W E L L N E S SOne Can Of Soda A Day Raises DiabetesRisk.docx

W E L L N E S S
One Can Of Soda A Day Raises Diabetes
Risk, Study Suggests
0 4 / 2 5 / 2 0 1 3 0 9 : 4 5 a m E D T | U p d a t e d J u n e
2 5 , 2 0 1 3
blue aluminum can closeup with...
By: Rachael Rettner, MyHealthNewsDaily Senior Writer
Published: 04/24/2013 06:05 PM EDT on
MyHealthNewsDaily
1/3/20, 10:00 AM
Page 1 of 13
Drinking just one 12-ounce soda a day may increase the risk of
Type 2 diabetes, a new study from Europe suggests.
In the study, people who drank a 12-ounce sugar-sweetened
soda daily were 18 percent more likely to develop Type 2
diabetes over a 16-year period compared with those who did
not consume soda. And people who drank two sodas daily were
18 percent more likely to have a stroke than those who drank
one; those who drank three sodas daily saw the same risk
increase compared with those who drank two, and so on.
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The results held even after the researchers took into account
risk factors for Type 2 diabetes such as age and physical
activity levels, body mass index (BMI) and the total daily
calorie intake.
The findings agree with earlier studies in the United States,
which found daily soda consumption increased the risk of Type
2 diabetes by 25 percent.
However, the study found only an association, and cannot
prove soda consumption causes Type 2 diabetes. It's possible
other factors not accounted for by the study influenced the
disease risk. In addition, participants answered questions
about their diet just once at the study's start, and it's possible
they changed their diets over time, the researchers said.
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The researchers analyzed information from about 12,000
people who developed Type 2 diabetes between 1991 and 2007,
and a randomly selected group of about 15,000 people, most of
whom did not develop diabetes. All participants were taking
part in a larger study looking into the interaction between diet,
environmental factors and the risk of cancer and chronic
diseases conducted in eight European countries.
People who drank one or more glasses of sugar-sweetened
soda a day were about 30 percent more likely to develop Type
2 diabetes than those who drank less than one glass a month.
Because the link between sugar-sweetened soda and Type 2
diabetes was independent of BMI (an indicator of obesity
level) and calorie intake, this finding suggests that other
factors, such as the spike in blood sugar people experience
when they drink soda, may play a role in the risk, the
researchers said.
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People who drank diet soda were also at increased risk for
developing Type 2 diabetes during the study compared with
those who drank no soda. However, when the researchers took
into account participants' BMI and total energy intake, the
increased risk disappeared. This finding suggests that the link
between diet soda and diabetes risk was driven by participants'
weight: People who are obese, and thus already at risk for Type
2 diabetes, tend to report higher consumption of diet drinks.
Healthy food choices (such as eating plenty of fruits and
vegetables), daily exercise and weight loss can help prevent
Type 2 diabetes, or slow the progress of the disease in those
with prediabetes, according to the Mayo Clinic.
The new study is published today (April 24) in the journal
Diabetologia.
Pass it on: Consumption of sugar-sweetened soda is linked to
an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes.
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M O R E : H E A LT H Y L I V I N G S O D A - D I A B E T E
S V I D E O
Follow Rachael Rettner @RachaelRettner. Follow
MyHealthNewsDaily @MyHealth_MHND, Facebook &
Google+. Originally published on MyHealthNewsDaily.
Lose Weight Smartly: 7 Little-Known Tricks that
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Soda Health Risks
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Chamberlain College of Nursing NR305 Health Assessment
Lifestyle and Health Practices Profile
NOTE: Please do NOT remove any of the text on this form. Do
NOT use any other form but this one. Fill it in and submit in its
entirety to aid in its grading.
Your Name: Date:
Your Instructor’s Name:
Purpose: This assignment is to help you gain insight regarding
the influence of an individual’s lifestyle and health-related
practices, on their opportunities for health promotion. You are
to obtain a lifestyle and health practices profile using yourself
as the client, and then practice analyzing the data to formulate a
health promotion nursing diagnosis.
Disclaimer: When completing a Lifestyle and Health Profile on
an actual client, it is essential that the information is accurate
and all areas are addressed. **Please note that for this
assignment, a few sections containing sensitive information
have been marked optional.** This assignment will only be

shared for academic-related purposes, and will not be seen by
your classmates. However, if you wish to leave any of the areas
marked “option to not respond” blank, points will not be
deducted. All areas not marked as optional must be completed
for full credit. Contact your visiting professor if you have any
questions or concerns.
Directions: Refer to the Personal Life and Health Practices
Profile guidelines and grading rubric found in Course Resources
to complete the information below. This assignment is worth
200 points.
Type your answers on this form. Click Save as and save the file
with the assignment name and your last name, e.g.,
“NR305_Week2_Personal_ Lifestyle_Form_Smith”. When you
are finished, submit the form to the Life and Health Practices
Profile Dropbox by the deadline indicated in your guidelines.
Post questions in the Q & A Forum or contact your instructor if
you have questions about this assignment.
1: Complete the Life and Health Practices Profile (130 Points)
Complete the Life and Health Practices Profile below, using
yourself as the client. Please document your responses
professionally, as you would in a client’s actual health record.
Provide enough information to have answered the questions
completely. For clarity, write full sentences in your
documentation. All questions in each section must be addressed,
except for those indicated as optional. If a question does not
apply to you, please indicate this in the findings as “N/A”.
Description of Typical Day
Findings
Briefly describe your typical daily routine from the time you
wake up until bedtime.
Nutrition and Weight Management Questions
Findings

What do you eat in a typical day? What type of foods do you
prefer, how often do you eat throughout the day, and about how
much do you eat?
Do you eat out frequently, or mainly prepare meals at home? If
you eat out, what type of restaurants do you usually eat at?
Do you tend to eat only when hungry? Have you noticed if your
eating habits change when you are stressed, bored, or
depressed?
Who typically purchase and prepares the food you eat?
What type of fluids do you usually drink? How much?
Activity and Exercise Questions
Findings
Describe your daily activity patterns.
Do you follow an exercise plan? If yes, what types of exercise,
for what duration, and how often?
Do you have physical limitations that do not allow you to
follow a moderately strenuous exercise program?
**option to not respond**
What type of activities do you enjoy for recreation and leisure?
Sleep and Rest Questions
Findings
Describe your typical sleeping patterns.

Do you have trouble falling asleep?
About how many hours of sleep do you get each night?
Do you typically feel well-rested during the day?
Do you nap during the day? How often and for how long?
Do you have routine at night that helps you fall asleep?
Substance Use Questions
Findings
How much alcohol do you consume on the average?
Do you consume beverages containing caffeine? If so, how
often and how much?
Do you currently or have you ever smoked or used any form
nicotine products? For how long? How many packs per week?
Tell me about any past efforts to quit.
Have you ever taken a medication that was not prescribed to
you? If so, explain.
Do you currently use, or have you ever used, recreational
drugs? If so, describe.
Do you take vitamins or herbs or any other supplements? If so,
what are they?
Self-Care Questions
Findings
Describe your best talents and abilities?

How do you feel about yourself? Your appearance?
What are some examples of activities you do to keep yourself
safe and healthy? Or to prevent disease?
(i.e., I apply sunscreen to prevent skin cancer.)
Do you practice safe sex?
*option to not respond**
How often do you schedule routine medical check-ups and
screenings?
How often do you visit the dentist?
How often do you schedule a vision screening?
Social Questions
Findings
What do you do to relax?
With whom do you socialize frequently?
Are you involved in community activities?
Do you feel like you have enough time to socialize?
What do you consider to be your contribution to society?
Relationship Questions
Findings
Who are the most important people in your life? Describe their
relationship to you.

What was it like growing up in your family?
If applicable, describe any relationship you have with a spouse
or significant other.
If applicable, describe the relationship you have with your
children.
If applicable, describe your relationship with your in-laws.
Do you have any pets?
Describe your role in your family.
Values and Beliefs Questions
Findings
What is most important to you in life?
What do you hope to accomplish in your lifetime?
Do you currently affiliate with a religion? Is this important to
you?
What gives you strength and hope?
Education and Work Questions
Findings
Tell me about your educational background.
Do you have future educational goals or plans?

If applicable, tell me about your work. What are your
responsibilities?
Do you enjoy your work?
Describe your relationship with your co-workers.
Do you experience work-related stress?
Does your current income meet your needs?
Stress and Coping Questions
Findings
Describe what makes you feel angry.
How would you describe your stress level, overall?
What do you do to manage anger and/or stress?
Where do you turn for assistance in times of crisis?
Environment Questions
Findings
Have you identified any risks in your home or neighborhood, or
at your job?
Are there risks associated with any of your leisure or
recreational activities?
What type of precautions do you take related to potential
environmental hazards?
(i.e., I wear a respirator mask in the factory where I work.)

Do you believe you are at risk of becoming a victim of
violence? If yes, please explain.
End of Profile. Please continue this assignment by answering
the questions below.
2. Reflect on this experience (15 points)
The questions you answered in this profile are similar to those
asked by nurses in practice settings every day. In 1-2
paragraphs, describe how it felt to put yourself in the client’s
shoes. Did you feel vulnerable? Were some of the questions
difficult to answer? Did you wonder why certain questions
needed to be asked? Include some specific examples in your
discussion.
3. Analyze your responses (45 points)
Carefully review your responses in the profile. In 1-2
paragraphs, provide an overall summary of the findings. Then,
describe at least 2 opportunities you have identified for seeking
a higher level of health. Provide some detail as to what
prompted you to make your selections.
4. Write one health promotion nursing diagnosis (10 points)
Based on your analysis in #3, write one health promotion
nursing diagnosis.
(Use the formula: “Readiness for enhanced ______ related
to ________.”)

NR305_W2_Personal_Lifestyle_Form Rev. 8/2018
KC 1
Chamberlain College of Nursing
NR
305
Health Assessment
NR305_
W2
_
Personal
_
Lifestyle
_Form
Rev. 8/2018
KC
1
Life
style
and Health Practices Profile
NOTE: Please do NOT remove any of the text on this form.
Do NOT use any other form but this one.
Fill it
in and submit in its entirety to aid in its grading.

Your Name:
Date:
Purpose:
This assignment is to help you gain insight regarding the
influence of
an individual’s lifestyle
and health
-
related practices, on their oppor
tunities for health promotion
. You are to obtain a
lifestyle
and health practices profile using
yourself
as the client, and
then
practice analyzing the data to
formulate a health promotion nursing diagnosis.
Disclaimer
:
When
completing a Lifestyle and Hea
lth Profile
on an actual client, it is essential that the
information is accurate

and all areas are addressed
.
**
Please n
ote that
for this assignment
,
a few
sections
containing sensitive information
have been
marked optional.
**
This assignment will only be
shared for academic
-
related
purposes
, and will not be seen by your classmates
. However, i
f you wish to
leave any of the
areas marked
“
option
to not respond”

blank, points will not be deducted.
All areas
not
marked as optional
must be completed for full credit.
Contact your visiting professor if you have any
Directions
: Refer to the
Personal Life and Health Practices Profile
guidelines and grading rubric found in
Course Resources
to complete the information below.
This assignment is worth
200
points.
Type yo
ur answers on this form. Click Save as
and save the file with the assignment name and your last
name, e.g., “NR305_
W
eek
2_Personal
_
Lifestyle
_Form_Smith”
.

When you are finished,
submit the form
to the
Life and Health Practices Profile
Dropbox by the deadline indicated in your guidelines. Post
questions in the Q
&
A Forum or contact your instructor if you have questions about
this assignment.
1:
Complete the Life and Health Practi
ces Profile
(130
Points)
Complete the
Life and Health Practices Profile below, using
yourself
as the client
.
Please document your
responses
professionally, as you would in a client’s actual health record.
Provide enough information to
have answered the que
stions completely. For clarity, write full sentences in your
documentation.

All
questions in each section must be addressed
, except for those indicated as optional.
If a question does
not apply to you, please indicate this in the findings as
“
N/A
”
.
Chamberlain College of Nursing NR305 Health Assessment
NR305_W2_Personal_Lifestyle_Form Rev. 8/2018
KC 1
NOTE: Please do NOT remove any of the text on this form. Do
NOT use any other form but this one. Fill it
in and submit in its entirety to aid in its grading.
Your Name: Date:
Purpose: This assignment is to help you gain insight regarding
the influence of an individual’s lifestyle
and health-related practices, on their opportunities for health
promotion. You are to obtain a lifestyle
and health practices profile using yourself as the client, and
then practice analyzing the data to
formulate a health promotion nursing diagnosis.
Disclaimer: When completing a Lifestyle and Health Profile on
an actual client, it is essential that the
information is accurate and all areas are addressed. **Please
note that for this assignment, a few
sections containing sensitive information have been marked
optional.** This assignment will only be
shared for academic-related purposes, and will not be seen by

your classmates. However, if you wish to
leave any of the areas marked “option to not respond” blank,
points will not be deducted. All areas not
marked as optional must be completed for full credit. Contact
your visiting professor if you have any
Directions: Refer to the Personal Life and Health Practices
Profile guidelines and grading rubric found in
Course Resources to complete the information below. This
assignment is worth 200 points.
Type your answers on this form. Click Save as and save the file
with the assignment name and your last
name, e.g., “NR305_Week2_Personal_ Lifestyle_Form_Smith”.
When you are finished, submit the form
to the Life and Health Practices Profile Dropbox by the deadline
indicated in your guidelines. Post
questions in the Q & A Forum or contact your instructor if you
have questions about this assignment.
1: Complete the Life and Health Practices Profile (130 Points)
Complete the Life and Health Practices Profile below, using
yourself as the client. Please document your
responses professionally, as you would in a client’s actual
health record. Provide enough information to
have answered the questions completely. For clarity, write full
sentences in your documentation. All
questions in each section must be addressed, except for those
indicated as optional. If a question does
not apply to you, please indicate this in the findings as “N/A”.
J ournalists are constantly being reminded that “correlation
doesn’t implycausation;” yet, con!ating the two remains one of
the most common errors in

news reporting on scienti"c and health-related studies. In
theory, these are easy to
Causation vs Correlation
by Rebecca Goldin | Aug 19, 2015 | Causality, Correlation is not
causation, Savvy stats reporting
| 23 comments
Select Page a
!
"
#
$
1/3/20, 10:23 AM
Page 1 of 13
distinguish—an action or occurrence can cause another (such as
smoking causes
lung cancer), or it can correlate with another (such as smoking
is correlated with
high alcohol consumption). If one action causes another, then
they are most
certainly correlated. But just because two things occur together
does not mean
that one caused the other, even if it seems to make sense.
Unfortunately, intuition can lead us astray when it comes to
distinguishing

between the two. For example, eating breakfast has long been
correlated with
success in school for elementary school children. It would be
easy to conclude that
eating breakfast causes students to be better learners. Is this a
causal relationship
—does breakfast by itself create better students? Or is it only a
correlation:
perhaps not having breakfast correlates highly with other
challenges in kids’ lives
that make them poorer students, such as less educated parents,
worse socio-
economic status, less focus on school at home, and lower
expectations.
It turns out that kids who don’t eat breakfast are also more
likely to be absent or
tardy—and absenteeism plays a signi"cant role in their poor
performance. This
may lead one to believe that there is not a causal relationship.
Yet breakfast may
encourage kids to come to school (and on-time), which then
improves their
performance in school, and so perhaps encourages attendance,
which then results
in better performance. In a recent literature review, there were
mixed results
suggesting that the advantages of breakfast depend on the
population, the type of
breakfast provided, and the measurement of “bene"t” for the
kids. Breakfast
seems to have an overall positive impact on cognitive
performance, especially
memory tasks and focus. Not surprisingly, the bene"t seems
greater for kids who
are undernourished. But the clear message here is that a causal

relationship has
been extremely hard to establish, and remains in question.
Many studies are designed to test a correlation, but cannot
possibly lead us to a
causal conclusion; and yet, obvious “reasons” for the
correlation abound, tempting
us toward a potentially incorrect conclusion. People learn of a
study showing that
“girls who watch soap operas are more likely to have eating
disorders”— a
correlation between soap opera watching and eating disorders—
but then
they incorrectly conclude that watching soap operas gives girls
eating disorders. It
is entirely possible that girls who are prone to eating disorders
are also attracted
to soap operas.
There are several reasons why common sense conclusions about
cause and e#ect
1/3/20, 10:23 AM
Page 2 of 13
might be wrong. Correlated occurrences may be due to a
common cause. For
example, the fact that red hair is correlated with blue eyes stems
from a common
genetic speci"cation that codes for both. A correlation may also
be observed when
there is causality behind it—for example, it is well established
that cigarette
smoking not only correlates with lung cancer but actually

causes it. But in order to
establish cause, we have to rule out the possibility that smokers
are more likely to
live in urban areas, where there is more pollution—and any
other possible
explanation for the observed correlation.
In many cases, it seems obvious that one action causes another;
however, there
are also many cases when it is not so clear (except perhaps to
the already-
convinced observer). In the case of soap-opera watching
anorexics, we can neither
exclude nor embrace the hypothesis that the television is a
cause of the problem—
additional research would be needed to make a convincing
argument for causality.
Another hypothesis might be that girls inclined to su#er poor
body image are
drawn to soap operas on television because it satis"es some
need related to their
poor body image. Or it could be that neither causes the other,
but rather there is a
common trait—say, an overemphasis on appearance in the girls’
environment—
that causes both an interest in soap operas and an inclination to
develop eating
disorders. None of these hypotheses are tested in a study that
simply asks who is
watching soaps and who is developing eating disorders, and
"nding a correlation
between the two.
How, then, does one ever establish causality? This is one of the
most daunting
challenges of public health professionals and pharmaceutical

companies. The
most e#ective way of doing this is through a controlled study.
In a controlled study,
two groups of people who are comparable in almost every way
are given two
di#erent sets of experiences (such one group watching soap
operas and the other
game shows), and the outcome is compared. If the two groups
have substantially
di#erent outcomes, then the di#erent experiences may have
caused the di#erent
outcome.
There are obvious ethical limits to controlled studies: it would
be problematic to
take two comparable groups and make one smoke while denying
cigarettes to the
other in order to see if cigarette smoking really causes lung
cancer. This is why
epidemiological (or observational) studies are so important.
These are studies in
which large groups of people are followed over time, and their
behavior and
1/3/20, 10:23 AM
Page 3 of 13
outcome is also observed. In these studies, it is extremely
di$cult (though
sometimes still possible) to tease out cause and e#ect, versus a
mere correlation.
Typically, one can only establish a causal relationship if the
e#ects are extremely

notable and there is no reasonable explanation that challenges
causality. This was
the case with cigarette smoking, for example. At the time that
scientists, industry
trade groups, activists and individuals were debating whether
the observed
correlation between heavy cigarette smoking and lung cancer
was causal or not,
many other hypotheses were considered (such as sleep
deprivation or excessive
drinking) and each one dismissed as insu$ciently describing the
data. It is now a
widespread belief among scientists and health professionals that
smoking does
indeed cause lung cancer.
When the stakes are high, people are much more likely to jump
to causal
conclusions. This seems to be doubly true when it comes to
public suspicion about
chemicals and environmental pollution. There has been a lot of
publicity over the
purported relationship between autism and vaccinations, for
example. As
vaccination rates went up across the United States, so did
autism. And if you splice
the data in just the right way, it looks like some kids with
autism have had more
vaccinations. However, this correlation (which has led many to
conclude that
vaccination causes autism) has been widely dismissed by public
health experts.
The rise in autism rates is likely to do with increased awareness
and diagnosis, or
one of many other possible factors that have changed over the
past 50 years.

Language further contorts the distinction, as some media outlets
use words that
imply causality without saying it. A recent example in
Oklahoma occurred when its
Governor, Mary Fallin, said there was a “direct correlation”
between a recent
increase in earthquakes and wastewater disposal wells. She
would have liked to
say that the wells caused the earthquakes, but the research only
shows a
correlation. Rather than misspeak, she embellished
“correlation” with “direct” so
that it sounds causal.
At times, a correlation does not have a clear explanation, and at
other times we "ll
in the explanation. A recent news story reports that housing
prices in D.C.
correlate with reading pro"ciency. Many stories can be crafted
to explain the
phenomenon, but most people would be reluctant to conclude
that a child’s
reading pro"ciency could cause the price of their house to be
higher or lower, or
vice-versa. In contrast, a news story reporting that “30 years of
research found a
1/3/20, 10:23 AM
Page 4 of 13
23 Comments
Margaret Gorlin on September 3, 2015 at 1:20 pm

I discovered your stat stories this morning while poking around
the internet looking for good
positive correlation between family involvement and a student’s
academic success”
in Florida feels like it has the weight of causality. The big
di#erence between these
two di#erent correlations is our own belief in a likely
mechanism for family to
contribute to better grades.
In general, we should all be wary of our own bias: we like
explanations. The media
often concludes a causal relationship among correlated
observances when
causality was not even considered by the study itself. Without
clear reasons to
accept causality, we should only accept the existence of a
correlation. Two events
occurring in close proximity does not imply that one caused the
other, even if it
seems to makes perfect sense.
Rebecca Goldin is Professor of Mathematical Sciences at
George Mason
University and Director of STATS.org. She received her
undergraduate
degree from Harvard University and her Ph.D. from the
Massachusetts
Institute of Technology. She taught at the University of
Maryland as a
National Science Foundation postdoctoral fellow before joining
George
Mason in 2001. Her academic research is in symplectic
geometry, group

actions and related combinatorics. In 2007, she received the
Ruth I.
Michler Memorial Prize, presented by the Association for
Women in
Mathematics. Goldin is supported in part by NSF grant
#1201458.
1/3/20, 10:23 AM
Page 5 of 13
examples of bad statistics. I am still reading your stories with
relish an hour after starting – they
are interesting, fun, thought provoking and at a level I can use
in my intro stat classes this fall.
Thank you for these gems – I am planning to put them to good
use this term.
Reply
statsorg on September 5, 2015 at 8:34 am
Thank you Margaret: We have big expansion plans in the next
year!
Reply
vijay on December 19, 2017 at 4:05 pm
Great!!!!! Very informative and the style of presentation was
extremely beautiful
Reply
Zachary on October 8, 2015 at 4:31 pm

I’m a high school student in a college level Stats course and
reading this has been so interesting.
I’m starting to think about a career in Stats
Reply
statsorg on October 9, 2015 at 6:48 pm
Good for you Zachary! The world needs more statisticians! And
it’s willing to pay too!
Reply
David on March 24, 2016 at 1:41 am
See what you’ve caused!?
Reply
1/3/20, 10:23 AM
Page 6 of 13
Lexi on January 4, 2016 at 10:12 am
This was a great source of information. I’m currently writing an
essay for extra credit and this is
the "rst clear explanation I have found that truly approaches the
topic the way I need. Thank
you so much.
Reply
Mark on January 30, 2016 at 4:19 pm

Dr. Goldin, great piece. Is there a point where the size, scope or
length of time scale of the data
begins to demonstrate such an overwhelming correlation that
cause and e#ect is much more
certain? I’m thinking about this in the context of business,
where most of the decisions we make
each day are based on correlation v. absolute certainty re cause
and e#ect. It seems logical, for
example, that correlations in larger bodies of data over longer
periods of time would be
inherently more reliable and potential more indicative of cause
and e#ect than two quarters of
data. Your thoughts would be greatly appreciated. Thanks!
Reply
Yawning Enthusiast on February 24, 2016 at 1:35 pm
Most readers won’t know the di#erence between causation and
correlation. In fact, many
reporters who use those two words don’t fully understand
either. However, what would be the
proper way to explain that not all smokers su#er from lung
cancer?
Reply
Uzoma on December 17, 2017 at 6:50 am
By doing a controlled experiment
Reply
Uzoma on December 17, 2017 at 7:01 am

1/3/20, 10:23 AM
Page 7 of 13
x causes y if the lagged values of x improve the predectibilty of
the current value of y
Reply
Shanice F-J on May 2, 2016 at 11:20 am
Thank you for your help, the clearest example I’ve seen! I’m
currently working on my
dissertation and this really helped! Thanks
Reply
Shanice F-J on May 2, 2016 at 11:20 am
Thank you for your help, the clearest example I’ve seen! I’m
currently working on my
dissertation and this really helped! Thanks
Reply
ah ha on July 25, 2016 at 5:37 pm
go west"eld, urban ed!!!
Reply
ah ha on July 25, 2016 at 5:37 pm
go west"eld, urban ed!!!

Reply
morfara on November 4, 2016 at 8:12 pm
“If one action causes another, then they are most certainly
correlated. “. Could you please
elaborate a bit more on that, i.e. can one action cause another,
and not be correlated?
Reply
1/3/20, 10:23 AM
Page 8 of 13
Bastard Beard Co on May 13, 2017 at 7:11 am
Right away I am ready to do my breakfast, when having my
breakfast coming over again to read
more news.
Reply
Lisa de Bie on September 19, 2017 at 1:46 pm
Great!
Reply
Lisa de Bie on September 20, 2017 at 4:02 pm
Good!
Reply

Tyler on February 13, 2018 at 3:59 am
Very insightful. Your article will change the way I discuss
Causation vs Correlation. Thank you!
Reply
敋䄋Ρ on March 25, 2018 at 10:45 pm
Thanks for "nally talking about >Causation vs
Correlation <Loved it!
Reply
Sara B on November 6, 2018 at 3:11 am
I know I’m late to the game here, and your post is older, but I
thought I’d mention that the
reporting on the opioid crisis (and its correlation to
prescriptions of opioids to pain patients) is a
1/3/20, 10:23 AM
Page 9 of 13
perfect example of this. In a few years, we will realize that
there is a correlation between the
two, but not causation, and 99.9% of the world has been misled
because they don’t know the
di#erence, and the government has a di#erent agenda than
presenting the facts in a way that
will lead to good policy. Opioid prescribing has been decreasing
since 2010, when ODs have
skyrocketed.

A member of The Alliance for Intractable Pain explains it the
best: “The US CDC publishes a lot
of data on opioid prescribing by physicians and on overdose-
related deaths. But they’ve never
bothered to put the two together. When one does this exercise,
we learn some startling things.
Chief among them is that there is no relationship between State-
by-State rates of opioid
prescribing by doctors, versus rates of overdose-related
mortality. NONE. The chart for 2016 is
a shotgun pattern without trend lines or correlation. The
contribution of medically managed
opioid prescriptions to opioid mortality is so small that it gets
lost in the noise of illegal street
drugs. And this includes both prescriptions used by patients,
and pills diverted by theft or being
given to an under-insured relative. We also learn from the CDC
data that the demographics of
chronic pain and of overdose mortality are almost entirely
di#erent. The “over-prescribing”
narrative doesn’t work and never did. If prescribing was
contributing to overdose deaths, we
would expect to see higher mortality in age groups that receive
more prescriptions. But there is
no such trend. In the past 17 years, death rates in youth and
young adults have skyrocketed
while opioid mortality in people over age 50 has remained
stable at the lowest levels for any
age group. Moreover, the typical initiating substance abuser and
the typical chronic pain patient
are greatly di#erent people. The typical abuser is a young male
who has never seen a doctor,
and who may have a history of mental health issues and family
stress. The typical chronic pain
patient is a woman in her 40s or older. If her life is stable
enough to see a doctor regularly, she

will almost never be a substance abuser. These trends are
summarized and supported with
graphics both on ACSH and in an article in the June 21 edition
of The Crime Report, titled “The
Phony War Against Opioids – Some Inconvenient Truths”.
Readers can google the title to "nd
the article.” https://www.acsh.org/news/2018/11/05/who-telling-
truth-about-prescription-
opioid-deaths-dea-cdc-neither-13569. http://www.atipusa.org
I never wanted to learn about these things until I became a
chronic pain patient threatened
with living my life in agony. But I wish journalists would read
your article and learn about this
too. Thanks….
Reply
1/3/20, 10:23 AM
Page 10 of 13
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Copyright © 2014-2020 | Sense About Science USA
1/3/20, 10:23 AM
Page 13 of 13
ALFRED EISENSTAEDT
Email Print
Share
Follow @TIMEHealth
BEHAVIOR
Why Going to Church Can Make You Fat
By Alice Park @aliceparkny March 24, 2011
Maybe it’s all the church socials, but a new study
finds that those who attend religious activities are

more likely to gain weight than those who don’t go to
church as often.
Religious involvement is linked to many positive health
outcomes, such as happiness, lower rates of smoking and
alcohol use, and even a longer life. But research has also
suggested that middle-aged adults who are more religious
are more likely to be obese. Past data have noted only a
correlation between religiosity and weight gain, however;
they did not show whether participating in religious activities
leads to weight gain, or whether overweight
individuals are more likely to seek support in their faith.
So researchers at Northwestern University sought to find out
how attending religious events is associated with
weight gain over time. They analyzed data from the Coronary
Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study,
which followed more than 2,400 people aged 20 to 32 for 18
years. Over that time, the scientists reported at an
American Heart Association conference, people who went to
church or church activities at least once a week were
more than twice as likely as people with no religious
involvement to become obese.
While the study did not tease apart which church activities were
associated with the most weight gain, the authors
speculate that those who attended church were more likely to
have a broader social network, which in turn may
lead to more opportunities to gather over food and drink.
The results also suggest that religious groups could benefit from
targeted diet and exercise programs, says study co-
author Matthew Feinstein, to counteract whatever trends may be
promoting weight gain among church-goers. The
very social forces that may contribute to obesity, in fact, may be
helpful in combating weight gain as well. “What is

exciting, and why I think the overall message of the study is an
optimistic one, is that by virtue of their pre-existing
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Page 1 of 5
Alice Park @aliceparkny
Alice Park is a staff writer at TIME and covers health,
medicine, nutrition and
fitness.
Park's latest book is
The Stem Cell Hope:
How Stem Cell

Medicine Can Change
Our Lives.
infrastructure and social support networks, religious groups and
organizations are pretty well suited to enact health
interventions for diet and exercise in a pretty efficient and
effective manner,” says Feinstein, a fourth-year medical
student at Northwestern. “They have a natural built-in support
and follow up system which is extremely important
in creating sustainable lifestyle changes.”
In fact, he and other colleagues have been working with a
church on Chicago’s west side using education and
nutrition education to address problems of obesity in the
congregation. Other studies have supported the power of
church-based health interventions, and church-goers are already
known to have better overall and mental health
than non-churchgoers. “Obesity is just one area where there is
more room for improvement, to better health
outcomes,” says Feinstein.
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