The interaction of the      mammalian brain and immune system is: only a defensive   response to pathogens always a   destructive autoinflammatory pathology sometimes a normal   part of development always either a   response to a pathogen or a destructive autoinflammatory pathology QUESTION 2 The brain is surrounded      and protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a border of endothelial      cells which separates the blood from the fluid surrounding the central      nervous system. Testosterone is produced in the gonads, so how can it      affect development of the brain? Testosterone cannot   cross the blood-brain barrier and must direct cells lining the BBB to secrete   their own signaling molecules to influence the brain. Steroid hormones   are relatively small and lipophilic, so testosterone readily crosses   the selectively permeable blood-brain barrier and   acts directly on androgen receptors (or is locally converted into estradiol   and acts on estrogen receptors) The blood-brain   barrier only prevents the migration of cells; anything soluble in the blood   fluid can easily cross it. Testosterone does   not do anything to the brain. QUESTION 3 Increased microglial      phagocytosis in response to endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling was observed: throughout all   regions of the brain only in the   amygdala throughout the   entire body the prefrontal   cortex QUESTION 4 For what purpose did the      authors use an antibody against ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1      (Iba1)?      How did they determine which cells were engaged in phagocytosis? QUESTION 5 Staining for      proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) enabled the authors to determine      the cells the microglia were engulfing were recently divided cells. Since      microglia are known to phagocytose dead or apoptotic (dying) cells, the      researchers looked for a specific marker of apoptosis.      What was it?      Based on this experiment, were the microglia engulfing apoptotic cells, or      otherwise viable cells? QUESTION 6 The presence of DAPI in      a phagoyctic cup is taken to mean that: the microglia are   engulfing debris the microglia are   engulfing cells (DAPI stains the nucleus, specifically DNA) the microglia are   undergoing apoptosis the microglia are   impermeable 10 points    QUESTION 7 The phagocytic activity      of microglia could be intrinsic to the sex (XX vs XY chromosomes). How do      the authors investigate this? What result do they find? 10 points    QUESTION 8 What question did the      authors attempt to address using the thymidine analog      5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU)? What was the finding? 10 points    QUESTION 9 What molecule did the      authors use to prevent phagocytosis? What question were they addressing?      What was the outcome of this experiment? 10 points    QUESTION 10 What are so.

1. The interaction of the mammalian brain and immune system
is:
only a defensive response to pathogens
always a destructive autoinflammatory pathology
sometimes a normal part of development
always either a response to a pathogen or a destructive
autoinflammatory pathology
QUESTION 2
The brain is surrounded and protected by the blood-brain
barrier (BBB), a border of endothelial cells which separates
the blood from the fluid surrounding the central nervous

2. system. Testosterone is produced in the gonads, so how can it
affect development of the brain?
Testosterone cannot cross the blood-brain barrier and must
direct cells lining the BBB to secrete their own signaling
molecules to influence the brain.
Steroid hormones are relatively small and lipophilic, so
testosterone readily crosses the
selectively
permeable blood-brain barrier and acts directly on androgen
receptors (or is locally converted into estradiol and acts on
estrogen receptors)
The blood-brain barrier only prevents the migration of cells;
anything soluble in the blood fluid can easily cross it.
Testosterone does not do anything to the brain.
QUESTION 3

3. Increased microglial phagocytosis in response to
endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling was observed:
throughout all regions of the brain
only in the amygdala
throughout the entire body
the prefrontal cortex
QUESTION 4
For what purpose did the authors use an antibody against
ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)?
How did they determine which cells were engaged in
phagocytosis?

4. QUESTION 5
Staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)
enabled the authors to determine the cells the microglia were
engulfing were recently divided cells. Since microglia are
known to phagocytose dead or apoptotic (dying) cells, the
researchers looked for a specific marker of apoptosis.
What was it?
Based on this experiment, were the microglia engulfing
apoptotic cells, or otherwise viable cells?
QUESTION 6
The presence of DAPI in a phagoyctic cup is taken to mean
that:
the microglia are engulfing debris

5. the microglia are engulfing cells (DAPI stains the nucleus,
specifically DNA)
the microglia are undergoing apoptosis
the microglia are impermeable
10 points
QUESTION 7
The phagocytic activity of microglia could be intrinsic to the
sex (XX vs XY chromosomes). How do the authors
investigate this? What result do they find?
10 points
QUESTION 8
What question did the authors attempt to address using the
thymidine analog 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU)? What
was the finding?

6. 10 points
QUESTION 9
What molecule did the authors use to prevent phagocytosis?
What question were they addressing? What was the outcome
of this experiment?
10 points
QUESTION 10
What are some putative or known roles of the anterodorsal
(MeAD), anteroventral (MeAV), posterodorsal (MePD), and
posteroventral (MePV) regions of the amygdala (this may
not be in the paper)?