Internet history slides

2.  HINA BATOOL (LEADER) 20011519-024
 SYED M.MOHIMMAN ALI 20011519-002
 MUBAZR ABBAS DAAR 20011519-013
 HAMZA NAZEER 20011519-014
 ZUKHLIA AFZAL 20011519-003
 M.SHAMRAIZ 20011519-052
 ANESSA NAWAZ 20011519-051
PRESENTATION MEMBERS
GROUP-B

3.  topic:_
SWITCH AND NETWORK SWITCH
 presented To:_
MADAM SANA ARSHAD
SYED MUHAMMAD MOHIMMAN ALI
 ROLL NO:_
20011519-002
 name:_

5. A switch is a device in a computer
network that connects other devices
together. Switches manage the flow of
data across a network by transmitting a
received network packet only to the one
or more devices for which the packet is
intended. Switches connect network
segments, providing full-duplex
communication, valuable network
performance data and efficient use of
network bandwidth.
What is switch and its role?

6. ∗ Multiport Networking device
∗ Connect multiple devices
∗ Intelligent device
∗ Maintains a routing and mac address table
∗ Processes and forwards data
∗ Uses packet switching
∗ Have downlinks and uplinks SWITCH

7. • A network switch is networking
hardware that connects devices
on a computer network by using
packet switching to receive and
forward data to the destination
device. A network switch is a
multiport network bridge that
uses MAC addresses to forward
data at the data link layer of the
OSI model.

8. • Layers 2 switch and layer 3
switch are adopted in the Open
System Interconnect (OSI) model,
which is a reference model for
describing and explaining network
communications. The OSI model
has seven layers: application layer,
presentation layer, session layer,
transport layer, network layer, data
link layer and physical layer,
among which layer 2 and layer 3
refer to the data link layer and
network layer respectively, and the
switches working in these layers
are called layer 2 switch and layer
3 switch.

11. UNMANAGED
SWITCH
MANAGED
SWITCH
STACKABLE
SWITCH
POE
SWITCH

12. • These are costly switches that are used
in organizations with large and complex
networks, since they can be customized to
augment the functionalities of a standard
switch. The augmented features may be
QoS (Quality of Service) like higher
security levels, better precision control
and complete network management.
Despite their cost, they are preferred in
growing organizations due to their
scalability and flexibility. Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP) is used for
configuring managed switches.

14. • Power over Ethernet (PoE)
switches are used in PoE Gigabit
Ethernets. PoE technology combine
data and power transmission over
the same cable so that devices
connected to it can receive both
electricity as well as data over the
same line. PoE switches offer greater
flexibility and simplifies the cabling
connections

16.  TOPIC:_
SWITCHING NODES AND ITS TYPES
 presented To:_
MADAM SANA ARSHAD
MUBAZAR ABBAS
 ROLL NO:_
20011519-013
 name:_

20. • Routing
The process of receiving data destined for
another node and passing it on.
• Storage
Nodes stores local copy of entire block-chain
as a backup and restore point.
• Mining
Miners solve crypto-graphical puzzles to
verify transactions through nodes in network.

21. A switching node is a device in a communication network which can take
traffic in on one networking port or network interface, select an out-put
port or interface for it and send the traffic across.
In short, it connects together the physical network links which make up
the network.
Types of switching
There are 3 types of switching.
1. Circuit switching
2. Packet switching
3. Message switching

22.  TOPIC:_
MESSAGE SWITCHED NETWORK
 presented To:_
MADAM SANA ARSHAD
HAMZA NAZEER
 ROLL NO:_
20011519-014
 name:_

24. Message switching is a network
switching technique in which
data is routed in its entirety
from the source node to the
destination node, one hope at
a time.

27. • They provide 2 distinct and important characteristics:
• Store and forward – The intermediate nodes have the responsibility of
transferring the entire message to the next node. Hence, each node
must have storage capacity. A message will only be delivered if the next
hop and the link connecting it are both available, otherwise, it’ll be
stored indefinitely. A store-and-forward switch forwards a message
only if sufficient resources are available and the next hop is accepting
data. This is called the store-and-forward property.

28. • Message delivery – This
implies wrapping the entire
information in a single message
and transferring it from the
source to the destination node.
Each message must have a header
that contains the message routing
information, including the source
and destination.

29. Message switching has the following advantages:
As message switching is able to store the message for
which communication channel is not available, it helps
in reducing the traffic congestion in the network.
In message switching, the data channels are shared by
the network devices.
It makes traffic management efficient by assigning
priorities to the messages.

30. Message switching has the following
disadvantages:
Message switching cannot be used for real-time
applications as storing messages causes delay.
In message switching, the message has to be
stored for which every intermediate device in
the network requires a large storing capacity.

31. • Applications –
The store-and-forward
method was implemented in
telegraph message switching
centers. Today, although
many major networks and
systems are packet-switched
or circuit-switched networks,
their delivery processes can
be based on message
switching. For example, in
most electronic mail systems
the delivery process is based
on message switching, while
the network is in fact either
circuit-switched or packet-
switched.

32.  TOPIC:_
ZULAIKA AFZAL
 ROLL NO:_
20011519-003
 name:_
CIRCUIT SWITCHED NETWORK

34. • Definition
• Phases
• Issues
• Advantages /
Disadvantages
• Application
• Types

35. Circuit Switching
“Circuit switching is one of the switching technologies used
to send messages from one point to another using a
dedicated point-to-point link throughout the session.”
They are mainly used in PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
The caller and receiver exchange information on a dedicated channel using an end-
to-end link.
This is a connection oriented channel which is established between the sender and
the receiver using a dedicated signaling protocol.
When either of them disconnects the call, the circuit breaks there by terminating
the session.

37. Approach in Circuit Switching
In circuit switching, an end-to-end circuit path is
established between source and destination using a
dedicated signaling protocol.
Flexibility in Circuit Switching
It is not flexible as a dedicated path is established which
doesn’t change throughout the transmission.
Routing Path of Circuit Switching
All data passes through the same circuit and each data
unit has sole access to a circuit and the entire routing
path is provided at the source.

38. Data Processing in Circuit Switching
In circuit switching, the transmission path is decided
data processing begins, and the system decides on which
follow.
Application of Circuit Switching
Circuit switching is a much better alternative for voice
transmission. While the former is implemented at
physical layer, the latter is implemented at the network
layer.

39. How Circuit
Switching
Work
• Physical Layer (physical connection is required
between sender and receiver)
• It use dedicate path
• Contiguous flow
• No header
• Efficiency Less
• Delays Less
• Its good for telephone not for WhatsApp, email
services.

41. Phases
There are three main phases:-
1. Connection Establish
2. Data Transfer
3. Connection Disconnection
Connection Establish (end to end addressing )
This phase establishes a dedicated circuit
between two communicating endpoints. The parties send
message back and forth acknowledging the established
connection. There are usually intermediate links or
between the two parties, It is also called call setup.

42. Data transfer (No addressing)
Data usually voice is transmitted from the source to the
destination. The connection remains intact for the length of the
interaction.
Connection Disconnection
This is also called the teardown phase. At the end of the
interaction, one of the two endpoints sends a message initiating a
disconnection. The communication path, including the intermediate
links, is terminated.

43.  TOPIC:_
 presented To:_
MADAM SANA ARSHAD
 ROLL NO:_
 name:_
CIRCUIT SWITCHED NETWORK
HINA BATOOL
20011519-024

45. A network in which a dedicated
circuit is established between
sender and receiver and all data
passes over this circuit.
example:
The is a
common example.
The connection is dedicated until
one party or another terminates
the connection.

46. Three phases
Establish
Transfer
Disconnect

47. ADVANTAGES
It uses a fixed bandwidth.
A dedicated communication channel
increases the quality of communication.
Data is transmitted with a fixed data
rate.
No waiting time at switches.
Suitable for long continuous
communication.

48. DISADVANATAGES
A dedicated connection makes it impossible to
transmit other data even if the channel is free.
Resources are not utilized fully.
The time required to establish the physical link
between the two stations is too long.
As a dedicated path has to be established for each
connection, circuit switching is more expensive.
Even if there is no transfer of data, the link is still
maintained until it is terminated by users.
Dedicated channels require more bandwidth.

49. APPLICATIONS
APPLICATINS:
i. PSTN ( Public
Switched Telephone
Network)
ii. PBX( Private Branch
Exchange)
iii. Private wide area
network
iv. Data switch

50. PSTN:
What is PSTN and how it works?
 PSTN stands for Public Switched
Telephone Network, and it's the good
circuit-switched telephone network that's
been in general use for the last century.
 It works by using underground copper
wires that are hardwired from homes and
businesses to switching centers
 where the phone calls are connected to
each other.

51. • PBX stand for Private Branch
Exchange
• PBX systems operate by using
either VoIP (Voice Over
Internet Protocol) or via analog
or digital phone lines.
• A PBX system manages the
routing and advanced calling
features for inbound and
outbound calls.

52. Private WAN:
What is Private WAN?
• private wan stand for Private wide
area network
• Private WAN is where an IP-based VPN
(Virtual Private Network) uses
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
technology to something private
internet traffic and data transmitted
between two or more locations, by
avoiding the public network which
increases the level of cyber security.

53. Data switch
What is a data switch?
• A data switch box that routes an
input signal to an output line; for
example, to connect two
computers to one printer. Manual
data switches have dials or
buttons. Automatic switches test
for signals on the input lines and
provide first-come, first-served
switching.

54.  TOPIC:_
 presented To:_
MADAM SANA ARSHAD
 ROLL NO:_
 name:_
CIRCUIT SWITCHED NETWORK
MUHAMMAD SHAMRAIZ
20011519-052

56. • There are two types of Circuit switching
1 : SPACE DIVISION SWITCHING.
2 : TIMING DIVISION SWITCHING.

57. SPACE DIVISION
SWITCHING
• In space division switching a
dedicated path is established b/w the
calling and called subscribers for the
entire duration of the call.
• The path in the circuit are separated
from each other.
• A crossover switch is mostly referred
to as a space division switch because
it moves a bit stream from one circuit
to another.

58. CROSSBAR SWITCHES
Basic building blocks
of switches are
metallic Crosspoint or
semiconductor gate
that can be enabled or
disabled by controlling
circuit

59. • Space division switching is
instantaneous.
ADVANTAGES
• Number of Crosspoint required to
make space-division switching are
acceptable in terms of blocking.
DISADVANTAGES

60. TIME DIVISION
SWITCHING
• The incoming and outgoing signals
when received and re-transmitted in
a different time slot, is called Time
Division Switching.
• The Pulse Code Modulated signals are
mostly present at the input and the
output ports. A digital Switching
system is one, where the inputs of
any PCM highway can be connected
to the outputs of any PCM highway,
to establish a call.

61. ADVANTAGES
• It needs no Crosspoint.
DISADVANTAGES
• Processing connections
creates delay.