‡e Ges hw` Gme cÖKvk
Kiv AbywPZ we‡ewPZ nq †m¸‡jv cÖKvk †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z n‡e|
5 ‡h mKj msev‡`i welqe¯‘ Amva~ Ges wfwËnxb A_ev †h¸‡jvi cÖKvkbvq wek^¯^Zv f‡½i cªqvm
RwoZ ‡m mKj msev` cÖKvk Kiv hv‡e bv|
6 msev`cÎ I mvsevw`KMY weZwK©Z welqewj‡Z wbR¯^ gZvgZ †Rviv‡jvfv‡e e¨³ Kivi AwaKvi
iv‡_b, wKš‘ Giƒc Ki‡Z wM‡q;
K) mZ¨ NUbv Ges gvZgZ‡K cwi®‹vifv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e|
L) cvVK‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kv‡bv mvsev`‡K weK…Z Kiv hv‡e bv|
M) g~jfv‡l¨ A_ev wk‡ivbv‡g †Kv‡bv msev`‡K weK…Z Kiv ev Amvayfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv hv‡e bv|
7
Kzrmvg~jK ev Rb¯^v‡_©i cwicwš’ bv n‡j, evn¨Z e¨w³we‡k‡li ¯^v_©we‡evax n‡jI h_vh_ KZ©„cÿ
¯^ÿwiZ †h †Kv‡bv weTvc‡bi cÖwZev` Kiv n‡j m¤úv`K‡K Zv webv Li‡P gy`ª‡Yi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z
n‡e|
8 e¨w³ A_ev m¤úª`vq we‡kl m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i eY©, †MvÎ, RvZxqZv, ag© A_ev †`kMZ welq wb‡q
AeTv ev ghv©`vnvbxKi welq cÖKvk Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z n‡e|
9 e¨w³ we‡kl, ms¯’v, cÖwZôb A_ev †Kv‡bv Rb‡Mvôx ev we‡kl †kÖwYi gvbyl m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i ¯^v_© I
mybv‡gi ÿZwKi †Kv‡bv wKQz hw` msev`cÎ cÖKvk K‡i Z‡e cÿcvwZZ¡nxbZv I mZZvi mv‡_
msev`cÎ ev mvsevw`‡Ki DwPZ ÿwZMÖ¯’ e¨w³ ev cÖwZôb `ªæZ, mwVK I D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mshZ mg‡qi
g‡a¨ cÖwZev` ev DËi †`qvi my‡hvM †`q|
10 cÖKvwkZ msev` hw` ÿwZKi nq ev h_vh_ bv nq Zv Awej‡¤^ I ZvZÿwbKfv‡e cÖZ¨vnvi, ms‡kvab
ev e¨vL¨v KivB (Ges †ÿÎ we‡k‡l ÿgv cÖ_©bv Kiv) DwPZ hv‡Z ågvZ¥K ev AmZ¨ msev`
cwi‡ekbvi Øviv Rbg‡b m„ó fzj aviYv cÖkwgZ nq|

10. 10
11 RbMY‡K AvKl©b K‡i A_P Rb¯^v_© cwicwš’ PvÂj¨Ki gyL‡ivPK Kvwnbxi gva¨‡g cwÎKv KvUwZi
¯^v‡_© iæwPnxb ev Akvjxb msev` cwi‡ekb Kiv hv‡e bv|
12 Aciva I `ybx©wZ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai j‡ÿ¨ msev`cÎ Ggb hyw³msMZ cš’v Aej¤^b Ki‡Z cvi‡e hv †Kv‡bv
†Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î KviI Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
13 Ab¨vb¨ MYgva¨‡gi Zzjbvq msev`c‡Îi e¨vwß I ¯’vwqZ¡ ZzjbvgyjKfv‡e †ewk| G Ki‡Y †h mvsevw`K
msev`c‡Îi Rb¨ wjL‡eb wZwb m~‡Îi wek^vm‡hvM¨Zv I msev‡`i mZ¨Zv m¤ú‡K© we‡klfv‡e mveavb
_vK‡eb Ges SzuwK Gov‡bvi Rb¨ m~Îmg~‡ni msiÿb Ki‡eb|
14 ‡Kv‡bv Aciv‡ai NUbv wePvivaxb _vKvKvjxb me ch©v‡q Zvi Lei Qvcv‡bv Ges gvgjvwelqK cÖK…Z
wPÎ D`NvU‡bi Rb¨ Av`vj‡Zi P~ivšÍ ivq cÖKvk Kiv msev`c‡Îi `vwq‡Z¡i g‡a¨ c‡o| Z‡e
wePvivaxb gvgjvi ivq cÖfvweZ n‡Z cv‡i Ggb †Kv‡bv gšÍe¨ ev gZvgZ cÖKvk ‡_‡K P~ovšÍ ivq
†NvlYvi AvM ch©šÍ mvsev`wK‡K weiZ _vK‡Z n‡e|
15 msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ cÖwZ‡e`‡bi mv‡_ cÖËÿfv‡e m¤úwK©Z cÿ ev cÿmg~‡ni cªwZev`
msev`cÎwUi Ggb GK c„ôq `ªæZ Qvcv‡Z n‡e hv‡Z msev`wUi cªvwZ cvVK‡`i `„wó mn‡RB AvK…ó
n‡Z cv‡i|
16 m¤úv`Kxq †Kv‡bv fzj Z‡_¨i Øviv ÿwZMÖ¯Í †Kv‡bv cÿ hw` cÖwZev` K‡i, Z‡e m¤úv`‡Ki ‰bwZK
`vwqZ¡ n‡”Q GKB cvZvq fzj ms‡kvab K‡i `ytL cÖKvk Kiv|
17 GKwU we‡Ølc~b© Lei cÖKvk we‡Ølnxb fzj Lei cÖKv‡ki PvB‡Z A‡bK †ewk A‰bwZK|
18 GKwU msev`c‡Îi mKj cÖKvkbvi cwic~b© I GKK `vwqZ¡ ¯^xKvi Kiv m¤úv`‡Ki ˆbwZK KZ©e¨|
19 ‡Kv‡bv `yb©xwZ ev †Kv‡bv e¨w³i we‡iv‡× Avw_©K ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Awf‡hvM msµvšÍ cÖwZ‡e`b ‰Zwi
Kivi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki DwPZ n‡e NUbvi mZ¨Zv m¤ú‡K© mva¨g‡Zv wbwðZ nIqv Ges
cÖwZ‡e`K‡K Aek¨B Le‡ii b¨h¨Zv cÖwZcbœ Kivi g‡Zv h‡_ó Z_¨ †RvMvo Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
Awf‡hv‡Mi welq AbymÜv‡bi †ÿ‡Î mveavbZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e|
20 cÖwZev` nqwb Ges `vwqZ¡kxj Ggb cÖKvkjv Le‡ii Drm n‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e cybtgy`ªY Kiv n‡q‡Q
wbQK GB ARynv‡Z †Kv‡bv mvsevw`‡Ki †Kv‡bv Lei m¤ú‡K© `vwqZ¡ Gov‡bv A‰bwZK|
21 Avgv‡`i mgv‡Ri ˆbwZK g~j¨‡e‡ai AatcZbg~jK Lei Zy‡j aiv mvsevw`‡Ki `vwqZ¡, Z‡e bvix-
cyiælNwUZ A_ev †Kv‡bv bvix msµvšÍ cÖvwZ‡e`b cÖvK‡ki †ÿ‡Î GKRb mvsevw`‡Ki AwZwi³
mveavbZv Aej¤^j Kiv ‰bwZK `vwqZ¡|
# hw` †KD wUwf K¨v‡givi mvg‡b AvZ¨nZ¨v Kivi ûgwK †`q ZLb GKRb mvsevw`‡Ki Kx
KiYxq? wZwb wK AvZ¨nZ¨vi wfwWI Ki‡Z _vK‡eb bvwK Zv‡K _vgv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡eb?
wbR¯^ gZvgZ : Avwg g‡bKwi, GKRb mvsevw`‡Ki DwPZ wZwb AvZ¥nZ¨vi Qwe bv DwV‡q H AvZ¥nZ¨viZ
e¨w³‡K evPv‡bvi †Póv Kiv| GUvB †h‡Kv‡bv mvsevw`‡Ki ˆbwZK `vwqZ¡ nIqv DwPZ| KiY mvsevw`‡K `vwqZ¡
n‡jv RbM‡Yi AvwaKvi iÿv Kiv Zv niY ev duvm Kiv bq|
1) D`vniY: aiv hvK, GKwU †g‡q MYgva¨‡gi wUwf K¨v‡givi mvg‡b cvuP Zjv feb †_‡K Svc †`Iqvi
Rb¨ AMÖmi n‡”Q| wKQz mvsevw`K GKwU eo Lei cvIqvi j‡ÿ¨ NUbvwUi wfwWI aviY Ki‡Z jvM‡jv|
Ges †g‡qwU cvuP Zjv †_‡K Svc w`‡q gviv †M‡jv| GB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z, mvsevw`Kiv hw` GKUz `vwqZ¡
wb‡q †KŠk‡ji mv‡_ †g‡qwU evPvu‡bvi Rb¨ AMÖmi n‡Zb Z‡e GKwU †g‡qi Rxeb †eu‡P †h‡Zv| me‡P‡q
eo K_v GKwU gvby‡li Rxe‡bi †P‡q †Kv‡bv wKQzB eo n‡Z c‡i bv|

11. 11
MYgva¨g Kgx©iv nq‡Zv g‡b Ki‡Z cv‡ib, D³ NUbvi dz‡UR aviY Ki‡Z cvi‡j A‡bK eo GKwU msev`
n‡e| wKš‘ wZwb nq‡Zv GUv fv‡ebwb †h, &IB †g‡qwU‡K evuPv‡Z cvi‡j A‡bK eo GKwU msev` n‡Z cv‡i|
2) D`vniY: my`v‡b cÖPÛ `ywe‡ÿi mgq GKwU wkï ÿz`vi R¦vjvq cÖvq giYcªvq| †QvUª wkïwU g„Zy¨i Rb¨
kKz‡bi A‡cÿv| wkïwU gviv †M‡jB kKzbwU Zvi gvsm †L‡Z cvi‡e| GB QwewU Zz‡jwQ‡jb †Kwfb
KvU©vi, 1993 mv‡j my`v‡b RvwZms‡Ni Lv`¨ ¸`v‡gi Lye wbKU ‡_‡K| Lv‡`¨i A‡š^l‡YB G‡mwQ‡jb
GB ‡ivMvµvšÍ wkïwU| me‡P‡q `yt‡Li e¨cvi n‡jv, wkïwUi †kl cwiYwZ wK n‡qwQj, Zv IB
d‡UvMÖvdvi GgbwK `ywbqvi †KIB Rvb‡Z cv‡ibwb| d‡UvMÖvdviwU GZUzKz f‡ebwb †h wkïwU ÿz`vi
R¦vjvq g‡i hv‡”Q| msevw`KwUi GKgvÎ jÿ¨ wQ‡jv Zv‡K †WW jvB‡bi g‡a¨ QwewU Zvi nvD‡m
†cŠuuQv‡Z n‡e| Zvi Avi Ab¨ wKQz †`Lvi mgq †bB| GB QwewU cÖKv‡ki c‡i wZwb A‡bK mgv‡jvwPZ
n‡q‡Qb| cÖK„Zc‡ÿ mvsevw`KwUi `vwqZ¡ wQ‡jv wkïwU‡K iÿv Kiv, ZvrÿwbK wPwKrmvi e¨e¯’v Kiv|
wPÎ: †QvUª wkïi g„Zy¨i Rb¨ kKz‡bi A‡cÿv|
cwi‡k‡l,
mvsevw`K Aek¨B gvbyl‡K iÿv Ki‡eb, gvby‡li e¨w³MZ welq cÖKvk Ki‡eb bv| Qwe †Zvjv hw`I
mvsevw`‡Ki †ckvMZ KvR, wKš‘ wZwb Qwe †Zvjvi mgq Zv DVv‡bv wVK n‡e wKbv Zv hvPvB evQvB Ki‡eb|
GK K_vq mvsevw`K Zvi ˆbwZKZvi RvqMvq kZfvM cwic~Y© _vK‡eb|